Mainsteaming responsibility in

tourism development

Obstacles and opportunities

Mr.sci. Hrvoje Carić, env. mgmt.

Institute for tourism, Zagreb, Croatia

www.iztzg.hr

Content:

1. Definition of sustainable development

2. Existing unsustainable trends3. Redefenition4. Sustainable and responsible

development in practice (learning labs)

1. Definition of sustainable development – what’s wrong

2. Existing unsustainable trends3. Redefinition4. Sustainable and responsible

development in practice (learning labs)

Sustainable development(political definitions)

Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland)

Improving the quality of life within the limits of carrying capacities of ecosystems.

(Claude Martin, WWF)

Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland)

Improving the quality of life within the limits of carrying capacities of ecosystems.

(Claude Martin, WWF)

Antropo-centric

Wide variety of interpretation

Not very precise

1. Definition of sustainable development

2. Existing unsustainable trends3. Redefinition4. Sustainable and responsible

development in practice (learning labs)

Dubrovnik• long history and international

visibility since the Classical Roman period and through famous medieval Republic

• The Icon of Croatian tourism• UNESCO site• Very rich:

- Biodiversity- Landscape- Heritage

• Population 48.795

Trends (?): more cruise tourists, less stay, less …

• 2001 to 2009 cruising tourists increased 5 x989.272 passengers on the average have spent 1,68 days in Croatia (2009)

• Comparing 2009 to 2008, number of: - cruise arrivals have decreased by 8,3% - total days spent have decreased by 19,4% - total number of passengers increased by 5,3%.

Croatia Dubrovnik Dub. share

Year passengers passengers %

2009 989.272 845.603 85

Direct pollution cost assesment

H. CarićDirect pollution cost assessment of cruising

tourism in the Croatian AdriaticFinancial Theory and Practice 34 (2) 161-180

(2010)www.ijf.hr/eng/FTP/2010/2/caric.pdfPoor environmental management practice of

cruise companies and authorities in implementation of legislation make pollution from cruisers NEGATIVE EKSTERNALITY

Pollution type Daily pollution quantity/guest

Pollution for Croatian Adriatic

Pollution for Dubrovnik port

Solid Waste 4 kg 6.648 tones 1.777 tones

Air pollution CO2 0,40 kg/km 1.063.835 tones 904.115 tones

Black waters 40 litters 66.480.000 litters 23.676.000 litters

Gray waters 340 litters 565.080.000 litters 201.253.000 litters

Bilge water 10 litters 16.620.000 litters 5.919.000 litters

Hazardous waste 0,16 kg 265.920 kg 94.708 kg

Eco-toxic metal 0,45 g 748 kg 266 kg

Direct pollution costs are multiplications of daily pollution quantities with number of cruise guests and days spent:

a) Croatian Adriatic = 1.662.000 guest/daysb) Dubrovnik port = 591.922 guest/days

Direct pollution costs (DPC) for cruising tourism in 2009 based on EU prices of environmental management charges.

All pollution loads are negative externalities, meaning that pollution is not properly treated and subsequently has an effect on the environment (Carić, 2010).

Pollution type DPC (EU) Unit DPC for Cro. Adriatic

DPC for Dubrovnik

Solid Waste 0,15 €/kg 997.200 355.153

Air pollution 0,24 €/km/passenger

379.880.448 324.711.552

Black & gray waste waters

0,0089 €/lit 5.620.884 2.001.880

Bilge water 0,22 €/lit 3.656.400 1.302.228

Hazardous waste

1,53 €/kg 406.858 144.903

390.561.790 328.515.716

Cost benefit analysis (financial)

Direct pollution costs (DPC)

Total calculated income for Croatian economy from cruising tourism in 2009 was

53 mil. € max.

DPC for Cro. Adriatic

DPC for Dubrovnik

390 mil € 328 mil €

Comparative human impact(1) ratio

(2) peak day impact(3) 5 cruisers = towns of Du.

Pollution Cruise guest pollution ratio

5 cruisers with 12.500 guest pollute as

Dubrovnik(48.795 citizens)

SOx (IMO 4,5%)(EU 1,5%)

4.5001.500

? ?

CO2 air pollution 7,9 98.750 2

NOx air pollution 11,1 138.750 2,8

Wastewater 2,9 36.250 0,7

Waste 4,4 55.000 1,12

in local person equivalents

Conflicting use of marine resource within tourism sector: mega cruising vs sea kayaking

ALASKA Autor : Tom Bol, Crusise Controll

Foto Adam Benović

Foto Adam Benović

Remains from air emission polluted a beach in Dubrovnik

Collisions of cruisers in front of old harbor anchoring area

2004: Armonia vs Club Med II anchor entanglement. Demolished underwater electricity and water piping

2008: MSC Poesia vs Costa Classica collision without significant consequences

1. Definition of sustainable development

2. Existing unsustainable trends3. Redefinition4. Sustainable and responsible

development in practice (learning labs)

Sustainable development

Exploatation < Regeneration

Local community

Heritage(cultural, historic,

traditional, ethical) Business

Politics

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Sustainable development (human systems vs. environment)

Local community

Heritage

Business

Politics

Process to develop synergy between human systems to contribute harmony with environment

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Local community

Heritage Business

Politics

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Social, personal

responsibility

responsibilityFor

environment

responsibilityresponsibility for standard of for standard of

livingliving

How to develop genuine responsibility in the world of individualism and opportunism …How to define responsibility, the meaning?

What is responsibility ?

Every decision significant for tribe needs to consider impact on seven unborn generations.Lakota Sioux

Is this too wise for us?

1. Definition of sustainable development

2. Existing unsustainable trends3. Redefinition4. Sustainable and responsible

development in practice (learning labs)

S / R development

in practice=

quality care(protection of heritage)

+ income generation (responsible use for profit)

+ public benefit

(especially local community)

Heritage for development

and development for

heritage

Heritage - natural - traditional - historic - cultural

Heritage is comparative

advantage for local sustainable

development, renewable.

Literature (for more details)

• Mowforth, M. Munt, I. 2003. Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. Routledge, London.

• Duffy R., 2002. A Trip Too Far: Ecotourism, Politics and Exploitation. Stylus Pub Llc.

• Stronza A., Gordillo J. (2008.). Community Views Of Ecotourism , Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, str.. 448–468,

• Machelworth P.C. and Carić H., 2009. Gatekeepers of Island Communities – Exploring the Pillars of (Un)Sustainable Development. Environment, Development and Sustainability.