man-computer symbiosis j.c.r. licklider. what do we mean by symbiosis? cooperative living together...
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Man-Computer SymbiosisJ.C.R. Licklider
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What do we mean by symbiosis?
• cooperative “living together in intimate association, or even close union, of two dissimilar organisms” is called symbiosis
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Man-computer symbiosis is somewhere between mechanically extended man and humanly
extended machine.
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Why would symbiosis be beneficial?
• Symbiosis should improve our ability to solve problems because:– Computers are great at
solving pre-formulated problems.
– Humans are good at formulating problems.
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Do we really need symbiosis?
• Licklider analyzed how he spent his own research time and concluded the following:– We spend most of our time
preparing to think.– We spend lots of time
graphing, graphing, and re-graphing (and generally manipulating data).
– Once we have the data in a reasonable form we can usually perform our thinking quickly.
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What is man’s part in the relationship?
• Identifying relevant background information
• Formulating problems• Identifying relevant
very-low-probability possibilities
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What is the computer’s role?
• Converting hypotheses into testable models
• Simulating models• Answering questions• Manipulating data• Displaying data
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What are the prerequisites to symbiosis?
• Computers are too fast and too costly for any one man; need timesharing
• Memory is too expensive and bulky
• Memory will have to be organized for search
• The barrier between human and computer languages will need to be reduced
• Better input and output equipment is needed
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Has symbiosis been achieved already?
• Some of Licklider’s prerequisites have not yet been achieved, but have we already achieved symbiosis?
• Is there more to come?– NLP?– More natural input and
output?
• Where does crowdsourcing fit in?
• What about data overload? Are we too connected?