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ELETRONIC COMMERICE

GOVT M.A.O COLLAGE LAHORE Page 1

INTRODUCTIONElectronic communication is a system used as means of sending or retrieving messages

through computer or Internet connections. Today this includes a multitude ofcommunication tools, ranging from simple forms such as e-mails to more complex forms, e.g. electronic document management (e d m) systems, enterprise resource planning (e r p)systems and project planning systems. The introduction of different -communication toolsmay alter the rm operations, providing rms with innovate venues for impacting theirmanagement processes.

Electronic communication has become a part of every aspect of our society. It is recognizedas being one of the most important and influential aspects of the way we conduct business.Electronic communication technology has made it easier to contact other employees in the

same office, and even around the world. Computers and software have revolutionizedcommunication within the business office. Programs have made it simple for businesses,small companies, and large corporations, to keep track of any information that passesthrough the business, whether it is from a secretary or the CEO. Today's society isdependent upon electronic communication. This paper will concentrate on how the areas ofthe Internet, electronic mail (EMAIL), E-commerce, and E-Business effect the way wecommunicate within the business world

Electronic Communication And Its Usages

y The three major fields of electronics are computers, communications, and control. Thecomputer segment is the largest; communications is the second largest.

y Communication is the process of exchanging information.y Most human communication is oral, but a great deal of it is also in written or printed

form.

y The two main barriers to communication are language and distance.y Major electrical discoveries in the mid- and late nineteenth century made possible thedevelopment of electronic communications over long distances.

y The telegraph (1844) and telephone (1876) were the first two long-distancecommunications systems.

y Radio was discovered in 1887, and wireless telegraphy was demonstrated in 1895.y Electronic communications plays a vital role in all our lives and is essential to the

success of our information society.


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y The major elements of a communications system are a transmitter to send a message, acommunications medium, a receiver to pick up the message, and noise.

y The three primary communications media are wires, free space, and fiber-optic cable.y Radio waves are signals made up of electric and magnetic fields that propagate over

long distances.y Noise is any interference that disturbs the legible transmission of a signal. Noise is

produced by the atmosphere, heavenly bodies, manufactured electrical equipment, andthermal agitation in electronic components.

y The transmission medium greatly attenuates and degrades the transmitted signal.y Electronic communications may be either one-way or two-way. One-way transmission

is called simplex or broadcasting.y Two-way communication is called duplex. In half-duplex communications, only one of

the two parties can transmit at a time. In full duplex, both parties may transmit andreceive simultaneously.

y

Information signals may be either analog or digital. Analog signals are smooth,continuous voltage variations such as voice or video. Digital signals are binary pulses orcodes.

y The information signal, called the base band signal, is often transmitted directly overthe communications medium.

y In most communications systems, the base band signal is used to modulate a higher-frequency carrier signal than is transmitted by radio.

y Modulation is the process of having an information signal modifies a carrier signal insomeway. Common examples are AM and FM.

y The base band signal cannot usually be transmitted through space by radio because theantennas required are too long and because multiple base band signals transmitting

simultaneously would interfere with one another.y Multiplexing is the process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously over thesame channel or medium.

y Besides TV, there are several other methods of transmitting visual or graphicalinformation; they are facsimile, videotex, teletext.

y Simplex transmission of special signals from land-based or satellite stations is used byship and airplanes for navigation.

y Telemetry is measurement at a distance. Sensors convert physical characteristics toelectric signals which modulate a carrier transmitted to a remote location.

y Radio astronomy supplements optical astronomy by permitting the location andmapping of stars by the radio waves they emit.

y Radar uses the 'reflection of radio waves from remote objects for the detection of theirpresence, direction, and speed,y Underwater radar is called active sonar. Passive sonar is simply listening underwater

for the detection of objects of interest.y Two forms of personal communications services are CB radio and Amateur "ham"

radio, which are a technical hobby as well as a communications service.y Data communications is the transmission of computer and other digital data via the

telephone system, microwave links or satellite.


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y Devices called modems permit digital data to be transmitted over the analog telephonenetworks.

y Interconnections of PCs for the exchange of information are called local area networks.y The electromagnetic spectrum is that range of frequencies from approximately 30 Hz to

visible light over which electronic communications takes place.y The greatest portion of the spectrum covers radio waves, which are oscillating electric

and magnetic fields that radiate for long distances.y Wavelength (P) is the distance (in meters) between corresponding points on successive

cycles of a periodic wave: A= 3OO/f (f is in megahertz). It is also the distance that anelectromagnetic wave travels in the time it takes for one cycle of oscillation.

y The range of human hearing is approximately 20 to 20,000 Hz. The voice frequencyrange is 300 to 3000 Hz.

