MagazineSPRING 1968VOLUME I NUMBER 1

LuH -

RESEARCH INFORMkUUN SERVICES

EAST-WEST CENTER

1777 EAST-WEST ROAD

HONOLULU HI 96848

SPRING, 1968 volume I Number /

ACADEMIC IMPERIALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA?

By George Kanahele. SEADAG Conference meets to tackle Asiancriticism of visiting researchers.

DR. KATSUKI'S SHARKS 2

East-West Center Magazine By Anne Phelps. An interview with an JAr senior specialist explainswhy shark research may solve the mystery of the humanhearing mechanism.

Published quarterly by the East-WestCenter Office of Public Affairs to KIPLING WAS WRONG: It's Happening Here4report and promote cultural andtechnical interchange between people A report of East-West Center projects, reprinted from theof the East and West. Hawaii Growth '68 edition of The Honolulu Advertiser.

Robert B. Hewett, Director LUNCH WITH AN EDIBLE SEAWEED COLLECTOR: 6Anne Phelps, Editor .A visiting botanist believes seaweeds can feed a hungry world.

THE COVER

The carp in East-West Centers JapaneseGarden are unaware that their lateral lineorgans may solve the mystery of the hu-man ear, or that the seaweeds their salt-water brothers eat are being scrutinized for

large-scale human consumption. For re-

ports of marine-life research being accom-

plished through East-West interchange, seeDr. Kotsuhi's Sharks and Lunch with noEdible Seaweed Collector.

Photograph By Bruce Eric/non

IN FRESCO: Affandi's East, Charlot's West

7

The new frescoes at East-West Center, and how they grew.

DEPUTY CHANCELLORS STRENGTHEN ADMINISTRATION

ROBERT ZUMWJNKLE RESIGNS

10

STAFF APPOINTMENTS

11

NEW BOOKS FROM EAST-WEST CENTER PRESS 11

NATIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPOINTMENTS

13

SENATORCALLS BUDGET CUTS FALSE ECONOMY 13

10

ACADEMIC IMPERIALISMIN SOUTHEAST ASIA?

In recent years it has become increasingly commonto hear Thai, Indonesian, Filipino, and other SoutheastAsian scholars complain, sometimes bitterly, a g a i n s tforeign scholars who do research in Southeast Asia. Notwithout justification, they find fault with what theydescribe as the foreigner's ethnocentric biases, his ar-rogance and insensitivity, his proprietary claims to ex-pertise, and worst of all, his exploitation of local humanand material resources. While Southeast Asians readilyacknowledge the contributions of the foreign scholar,they cannot view with complete dispassion the latter'swealth of research funds, seeming abundance of time,technical and methodological sophistication, or his hit-and-run approach to area research, among other things.The upshot of all of this is the unmuffled cry of "Aca-demic Imperialism!" now being heard in the halls ofSoutheast Asian academia.

It is the American scholar who, more than any otherforeign group of academics, has come to dominateSoutheast Asian studies, partly through sheer numbersand partly because plenty of money seems to be avail-able for research and national interest. Net too longago the area was terra incognita to American research-ers, but today the names of distinguished Americanscholars number among those who are prominent inSoutheast Asian studies. Their students now swell theinvasion of foreign scholars moving into new fields,staking out new claims-and bearing the brunt ofSoutheast Asian complaints. Ironically, some of thesecriticisms come from Asians who also studied at Amen-can universities and who now rank among the region'smost respected native scholars. If this willingness toengage American as well as other foreign scholars be-trays a kind of academic nationalism, it also demon-strates the Southeast Asian scholar's confidence in doinghis own work in his own land.

While the charge of academic imperialism is admit-

tedly subjective in part, it is symptomatic of a wholearray of problems which both the American and South-east Asian scholar must understand and somehow re-solve, since they both stand to gain by achieving a

mutually cooperative working relationship. It was to thisend that the East-West Center co-sponsored with TheAsia Society, the Southeast Asia Development AdvisoryGroup (5EA0AG) Conference on "American Develop-mental Research on Southeast Asia: Promise and Haz-ards," held January 28-30, 1968, in Jefferson Hall. The

*George Kanahele is director of the Conference and SeminarProgram at East-West Center, He received the Ph.D. degreefrom Cornell University in 1966, following research (in Japan,Indonesia, and The Netherlands) on the development of Indo-nesian nationalism during the Japanese occupation.

by George Kanahele*

conference organizers had three specific purposes inmind: first, promoting a genuine East-West dialogueon research problems; second, American re-examinationwith their Asian colleagues of the basic assumptionson which their research projects are based; and third,the hope that Asians would offer new insights a n dguidance on research problems encountered by Ameri-cans in Southeast Asia.

