maize assingment..(commodity)

BIOLOGY OF MAIZE 1BIOLOGY OF MAIZE 1

Commodity AnalysisMAIZE

Jogendra Yadav | EDIM | 12114


General Description

Maize or corn is a plant belonging to the family of grasses. It is cultivated globally being one of the most important cereal crops worldwide. Maize is not only an important human nutrient, but also a basic element of animal feed and raw material for manufacture of many industrial products. The products include corn starch, maltodextrins, corn oil, corn syrup and products of fermentation and distillation industries. It is also being recently used as biofuel.

Maize is a versatile crop grown over a range of agro climatic zones. In fact the suitability of maize to diverse environments is unmatched by any other crop. It is grown from 58oN to 40oS, from below sea level to altitudes higher than 3000 m, and in areas with 250 mm to more than 5000 mm of rainfall per year and with a growing cycle ranging from 3 to 13 months. However the major maize production areas are located in temperate regions of the globe. The United States, China, Brazil and Mexico account for 70% of global production. India has 5% of corn acreage and contributes 2% of world production.

The use of maize varies in different countries. In USA, EU, Canada and other developed countries, maize is used mainly to feed animals directly or sold to feed industry and as raw material for extractive/ fermentation industries. In developing countries use of maize is variable. In Latin America and Africa the main use of maize is for food while in Asia it is used for food and animal feed. In fact in many countries it is the basic staple food and an important ingredient in the diets of people. Globally, it has been estimated that approximately 21% of the total grain produced is consumed as food.

Maize is the third most important food grain in India after wheat and rice. In India, about 28% of maize produced is used for food purpose, about 11% as livestock feed, 48% as poultry feed, 12% in wet milling industry (for example starch and oil production) and 1% as seed . In the last one decade, it has registered the highest growth rate among all food grains including wheat and rice because of newly emerging food habits as well as enhanced industrial requirements.


Maize is a crop par excellence for food, feed and industrial utilization. The composition of edible Portion of maize (dry) is given in table 1

Table 1: Composition per 100 g of edible portion of maize (dry)

Moisture 14.9 g Minerals 1.5 gProtein 11.1g Carbo

hydrates66.2 g

Fat 3.6 g Calcium 10 mgFiber 2.7 g Iron 2.3 mgCalories 342 Potassium 286 mgPhosphorus 348 mg Thiamine 0.42 mgSodium 15.9 mg Carotene 90 ugSulphur 114 mg Vitamin C 0.12 mgRiboflavin 0.10 mg Magnesium 139 mgAmino acids 1.78 mg Copper 0.14 mg

However, it is deficit in essential amino acid, lysine and tryptophan. To overcome this deficiency, quality protein maize (QPM) with sufficiently higher quantity of lysine and tryptophan have been developed.

Geographi c Origi n an d distribution

The center of origin for Zea mays has been established as the Mesoamerican region, now Mexico and Central America. Archaeological records suggest that domestication of maize began at least 6000 years ago, occurring independently in regions of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. The Portuguese introduced maize to Southeast-Asia from the America in the 16th century. The maize was introduced into Spain after the return of Columbus from America and from Spain it went to France, Italy and Turkey. In India, Portuguese introduced maize during the seventeenth century. From India it went to China and later it was introduced in Philippines and the East Indies. Corn now is being grown in USA, China, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Rumania, Yugoslavia and India.

Human Health Consideration

In maize no endogenous toxins or significant levels of anti-nutritional factors have been found till date. It is so not considered a pathogen and is not capable of causing any disease in humans, animals or plants. Maize allergy can occur to the ingestion of maize or maize derivatives, or to the inhalation of maize flour or maize pollen. Although some cases of maize allergy have been reported but no proteins responsible for allergy have yet been identified.

Production of Maize in India

Maize occupies an important place in Indian Agriculture. It is the third most important cereal in India after wheat and rice. The major maize growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka and Jammu & Kashmir, jointly accounting for over 95% of the national maize production.

In India, maize is the third most important food crops after rice and wheat. According to advance estimate it is cultivated in 8.7 m ha (2010-11) mainly during Kharif season which covers 80% area. Maize in India, contributes nearly 9 % in the national food basket and more than Rs.100 billion to the agricultural GDP at current prices apart from the generating employment to over 100 million man-days at the farm and downstream agricultural and industrial sectors. In addition to staple food for human being and quality feed for animals, maize serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper industries etc.

The maize is cultivated throughout the year in all states of the country for various purposes including grain, fodder, green cobs, sweet corn, baby corn, popcorn in peri-urban areas. The predominant maize growing states that contributes more than 80 % of the total maize production are Andhra Pradesh (20.9 %), Karnataka (16.5 %), Rajasthan (9.9 %), Maharashtra (9.1 %), Bihar (8.9 %), Uttar Pradesh (6.1 %), Madhya Pradesh (5.7 %), Himachal Pradesh (4.4%). Apart from these states

maize is also grown in Jammu and Kashmir and North-Eastern states. Hence, the maize has emerged as important crop in the non-traditional regions i.e. peninsular India as the state like Andhra Pradesh which ranks 5th in area (0.79 m ha) has recorded the highest production (4.14 m t) and productivity (5.26 t ha-1) in the country although the productivity in some of the districts of Andhra Pradesh is more or equal to the USA.

