MAIZE CROPTOPIC:

INTRODUCTION

AgronomicsTillageSowing and PlantingInter-CultivationPlant ProtectionHarvestingThreshingBiomass Handling

Its is first domesticated in MexicoThe six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.It is cultivated on nearly 150 m ha in about 160 countries having wider diversity of soil, climate, biodiversity and management practices that conUnited States produces 40% of the world's harvest; other top producing countries include China, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, India.Nine states viz. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat account for 85 per cent of India's maize production and 80 per cent of area under cultivation Agronomic Practices of Maize crop

The crop thrives best when air temperatures in the summer months are between 21-27C. Soils need to be warm enough to ensure good strong emergence with little check in growth. The minimum temperature for germination is 10C and at a soil temperature of 16-18C.Generally, maize is planted 3 to 5cm deep in rows, with spacing governed by harvesting equipment, regional preferences and maize type/end use.Grain maize is usually grown with row spacings of between 50 to 210cm.Density can be as low as 25,000 plants/ha.In temperate regions, maize for forage is commonly sown at 90,000 to 110,000 seeds/ha kharif crops:maizesoil type is of clay or sandy

Temperature:Can survive brief adverse tempsLow ~32, high ~112Growth decreases when temps are 95Optimal range 68 73Planting:Recommended planting date mid-April to mid-May100-150 GDDs needed for emergenceSeed treatments and seed vigor may survive up to 3 wks if soil conditions are not excessively wet50 temp at to 2 depth indicates enough warmth for plantingGermination is very slow at lower temps

Adopt a spacing of 25 cm between plants in the rows which are 60 cm apart. Population : For varieties and hybrids 6 7 plants / sq. m. and For baby corn, 8 9 plants / sq. m.Select good quality seeds and adopt the seed rate of 20 kg/ha for CO 1 and TNAU Maize Hybrid CO 6 and 25 kg /ha for COBC 1.Spacing and Seed Rate

Why Tillage?Create seedbedKill weeds/pestIncorporate fertilizerChange clod sizeIncorporate residues

PRACTICES IN TILLAGELand GradingRough GradingLand levellingLand smoothingLand SmoothingLand Preparation

Primary tillage operations

Primary Tillage ImplementsMoldboard and Disc Plow

No. of bottoms 2-3plough bottom size 300mmField Capacity:0.2 ha/hcost:30,000/-Mouldboard plough

Field capacity:0.2-0.25ha/hrManufacture:ATHARVACutting width:100,125,150,200mmCost:20,000/-

DISC PLOUGH

SUBSOILERManufacture:JOHN DEERECost:67,000/-Field Capacity:0.8ha/hrIt is an hydraulic system mounted

Secondary tillageFollow primary tillageNormally shallower working depthProvide additional soil pulverizationLevel soil surfaceControl weeds

Disc HarrowNo.of discs:4,6,8Field capacity:1.5-1.75ha/dayDepth of cut:50-120mmwidth of cut:800-12000mmcost:

Rs. 35,000/-

CULTIVATORManufacture:AGROMASTERField capacity:0.5-1.8ha/hrCost:15,000/-No.of tines:7,9,11,13,15

After final dry working

Sowing and PlantingSowing:Dibble the seeds at a depth of 4 cm along the furrow in which fertilizers are placed and cover with soil. Put one seed per hole if the germination is assured otherwise put two seeds per hole

Planting :Adopt a spacing of 25 cm between plants in the rows which are 60 cm apart. Population : For varieties and hybrids 6 7 plants / sq. m. and For baby corn, 8 9 plants / sq. m.It requires 500 to 600mm of water

Form ridges and furrows providing sufficient irrigation channels. The ridges should be 6 m long and 60 cm apart.If ridges and furrows are not made, form beds of size 10 m2 or 20 m2 depending on the availability of water.Use a bund former or ridge plough to economise cost of production.

ONE-ROW SEED PLANTERModel:One row hand planter-M1Machine Power:Depend on man powerCost: approximately 8,000/-

SEED PLANTERManufacture:Cost:Field Capacity:

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Drum Dibbler

Dibbler Bar

Inter-CultivationWeeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which interfere with the utilisation of land and water resources and thus adversely affect human welfare.

Weeds are an important factor in the management of all land and water resources, but its effect is greatest on agriculture.

The losses caused by weeds exceed the losses caused by any other category of agricultural pests. Of the total annual loss in agriculture produce, weeds account for 45%, insect 30%, disease 20% and other pests 5%.