y Amplitude-modulated broadcasting occurs in the MF range from 300 kHz to 3 MHz.y The high-frequency range (3 to 30 MHz), or shortwave, is used for worldWide two way

communications and broadcasting.y Television broadcasting occurs in the VHF and UHF ranges.y Frequencies above 1 GHz are called microwaves.y The SHF and EHF bands are used primarily for satellite communications and radar.y Those frequencies directly above 300 GHz are called millimeter waves.y Electromagnetic signals produced primarily by heat sources are called infrared. They

cover the 0.7- to 100 Qm range.y A micron is one millionth of a meter.y Visible light occupies the region above infrared. Its wavelength is 4000 to 8000 .y An angstrom is one ten-thousandth of a micron.y Bandwidth is the spectrum space occupied by a signal, the frequency range of a

transmitted signal, or the range of frequencies accepted by a receiver. It is thedifference between the upper and lower frequencies of the range in question.y There is more spectrum space available at the higher frequencies. For a given

bandwidth signal, more channels can be accommodated at the higher frequencies.Spectrum space is a precious natural resource.


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TYPS OF ELECTRONIC AND

COMMUNICATION DEVICES

The basically using electronic and communication devices that we use in our daily life are

the as follow: -

TelevisionMobile Computer

TELEVISOINThe television is great invention of science. It becomes an important part of our daily life.

By using television we can watch several types of live and record video program. Television

helps us to gain different type of knowledge.


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The history of television

Lee de forest a African inventor who pursued research on the vacuum tube-crucial to

television -by adding a third element to a glass tube, creating a triode which amplified

and controlled electromagnetic signals. He called this device an Audion. Under the

employment ofWestinghouse Electric Corporation, he conceived and created the first

practical television set. Philo Farnsworth a young American inventor who developed the

image dissector tube, which brought high resolution to television pictures. Heading into the

great depression, few families owned television sets and many technical issues were left to

be resolved. This solved the diffusion of television. In 1941, formed by manufacturers,

produced an agreement setting standards for home picture quality. The age of commercial

television in United States dawned on July 1, 1941, when WNBT (now WNBC) in NewYork began broadcasting. CBS went on the air that same month. After that the research

are made to made television more effective.

The present features of television are: -

y High definition televisiony Digital video recordersy Including DTH, DVD and GAMES etc.y Available in LCD screen.y Available in different sizes.


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MOBILE PHONEMobile is very important electronic and communication device that we are using in our

daily life. It helps us to communicate with a person over a distance of several kilometers.

The history of mobileThe introduction of hexagonal cells for mobile phone base stations, invented in 1947 by Bell

Labs engineers at AT&T, was further developed by Bell Labs during the 1960s.Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to the SecondWorldWar with

military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held

cellular radio devices have been available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs

and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly throughout the

world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.


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In 1945, the 0G generation of mobile telephones was introduced. 0G mobile telephones,

such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since

they did not support the automatic change of channel frequency in the middle of a call,

when the user moved from one cell (base station coverage area) to another cell, a feature

called "handover".

Working of mobile phonesThe working of mobile phone is basically depends on SIM card, which is provide us by a

cellular network. The idea of first cellular network was brainstormed in 1947. The mobile

phone technology is basically of two types: -

GS

M (global system mobile) CDMA (code division multiple access)

There are three major section inside the mobile phones are

Power section Radio section Computer section

A power section deals with power related tasks such as power distribution or charging the

battery. A radio section has basically set of four main function band switching, RF power

amplification, transmitter and receiver. A computer section consists of tow main parts CPU

(central processing unit) and memory (RAM, FLASH, and COMBO CHIP)

Importance of mobileThe basic important of mobile in our daily life is given bellow:-

It helps us to communicate with each other. It provides us easy messaging service through sms and mms services. The modern mobiles phones provide us multimedia services like camera, mp3

player, video games and many more applications.

The GPRS enabled mobile provide us GPRS services which allow us to use interneton mobile.


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COMPUTERComputer is an electronic device, which takes inputs, process it and generates a useful

result. The computer is widely used electronic device in these days.