India is the largest producer of Maize in the world, with 14.06 lakh MT during the year 2011. The country ranks sixth in Maize production with 3.39 percent share in total work production.

Source: - Ministry of Agriculture

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Source:-Ministry of Agriculture

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Maize Export of India (2012-13)

Sr. No. Country Quantity(MT) Value(Rs. Lakhs)

1. Indonesia 15,69,349.00 2,31,356.002. Vietnam 12,77,522.00 1,83,983.003. Malaysia 9,66,748.00 1,40,285.004. Taiwan 3,94,497.00 63,004.005. Bangladesh 1,13,736.00 21,048.006. Nepal 1,45,191.00 18,771.007. UAE 72,493.00 11,068.008. China 45,941.00 7,267.009. Singapore 43,086.00 6,300.0010. South Korea 45,811.00 6,044.0011. Yemen 30,912.00 5,128.0012. Oman 33,339.00 5,065.0013. Philippine 17,011.00 2,836.0014. Hong Kong 7,599.00 1,203.0015. Thailand 991.00 1,169.0016. Qatar 4,842.00 769.0017. Brunei 3,721.00 723.0018. Pakistan 713.00 722.0019. Japan 3,643.00 699.0020. Canada 3,010.00 630.0021. Jordan 1,359.00 252.0022. Portuguese 1,064.00 204.0023. Saudi Arabia 1,089.00 189.00

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24. Israel 452.00 91.0025. Iran 546.00 85.00

Source:-APEDA AgriXchange.

World Maize Production 2012-13 (In %)

32.10%

24.40%

8.30%

6.40%

3.30%

2.40%

2.40%

2.30%1.60%

1.50%

15.10%

World Production

U.S China Brazil EU-27 Argantina MaxicoUkraine India South Africa Canada Others

Source: - USDA FAS grain: world markets and trade 11 Jan 2013

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World Maize Production (2012-13)

Rank Country Quantity (1000 MT)

1. U.S 355,3302. China 211,0003. Brazil 70,0004. EU-27 64,9355. Argentina 26,0006. Mexico 21,7007. Ukraine 30,0008. India 23,0009. South Africa 13,00010. Canada 14,200

11. Others 236326


Main Maize Exporting Nations (2012-13)

Rank Country Quantity(1000 MT) 1. U.S 36,8322. Brazil 20,0003. Argentina 18,0004. Ukraine 18,0005. India 3,500

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6. South Africa 2,0007. Paraguay 1,8008. Russia 2,5009. Canada 1,50010. EU-27 3,00011. Zambia 400


Main Maize Importing Nations (2012-13)

Rank Country Quantity(1000 MT) 1. Japan 15,5002. Mexico 10,5003. EU-27 9,0004. North Korea 9,0005. Egypt 5,7006. Taiwan 4,3007. Iran 4,1008. Colombia 3,9009. Malaysia 3,40010. Algeria 3,00011. Venezuela 2,60012. Saudi Arabia 2,300


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Maize Feed domestic Consumption (1000 MT)1China 156,000.002 United States 132,086.003 EU-27 53,500.004 Brazil 46,000.005 Mexico 14,000.006 Japan 11,000.007 India 9,900.008 Egypt 9,700.009 Ukraine 8,500.00

10 Russian Federation 7,500.0011 Canada 7,000.0012 Korea, Republic Of 7,000.0013 Indonesia 6,600.00

14 Iran, Islamic Republic Of 5,900.00

15 Philippines 5,500.00

Source: - Indexmundi.com

Maize FSI Consumption by country (1000 MT)1 United States 162,567.002 China 60,000.003 EU-27 17,000.004 Mexico 16,500.005 Brazil 9,000.006 India 9,000.007 Nigeria 5,900.008 South Africa 5,900.009 Canada 5,500.00

10 Ethiopia 5,100.0011 Japan 4,500.0012 Indonesia 4,500.00

13 Tanzania, United Republic Of 4,100.00

14 Kenya 3,500.0015 Malawi 3,000.0016 Argentina 3,000.00


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Maize Yield by Country in MT/HA1 Chile 11.002 Canada 10.003 Jordan 10.004 New Zealand 10.005 United States 10.006 Switzerland 9.007 Turkey 9.008 Argentina 8.009 Egypt 8.00

10 EU-27 7.0011 Iran, Islamic Republic Of 7.0012 China 6.0013 Kyrgyzstan 6.0014 Australia 6.0015 Belarus 6.00


Maize Total Supply by Country in 1000 MT1 United States 377,013.002 China 283,556.003 Brazil 86,810.004 EU-27 79,314.005 Mexico 33,233.006 Ukraine 31,247.007 Argentina 26,911.008 India 23,720.009 Canada 16,245.00

