maize crop

7/31/2019 Maize Crop

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FOOD CROP-MAIZE

BY JIND KAURASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE

FOR GIRLS-SECTOR-11-CHD.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Maispflanze.jpg


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Food Crop-Maize

Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most important cereals of the

world and provides more human food than any other cereal.

Maize is of American origin having been domesticated about7000 years ago.

Maize provides nutrients for humans and animals and serves as

a basic raw material for the production of starch, oil and protein,

alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners and, more recently, fuel. Maize is high yielding, easy to process, readily digested, and

costs less than other cereals.

Every part of the maize plant has economic value: the grain,

leaves, stalk, tassel, and cob can all be used to produce a large

variety of food and nonfood products.


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Geographical Conditions:-Maize crop is grown in warm weather condition and it is grown in wide range of climatic

conditions. About 85% of the total acreage under maize is grown during monsoon because of

the fact that the crop stops growing if the night temperature falls below 15.60 C or 600 F.

Physical and economic conditions.

Corn is grown in such widely diverse conditions-both physical and economic-that it is difficult

to generalize its environmental requirements.

No other cereal is cultivated under such diverse climatic conditions and none is distributed so

widely throughout the world.

Temperature:- Maize crop grows best with a temperature of 21C to 27C.

Frost is injurious, and, hence, 140 consecutive frost-free days should be present.

Rainfall:-Corn needs a plentiful supply of moisture throughout the growing season-an annual

rainfall of 62.5 cm. to 125 cm. with a monthly occurrence of 8 cm. to 15 cm during the growing

period.

Soil:- Fertile well drained alluvial or red loams free from coarse materials and rich in nitrogen

are the best soils for maize.

Topography:- Well drained plain level topography is good for maize but it is also grown on

hilly areas.


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The cultivation of maize in India is

characterized by inter- culture that is

it is grown with other crops like

pulses, vegetables and oil- seeds.


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Corn grown is mainly of three types

Grain or field corn,

sweet corn used mainly as food Popcorn.

There are four types of Grain corn:

(1) Dent corn has a pronounced depression or dent

at the crown of the kernels.(2) Flint corn has the hard starch layer entirely

surrounding the outer part of the kernel.

(3) Flour, or soft, corn contains almost entirely soft

starch, with only a very thin layer of hard

starch.

(4) Waxy corn has a wax-like endosperm.


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Many forms of maize are used for food, sometimesclassified as various subspecies related to the

amount of starch each had:

Flour corn

Popcorn

Dent cornFlint corn

Sweet corn

Waxy cornAmyl maize

Pod corn

Striped maize


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Cultivation of maize in the following steps

Planting :

crop sowing when the crop is planted. In mid-April planting ofmaize normally is used for mid-May.

Silking :

crop cultivation is the most crucial stage. This means croppollination.

Doughing :

When maize crop starts to show a thick substance, called crop willdoughed.


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Denting :

During the process, like plant material in the formation of thedough spends all its resources and to reduce the plant and 'one'break begins at end of matter is to show . The denting thus called.

Maturing :

When the green leaves of maize leaves and is gone from openingappears, the crop is said to be mature.

Collection :

crop generally is mature around 3-4 months end and then it isready to be collected or harvested.


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Production:-Maize Area, Production and Yield in India have seen a phenomenal growth over the last

five decades and India has emerged from being a net importer to levels of self sufficiency.

In the last five decades, Indias maize production has increased from less than 3 million

tons to 15 million tons today.

This is because of growth in technology coupled with rising demand for the produce.

Diversified uses of maize also prompted higher production in the country.

Presently, in India, maize is mainly used for preparation of poultry feed and extraction ofstarch.

Out of total arrivals to the mandis nearly 75% of the produce is bought by the poultry

feed manufacturers and 20% is purchased by the starch extractors.

If we examine the production over the years, maize production in India is remained

almost stagnant with constant yield levels despite rise in acreage.

Maize, like any other cereal is grown across all the states in India and in many states it isone of the important staple foods.

Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are the leading producers of maize in India while Andhra

Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh,

Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab,

Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal and Rajasthan are the other important producers.


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India's maize production may go up by 14 per cent in 2010-11

crop year to over 19 million tonnes on prospects of good

rains, better usage of seeds and a higher acreage in

traditional paddy-growing states.India had produced 16.68 million tonnes of maize in 2009-10,

down from 19.73 million tonnes in 2008-09.

The dip in production last year was mainly because of poor

monsoon.

Greater availability of hybrid seeds would also help boost

maize production.

In the last few years, the trend has moved towards hybrid

seeds.

Maize cultivation is gradually picking up in the traditionalpaddy-growing states like West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and

Maharashtra as well, raising prospect of an increased

acreage.

The maize acreage is around 8.17 million hectares.


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India is the fifth largest producer of maize in the world

contributing 3% of the global production.