Invited to the conference were over 50 Americanand Asian government officials and scholars, the latterrepresenting mostly social scientists involved in develop-mental research. From Asia came such authorities asDr. 0. D. Corpuz, under-secretary of education of thePhilippines, and Professor Gelia Tagumpay-Castillo,University of the Philippines; Professor Selo Soemard-jan, University of Indonesia, and Mr. Soedjatmoko,Indonesia's leading intellectual; Professor Takeshi Mo-tooka, of The Center for Southeast Asian Studies,Kyoto; Professor Patya Siahoo, of Chulalongkorn Uni-versity and Adul Wiehieneharoen, of Thamurisasat Uni-versity, Bangkok; and Dr. Stephen Yeb, of the Eco-nomic Research Center, Singapore. They were snatchedwith some of their counterparts from American uni-versities, foundations, and research centers. Among theAmerican participants were also government officialsconcerned with the problems of collaborative academicresearch. A special participant who had more than apassing interest in the subject was Congressman ClementZabloeki, chairman of the Flouse Foreign Affairs Sub-committee on the Far East and the Pacific.

Continued on page 12

i,'..

At the SEADAG (Southeast Asia Development Advisory Group)conference in Janua , U.S. Congressman Clement Zablocki frontWisconsin (right) explored criticisms of Anierican ,sc/soia,s inSoutheast Asia with Indonesia's leading intellectual, Mr. Soed-)atmoko, recently ssasned ambassador to the U.S.

Spring, 1968 1

Dr. Katsuki's SharksAn Interview

Yasuyt Katsuki was the first scientist to define thefunction of the fish's lateral line organs-which he be-lieves are the ears' original source. Now Dr. Katsukiand his associate, Dr. Keiji Yanagisawa, are conduct-ing hearing-mechanism experiments on sharks at theUniversity of Hawaii's Sensory Sciences Laboratory,where Dr. Gcorg von Bckcsy is research director. BothDr. Katsuki and Dr. Yanagisawa are on JO-monthleaves from the Medical School at Tokyo Medical andDental University. Both are receiving senior specialistgrants from the Institute of Advanced Projects.

Armed with a tape recorder, the interviewer wasprepared for an onslaught of technical terms from sucha distinguished scientist. But Dr. Katsuki spoke of hisresearch simply and cheerfully.

INTERVIEWER: Dr. Katsuki, how did you happento come to Hawaii, to the East-West Center?

KAT5IJKI: Two years ago I got a letter from Dr.Bekesy saying he was interested in my research. BeforeI came to this country I was very much impressedwith Dr. Bekesy's work. Because he performed suchexcellent work he got the Nobel prize. I read of hiswork in Tokyo.

IDr. Katsuki (s/an ngj a . 5' wgtae so are ready to take alook at the Nurse Shark's r \posed lateral hoe nerve under themicroscope, and to observe the shot k's responses to stimuli onthe oscilloscope (note electronic connection). Water runningthrough gills keeps shark alive.

But I knew Dr. Bekesy before I came to the East-West Center. I met him in Boston in 1952. At thattime he was working (at Harvard) on the ear of theguinea pig.

INTERVIEWER: For what special research did Dr.Bèkesy receive the Nobel prize?

KAT5UEI (sketching with his pen): Dr. Bekesyobserved directly the movement of these tiny hair cellsinside the ear of the guinea pig, which caused vibra-tions in the liquid lymph of the ear. No one had dis-covered the hair cells' function before.

Now we need to know why there is an electricalpotential (voltage) change after the vibrations, whichstimulates the auditory nerve. Dr. Bekesy believes thereis a common neural mechanism for all sense organs.

INTERVIEWER: What work were you doing whenyou met Dr. Bekesy?

KAT5UKI: It was my first visit to the United States.I was working at the Central Institute for the Deafin St. Louis. But before I came to this country, Iworked on the lateral line nerve of the fish, the eel.I showed that work to Dr. Bekesy. Before that time itwas thought that the lateral line nerve might be sensi-tive to the water flow outside the body, because thelateral line organ does come to the surface. But therewas no evidence to support the theory. So I was ableto get definite evidence-that the lateral line nervedid receive information about the water flow and, there-fore, (about) the speed of the fish. I worked on thelateral line nerve of the fish from 1949 until 1952.

