malignant bone tumors - كلية الطب · primary bone cancer risk factors: 1. radiotherapy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Malignant bone tumors
• Primary
• Secondary (metastasis)
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Primary malignant tumors
• Multiple myeloma
• Osteosarcoma
• Ewing sarcoma
• Chondrosarcoma
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• Uncommon cancer
• Most commonly affects the long bones
• 20 % of pediatric bone tumors are malignant.
• 66% of adult bone tumors are malignant, most commonly mets.
• The most common type of bone cancer in adults is metastatic cancer from other organs
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Primary bone cancerRisk factors:
1. Radiotherapy & chemotherapy
2. Paget's disease
3. Family Hx (hereditary retinoblastoma)
Signs & symptoms
• Fever, Night sweats, Fatigue & Unintended weight loss
• Bone pain that often is nocturnal
• Swelling & tenderness near the affected area
• Pathological fractures
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Osteosarcoma
• Most common primary bone malignancy
• Incidence: 2.8 per million
• M >F
• Age 10-25 years (the 8th most common childhood cancer)
** Prognosis
• Aggressive tumor
• Metastasis to the lung
• 5-year survival
• Without mets is 70%
• With mets is 25%
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Where
Mainly affects metaphysis
of long bones
More in:
• Knee• Distal femur• Upper tibia
• Humerus (prox.end)
• Maxilla
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Clinical features
• Pain:• Dull aching• Progressive• Constant• Worse at night
• Swelling• Redness• Hotness• Tenderness• Pathological fracture
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DDX• Stress fracture
• Ewing's sarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteochondroma
• Osteoblastoma
• Bone cysts
• Chondroblastoma
• Chondrosarcoma
• Giant cell tumor
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Diagnosis:
** history & physical examination
• Radiological studies:
1. X - ray
2. CT
3. Bone scan & MRI
• Bone biopsy, the only definitive method to determine whether a tumor is malignant or benign.
Treatment:• Surgical resection • Preoperative & postoperative chemotherapy
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X-ray findings
1. Lesion
2. Cortical destruction
3. Extension to the marrow or soft tissue
4. Codman’s triangle a term used to describe the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone.
5. Sunburst Effect
Osteosarcomas can be
• Predominantly osteolytic
• Predominantly osteoblastic
• Mixture
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Sunburst Appearance
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• Clinical appearance of a teenager who presented
with osteosarcoma of the proximal humerus
• Swelling throughout the deltoid region
• Disuse atrophy of the pectoral muscule
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• White arrow:
codman
triangle
• Black arrow:
soft tissue
mass
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Patholigicalfracture
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Paget’s sarcoma• Paget’s disease of bone occasionally undergoes malignant transformation; most osteosarcomas appearing after the age of 50 years fall into this category.
• This tumour is more malignant than classic osteosarcoma
• Most patients have pulmonary metastases by the time the
tumour is diagnosed.
• Even with radical resection or amputation and chemotherapy the 5-year survival rate is low.
If the lesion is definitely extra compartmental, palliative treatment by radiotherapy may be preferable; chemotherapy is usually difficult because of the patient’s age and uncertainty about renal and cardiac function.
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Ewing sarcoma
• A malignant round-cell tumor.
• Rare disease (incidence 0.6 per million
• 2nd most common bone malignancy in pediatrics.
• M>F
• Age 10-20 years
• Usually the lesions are diaphyseal
• Mets (30%), most commonly in the lungs & other bones & less commonly in the bone marrow.
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Most common
areas:
• Pelvis
• Femur
• Humerus
• Ribs
• Clavicle
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Clinical feature:
• Pyrexia
• Pain:
• Constant
• Increase with movement
• Limping
• Swelling, warm, tender & red
Radiological studies:
1. X-Ray
1. Lytic medullary lesion
2. Onion skin appearance
2. CT-scan
3. Bone scan & MRI
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• White arrow: onion skin apperance
• Red circle: sunburst periosteal reaction
• Blue circle: osteolytic lesion
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• Periosteal
reaction
• Osteolytic
lesion
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Treatment:
1. Local radiotherapy combined with
systemic chemotherapy
2. In young children amputation may be
necessary due to severe compromise of
bone growth.
Prognosis, 5-year survival
• 50% with the 1st approach
• 75% with the 2nd approach
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Multiple myeloma
○ Malignant tumor of plasma cells. → originate from bone marrow
○ Most common non-metastatic malignant bone tumor
○ Patients present to orthopedics clinic with back, shoulder or hip pain. and pathological fracture , Spine is the most common location for a pathological fracture.