In India, maize is grown in all the seasons i.e., kharif, rabi andsummer. Of these three seasons, nearly 90% of the production is

from kharif season, 7-8% during rabi season and remaining 1-2%

during summer season.

Since the maize is rain dependent, it is mainly grown during

kharif season.

Maize is produced in the States:

KarnatakaAndhra Pradesh

BiharPunjabUttar PradeshMadhya PradeshRajasthanHimachal Pradesh


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Karnataka:-

Karnataka is the leading producer of maize inIndia as it falls under the corn belt of India and

produces around 8% of Indias total produce.

Karnataka has 3.44 lakh hectare of area undermaize.

The production is 2,869kg./hectare.

The main maize producing districts are:-Tumkar, Dakshina, Kannada, Shimoga,

Mandya, Uttar Kannada, Mysore, Raichur,

and Kodagu.


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Andhra Pradesh:- Andhra Pradesh has emerged as an important

producer of maize. Andhra Pradesh has 3.21 lakh hectare of area under

maize.

Andhra Pradesh produces around 17% of Indias total

produce.


The main maize producing districts are:-West

Godavari, East Godavari, Krishna, Guntur,Nalgonda, Srikakulam, Karimnagar, Nazimabad,

Nallore, Prakasam, Medak, Anantapur,

Mahbubnagar, Warangal, and Chittoor.


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Bihar:-

Biharhas 8.89lakh hectare of area under

maize.

Biharproduces around 10% of Indias total

produce.


The main maize producing districts are:-

Samastipur, Begusarai,Purnea, Purbi,

Champaran, Bhagalpur, and Siwam.


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Uttar Pradesh:-

Uttar Pradesh has 10.80lakh hectare of areaunder maize.

Uttar Pradesh produces around 9% of Indias total

produce. The production is 1,335kg./hectare.

About 25 Districts are producing maize in thestate.

The main maize producing districts are:-Bulandshahr, Jaunpur, Ghaziabad, Bahraich,Farrukhabad, Murur, and Gonda.


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Madhya Pradesh:-

Madhya Pradesh has large percentage of croppedarea under maize.

Madhya Pradeshhas 8.58lakh hectare of areaunder maize.

Madhya Pradesh produces around 12% of Indiastotal production of maize.


About 25 Districts are producing maize in thestate.

The main maize producing districts are:-Mandla,Ujjain, Indore, Ratlam, and Jhabua.


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Rajasthan:-

The arid lands of Rajasthan are very suitable formaize crop.

Rajasthan has 9.27lakh hectare of area under

maize. Rajasthan produces around 14% of Indias total

production of maize.

The production is 728kg./hectare.

The main maize producing districts are:- Udaipur,Bhilwara, Dungurpur, Chittaurgarh, andBanaswara.


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Himachal Pradesh:-

The climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh arevery suitable for maize crop.

The crop is grown on the terraces of the hills.

Himachal Pradesh has 3.12lakh hectare of areaunder maize.

Himachal Pradesh produces around 7.17% ofIndias total production of maize.


The main maize producing districts are:- Kangra,Mandi, Sirmour, and Chamba.
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Punjab:-

In Punjab the cultivation and production of

maize has fallen drastically. Other kharif crops has taken the place of

maize in Punjab.

The main maize producing districts are:-

Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Rupnagar, Ludhiana,

Amritsar, Faridkot, and Patiala.
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Other states:-

Among the other maize

producing states are:-

Gujarat:-(6%).

Jammu and Kashmir

Orissa Maharashtra


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In India, maize is emerging as third most important crop after rice

and wheat.

Maize has its significance as a source of a large number ofindustrial products besides its uses as human food and animal feed.

Diversified uses of maize for maize corn, starch industry, corn oil

production, baby corns, popcorns, etc., and potential for exports has

added to the demand of maize all over world.

India is emerging as a preferred destination for global maizebuyers as the commodity here is cheaper by 25 per cent as

compare to other countries. Maize is the most important grain after

wheat & rice.

India consumes almost all the maize that it produces.

Maize provides nutrition to both humans (33.3%) and

animals(66.6%).

Maize is raw material for production of starch, protein & alcoholic

beverages, food sweeteners.

India's maize production is between 10-14 million tons with 80 -

90% of production in kharif.

Trade:-


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India produces around 10 million ton of maize.

As per latest data release by Ministry of Agriculture , thesowing acreage of maize was at 9.17 lakh hectares as on24th December 2010 , down 4% from the last year.

Higher acreage under the crop raised the hopes of higherproduction .

About 50% of the total Indian produce is consumed as

poultry feed and about 8% is consumed by the starchindustry.

Indian maize exports fluctuates around 5 lakh tonsannually. Mostly the southwestern countries import maizefrom India.

In another words, India can be considered as maizeimporting country.

Government fixes the quantity of maize to be importedeach year and the imports are to be done on 15%.


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maize crop

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