History of computer

The abacus is the first known calculating device discovered in 1450B.C. This illustrates

how the ancient computers worked. After the counting device Napiers bones discovered in

1600 A.D. in 1962 A.D French scientist Blaise Pascals invented the first adding machine.

Gottfried improved on Pascals machine and introduced multiplying machine. In 1813

Charles Babbage developed a machine, which could perform complex calculations. In 1862

Charles Xavier invents first calculators with commercial prospect. In 1863 Charles

Babbage invent analytical engine. In 1896 Dr. Hermann Hollerith invent punch card

machine. In 1947 EDSAC (electronic delayed storage and calculation) the first electroniccomputer invents


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LAPTOP

They were the first portable and weighted about 28 pounds. Infect they were called

luggables initially. As the size reduced the term also reduced to laptop. They weight

about 10 to 12 pounds. The name was probably given because they are use keeping it on the

laps while users are on move (in car, in airplane). They have large amount of internal


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memory to store hundred of program and documents. They are equipped with keyboard, a

mouse, a track ball and liquid crystal display (LCD) to display information

How Electronic Communication is AffectingTheWayWe Do Business

In business today there is a growing usage and need for off site communication to manageprojects and provide specific training. Businesses are finding ways to reduce costs bybringing information to their sites electronically. Technology has enabled organizations tocommunicate between domestic and international divisions. In addition, companies can

communicate with customers, outside consultants and trainers. These communicationtrends are advanced by cost reduction, effectiveness and efficiency demands, and thecapability of technology (Hoyt, 1998).The World Wide Web or Internet is one of the largest means of electronic communicationin business. The World Wide Web is defined as: The leading information retrieval serviceof the Internet (the worldwide computer network). The Web gives users access to a vastarray of documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedialinks--i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related pieces of information inorder to allow a user easy access to them.

The Internet is defined"The world's largest computer network, which is actually a network of networks" (Thill &Bovee, 1998). The driving force behind the Internet and World-Wide Web (WWW) arefacilitating business communication unhampered by geographical distances and providesrapid access to information.

TheWorld WideWeb has accomplished wonders for businesses and consumers around theglobe by supplying them with quantities of information on every product or serviceimaginable. It has become a viable marketing channel for most companies selling goods,from financial services to hot sauce.


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There are many advantages for companies to communicate electronically through theInternet. Perhaps the most important advantage is the electronic trail of documentationand the fact that marketing materials are always current and compliant. The cost savingsfor companies can be extremely attractive. Electronic communication provides an

opportunity to execute true one-to-one marketing, by providing customers with targetedmessages and product marketing only in areas where they have interest and possess a highpropensity to buy. Interacting with customers when they want and how they want increasesretention and brand loyalty. Over the past few years electronic customer service hasproven to be a distinct competitive advantage in the marketplace ("Electronic Delivery:",n.d.).

Electronic Mail or E.mail

Electronic Mail or email is a second form of electronic communication that is helping toinfluence how we do business today. Undoubtedly it is the most used Internet service. E-mail allows a user to send an electronic message to anyone else in the world that is alsoconnected to the Internet. E-mail is defined as: An efficient and easy way to send messagesquickly to other people, in your own office or around the world electronically. E-mail isinexpensive, convenient, and portable. E-mail offers numerous advantages over regularpost-office mail (often called "snail mail" by Internet users). Email has come a long waysince its early beginning. The capabilities of email today are almost limitless.

There are several ways to transport electronic information from one destination to thenext. The most inexpensive way of sending electronic info is through a direct connection,

sometimes called a Local Area Network (LAN) or intranet (meaning within). A connectionto the Internet requires some type of Internet Service Provider (ISP). Although ISPs chargea small monthly fee for service access to the Internet, companies still recognize atremendous savings over using the old traditional U.S. Postal service or other documenttransportation service.

E-BUSINESS / E-COMMERCE:

Although the concept of on-line business communities is not new, their application tobusiness is gaining momentum. Armstrong and Hagel maintain that entire industry supplychains are moving toward a transaction-based business model. A few companies, most

notably General Electric, are starting to realize benefits by shifting from the physicalbusiness community to an electronic business community model. GE's Trading ProcessNetwork (TPN) is an on-line business community that allows the company to transactabout $1 billion worth of business with more than 1,400 suppliers scattered around theglobe (Armstrong & Hagel III, 1996). Before going much further let's clearly define theterms of E-Commerce and E-Business. Akarin Weatherford, Indian River ConsultingGroup, defines them as follows: E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and


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services over the Internet plus the technology infrastructure and applications used tosupport those transactions. Examples: Business to

ConclusionThe main point of this paper is that different organizational forms required differentapproaches for applying communication tools. We have elaborated on the main differencesbetween project-based organizations and traditional organizations, e. g. varying time-frame, complexity of collaboration, and knowledge reapplicability. p b os are morecomplex than traditional organizations in respect to number of partners and activities,hence they require more emphasis on how to support and simplify the communication.Because project teams, although small, belong to bigger organizations, they have access tomore tools and other resources than a traditional organization of the same size as theproject team, which will skew the i t complexity issues to favour the project teams. Theover-belief in quantiable measures of i t adoption has to be taken into account. In order tosuccessfully apply e- ommunication tools, the organization has to look to the available toolsand nd the one that lls its communication need

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