10 South Africa 16,191.0011 Japan 16,024.0012 Egypt 12,610.0013 Indonesia 11,907.00


Maize Total Supply Annual Growth Rate by Country1 Moldova, Republic Of 67.44 %2 Serbia 56.41 %

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3 Guinea-Bissau 50.00 %4 Ukraine 41.88 %5 Gambia 37.93 %6 Russian Federation 37.54 %7 Angola 31.44 %8 Switzerland 26.75 %9 Lesotho 26.20 %

10 United States 24.39 %11 Lebanon 22.35 %12 Ecuador 21.70 %13 Myanmar 19.38 %14 Mozambique 16.70 %15 Mexico 16.27 %


Major uses of Maize

1. Human Food . Example- grits, corn flour, corn meal, beverage alcohol, production of starch, corn oil, sweeteners

2. Alternative medicine . Example- Stigmas from female maize flowers, popularly called corn silk, are sold as herbal supplements.

3. Chemicals . Example- Starch from maize can also be made into plastics, fabrics, adhesives, and many other chemical products.

4. Bio-Fuel . Example- Maize is increasingly used as a feedstock for the production of ethanol fuel. Ethanol is mixed with gasoline to decrease the amount of pollutants emitted when used to fuel motor vehicles.

5. Ornamental and other uses . Example- Some forms of the plant are occasionally grown for ornamental use in the garden.

6. Fodder . Example- Maize makes a greater quantity of epigeous mass than other cereal plants, so can be used for fodder. Digestibility and palatability are higher when ensiled and fermented, rather than dried.

7. Commodity . Example- Maize is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity using corn futures contracts. These "futures" are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) under ticker symbol C. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, September, and December.

8. Livestock . Example- Corn makes an outstanding feed ingredient for livestock and poultry.

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Maize (corn) Monthly Price - Indian Rupee per Metric Ton

Source: - World BankDescription: Maize (corn), U.S. No.2 Yellow, FOB Gulf of Mexico, U.S. price, Indian Rupee per Metric Ton.

Monthly Price Change

Month Price in Rs. Change %Feb 2013 16,257.38 -Mar 2013 16,832.49 3.54 %Apr 2013 15,239.88 -9.46 %

May 2013 16,250.80 6.63 %Jun 2013 17,327.09 6.62 %Jul 2013 16,674.28 -3.77 %

Aug 2013 14,847.13 -10.96 %Sep 2013 13,209.77 -11.03 %Oct 2013 12,432.85 -5.88 %Nov 2013 12,487.79 0.44 %

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Dec 2013 12,234.74 -2.03 %Jan 2014 12,347.50 0.92 %Feb 2014 13,037.38 5.59 %

Major causes of price fluctuations

The commodity price of maize is predestined by maize futures, which is a legally binding price that will be in effect at a future date. These prices are intimately tied to energy prices and weather predictions. The alternative use of maize as a source of fuel ethanol, impacts prices directly and indirectly. The futures price is affected by the perceived value of the crop as fuel and indirectly due to the skewing of supply and demand, because maize quantities may be lessened by use of croplands for ethanol production. Analysis from the International Food Policy Research Institute estimates that rising demand for ethanol caused 40% of the rise in maize prices.

Maize prices will continue to be influenced by oil and alternative fuel prices as worldwide concerns about anthropogenic climate change create increasing demand for eco-friendly solutions. With ethanol production unresponsive to price that inflexibility has led to market volatility. The current demand for ethanol derived from maize may be lessened by the development of cheaper biofuels obtained from other plants. The fluctuations in maize prices are registered via the futures market in the leading Exchanges worldwide.

Interesting facts about the Maize

Corn is called maize by most countries, this comes from the

Spanish word ‘maiz’. Corn is a cereal crop that is part of the grass family. An ear or cob of corn is actually part of the flower and an

individual kernel is a seed.

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On average an ear of corn has 800 kernels in 16 row. Juices and soft drinks like Coca-Cola and Pepsi contain corn

sweeteners. A bushel of corn can sweeten 400 cans of soft drink. Maize and its by products are also found in many non-food items

such as fireworks, rust preventatives, glue, paint, dyes, laundry detergent, soap, aspirin, antibiotics, paint, shoe polish, ink, cosmetics, the manufacturing of photographic film, and in the production of plastics.

Maize is a more formal and internationally recognized name for corn.

Maize can be produced in various colors including blackish, bluish-gray, purple, and green, red, white and the most common yellow.

The word corn is an English word used to describe any type of grain, but using it most people are referring to maize.

Maize is an Indian word meaning “sacred mother,” or “giver of life.”

Before WWII, most corn was harvested by hand. The first mechanical corn harvester was developed in 1930 by the Gleaner Harvester Combine Corporation.

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