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■ Hypercalcaemia may cause symptoms such as thirst, polyuria and abdominal pain.
■ Associated features of the marrow cell disorder are plasma protein abnormalities, increased blood viscosity and anaemia. Bone resorption leads to hypercalcaemia in about one-third of cases.
■ Late secondary features are due to renal dysfunction and spinal cord or root compression caused by vertebral collapse.
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○ Increase in: AP “alkaline phosphatase”/ESR/calcium (leading to renal stones).
○ Anemia: antibodies against RBC’s.
○ Amyloidosis: in heart and kidney.
○ On electrophoresis: M-bands spike (50% IgG, 25% IgA)
○ Bence Jones proteins in urine.
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• X-rays often show nothing more than generalized osteoporosis; but remember that myeloma is one of the commonest causes of osteoporosis and vertebral compression fracture in men over the age of 45 years.
• Moth eaten appearance on X-ray.
• Bone scan: sometimes gives negative results (30%) → so we should whole skeletal survey
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• Management: chemo and radiotherapy (highly responsive), in addition to Bisphosphonates to decrease calcium.
• median survival rate of only 2–5 years.
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Metastatic bone tumor
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• Most common malignant lesion of the bone.
• The commonest source is carcinoma of the breast; next in frequency are carcinomas of the prostate, kidney, lung, thyroid, bladder and gastrointestinal tract.
• Carcinomas are much more likely to metastasize to bone than sarcomas
• Typically multifocal BUT renal and thyroid carcinomas produce only a solitary lesion.
• Common sites for metastasis are vertebrae, pelvis, proximal parts of the femur & humerus.
• Mets:
1. Direct extension
2. Retrograde venous flow
3. Seeding with tumor emboli via the blood circulation
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Mets (adults)
• Osteoblastic behaviour Prostate
Stomach
Bladder
Breast
Osteolytic behaviour Lung
Kidney
Colon
Thyroid
Breast
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Destructive expanded osteolytic lesion in the metacarpal of the thumb in a 55-year-old man with lung carcinoma.
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Typical x-ray appearance of osteolytic bone metastases. This
plain pelvic x-ray film of a 75-year-old patient with breast
carcinoma shows multiple osteolytic bone lesions. =>decrease
in bone density.
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Typical x-ray appearance of osteoblastic bone metastases.
This plain pelvic x-ray film of a patient with prostate cancer
shows multiple osteoblastic metastases to the pelvis and
lumbar (L4) and sacral (S1) vertebral bodies.=>increase in
bone density
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Mets (kids)
• Neuroblastoma
• Wilm’s tumor
• Osteosarcoma
• Ewing’s sarcoma
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Presentation
• Pain is the commonest which results in reduced mobility, and often the only clinical feature
• The sudden appearance of backache or thigh pain in an elderly person (especially someone known to have been treated for carcinoma in the past) is always suspicious.
• Bone weakness which predispose to pathologic fractures.
• Palpable masses (large bony lesions).
• Neurologic impairment due to spinal epidural compression.
• Anemia (decreased red blood cell production) is a common blood abnormality in these patients.
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Approach
• History & physical examination
• Radiological studies• Plain X-ray
• MRI
• CT scan
• Bone scan (Technetium-99m)
• Laboratory studies
• Biopsy
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Radiological studies• X-ray: destruction of bone and/or lucent Lesions of Bone
• Bone scan: most cost-effective and available whole-body screening test for the assessment of bone metastases.
• CT
• Useful in evaluating suspicious bone scintiscan findings
• Useful in guiding needle biopsy, particularly in vertebral lesions.
• MRI
• Useful in evaluating suspicious bone scintiscan findings
• Help in detecting metastatic lesions before changes in bone metabolism
• Helpful in determining the extent of local disease in planning surgery or radiation therapy.
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Hot spots:
Increased
osteoclastic
activity
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Treatment
■ treatment is entirely symptomatic.
■ Most patients require analgesics.
■ radiotherapy is used both to control pain and to reduce metastatic growth.
■ Treatment of fractures.
■ Prophylactic fixation.
● Large deposits that threaten to result in fracture should be treated by internal fixation while the bone is still intact.
■ Spinal stabilization
● Vertebral fractures usually require some form of support.
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Treatment• Radiation therapy combined with chemotherapeutic
or hormonal agents, is the most common treatment modality.
• Early use of radiation and bisphosphonates(zoledronic acid, pamidronate) slows bone destruction.
• Some tumors are more likely to heal after radiationtherapy:
• Blastic lesions of prostate and breast
• Lytic destructive lesions of lung and renal cell
• Surgery is indicated in fractures or large metastatic mass.
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Thank You