Tractor Mounted 3-Row Rotary Weeder

Field capacity: 0.24 ha/hCost:Rs 60,000/row-to-row spacing :675 to 1165mm weeding efficiency : 83-87%

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Self-propelled Power Weeder

Field capacity:0.10 to 0.13 ha/h Cost:Rs. 40,000Manufacture:

Plant ProtectionApply quarter of the dose of N; full dose of P2O and K2O basally before sowing.In the case of ridge planted crop, open a furrow 6 cm deep on the side of the ridge, at two thirds the distance from the top of the ridge. Apply the fertilizer mixture along the furrows evenly and cover to a depth of 4 cm with soil. If bed system of planting is followed, open furrows 6 cm deep at a distance of 60 cm apart. Place the fertilizer mixture along the furrows evenly and cover to a depth of 4 cm with soil.

Pesticide application It refers to the practical way in which pesticides, (including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, or nematode control agents) are delivered to their biological targets (e.g. pest organism, crop or other plant).

Chemical Tank Capacity:16 Lts & 20 Lts.Fuel Tank Capacity:0.6 Lts.Spraying Capacity(1/min):7 Lts.Gross Weight:10 KgsField Capacity:1-2ha/dayCost:Rs15000/-

Capacity 16 LitresTwo-stroke engine:1 to 1.5hpCorrosion resistant plastic tank baseField Capacity:4.0-5.0ha/dayCost:Rs1,715/-

Symptoms of damage

Central shoot withers and leading to dead heart.Larvae mines the midrib enter the stem and feeds on the internal tissues.Bore holes visible on the stem near the nodes.Young larva crawls and feeds on tender folded leaves causing typical shot hole symptom.Affected parts of stem may show internally tunnelling caterpillars

Nitrogen deficiency

Phosphorus deficiency

Potassium deficiency

Magnesium deficiency

Zinc deficiency

Iron deficiency

HarvestingHarvesting is the act or process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. Reaping is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper.

The completion of harvesting marks the end of the growing season, or the growing cycle.

Crop failure (also known as harvest failure) is an absent or greatly diminished crop yield relative to expectation.

Harvesting

Manufacturer:JOHN DEERESelf-Propelled Forage HarvestersHorse Power:120hpField capacity:1acre per hour

video

HarvestingManufacturer:HALDRUP M-63Pto speed:1000 r/minRow interval:row independentField capacity:1acre per 1.25-1.5 hours

Manufacturer:YQL(Silage harvester)Cost:40,000/-Field Capacity:1.5-2.5ton/hrIt is used to cut green and dry corn stem,wheat and rice straw, alfalfa and so on

HarvestingManufacturer:CLAAS | JAGUAR 980-930Corn cracker with fine meshed rollers and 60 % speed differenceField Capacity:1.7ha/hourCost:9lakhs

Manufacture:CLAASMODEL:Crop Tiger 40TTCost:75lakhsField Capacity:

CLAAS THRESHER

Maize ThresherIt is helpful for maize cropsIt can operate with 35 HP capacityCost:Rs1.3lakhsMachine can produce 40-50 quintal maize per hourAccidental part of machine are covered Amar Multicrop Thresher mode

MGF:ROYAL THRASHER & IMPLEMENT

video

ThreshingVertical corn maize thresher

11)Capacity:1-4ton/hour ;2)Weight(kg):70/653)Dimension (mm):470*1250*660/470*1250*6604)Working mode: gasoline engine or 220v-250v electric powerManufacturer:BHARAT ENGINEERS.Cost:Rs30,000/-

VIEDO

Manufacture:HIPPO MILLScost:38,000/-Field Capacity:2-3tons/hr

video

Maize Thresher

Manufacturer:S.N.P(IND)SUPER NEW PUNJAB ENGG

Field Capacity:0.8ha/hrHigh speed threshing with zero breakage of grainsCost:Rs1.25lakhs

BIOMASS HANDLING(Hay rake)A hay rake is an agricultural rake used to collect cut hay or straw.A hay rake may be mechanised, drawn by a tractor or draft animals, or it may be a hand tool.This usually had a gear-driven or chain-driven reel mounted roughly at a 45-degree angleCurrently a newer design called the rotary rake is in common use in Europe, and less frequently seen in the United States and Canada.

Biomass Handling

Manufacturer:Sale: $999.00 (INR:67,298)Field Capacity:1ha/hourHay Rakes - SSB Tractor

Biomass HandlingManufacturer:

Sitrex 4 Wheel 3-Point Hay RakeCost:US $1,599.00

Country of Manufacture:ItalyModel:4 Wheel Hay RakeField capacity:0.7ha/hour

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VIDEO ON MAIZE CROP

REFERENCE(Internet sources)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://agritech.tnau.ac.in/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMKexGYlQQEagricultureagri_weedmgt_maize.htmlhttp://slideshare.com/thanujdeepakhttp://www.bmfarmmachinery.com/http://paraquat.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshers,_pedal_poweredhttp://www.slideshare.net/guest2a2f705/maize-2

Farming looks mighty easy when your plow is a pencil and you're a thousand miles from the corn field.Thanks