INTERVIEWER: So your work was quite differentfrom Dr. Bekesy's at the time.

KAT5U5CI: Yes. But, you see, my idea was basedon Dr. Bekesy's idea. Dr. Bekesy's idea is like this:Our hearing is the same as the skin sensation because,evolutionarily, our ears originated on the skin, andthen buried deeply in the skull. In other words, a partof the skin developed into the ear (gill area). Dr.Bekesy later 'worked on skin sensations.My idea was a little bit different. I wanted to use

the more primitive animal (the fish). I believe thelateral line organ of the fish is the original (source)of our ear.

INTERVIEWER: Can you explain why you think thefish's lateral line organ is like the ear?

KATSUKI: Yes. You see (sketching again), eachfish has a lateral line (actually one on either side) andon that line are many small holes opening into a (lateral)canal. The water goes in and out of those holes. Withinthe canal are many lateral line organs with structuresand functions much like our inner ears (see sketches).The water pushes and pulls causing vibrations of theorgan, and nerves, like our auditory nerves, take theinformation to the brain.

INTERVIEWER: And will you describe, please, thework you are doing now?

KAT5UKI: The final aim of this research is to knowthe mechanism of the ear. But the inner ear is verydifficult to get to. So we are working on the lateralline nerve of the shark. It is very easy to reach. I

2 East-West Center Magazine

PIT ORGANS

believe knowledge of the lateral line nerve will solvethe mysteries of the ear.

Structurally, the shark's lateral line nerve is verysimilar to the fish, but functionally, it is very different.We did not expect it to be so different.

INTERVIEWER: How is it different?KAT5UKI: I am sorry. I cannot tell you yet. First,

we must confirm what we have found. Although I cantell you one interesting use the shark has for the littlepit organs. He tests the water with them to see if it issalty enough. He roust swim in very salty water tosurvive. We have worked very closely with Dr. Tester(Albert Tester is professor of zoology at the Univer-sity of Hawaii) and his colleague, Dr. (James I.) Ken-dall. Dr. Tester has studied very much on the structureof the lateral line organ of the shark. Of course, weneed to know the structure before we work on thenerve. So we are co-operating. Without the structuralinformation, we would not have gotten such nice results.Dr. Tester has done much of his research on CoconutIsland (the University's Hawaii Institute of MarineBiology).

INTERVIEWER: Have you assisted him with any workthere?

KAT5UKI: No. I have not.INTERVIEWER: Are you interested in any of the

research at Sea Life Park (Makapuu Point, Hawaii) ?KAT5UKI: Oh yes. I am very much interested in

the porpoises. I worked on porpoises in Japan, withDr. T. H. Bullock (of the University of California atSan Diego).

You know, the porpoise is a mammal. So lie hasears. But the ears are closed with wax-they don't work.

Dr. Kenneth Norris (of Sea Life Park) observedthe behavior of the porpoises and reached the conclu-sion that they hear with their lower jaws. He publishedthat hypothesis. So we tried to prove that the hypo-thesis was true.

INTERVIEWER: And did you?KATSUKI: Yes, we proved it. We opened the por-

poises' skulls and buried electrodes in their brains.Then we gave high-frequency sounds from the sidesand the fronts of the animals, both in and out of thewater, and recorded the responses in the brain. We gotno response from sounds made from the porpoises'sides, where the ears are, but we got maximum responses

PIT ORGAN

)Openon ski, surface)

SMALL NERVE-

LATERAL

LINE CANAL

C'

LATERAL LINE NERVE

-HAIR CELLS LATERAL"HAIRS

LINE

MEMBRANE ORGAN

from sounds made from the front-in front of theporpoises' jaws.

INTERVIEWER: Dr. Katsuki, I understand from Dr.Diamond (A. L. Diamond is director of SensorySciences) that you have done some work with rattle-snakes. What did you find out?

KAT5UKI: Before I went back to Japan in 1952,I worked with Dr. Bullock at UCLA. He was professorof zoology at that time. He was working on the rattle-snake, and I helped him. The rattlesnake has a pit organon the face and we could confirm that it is a radiationreceptor. The snake can feel the radiation (heat) froman animal in the darkness. Since then I was very muchinterested in the mechanism of the radiation receptor,but the snake is very poisonous, and very dangerous,and we have no rattlesnakes in Japan.

INTERVIEWER: Dr. Katsuki, have you always beeninterested in medicine and physiology?

KAT5UKI: Yes, always. My father was, as you say,a small-town doctor. His four sons all became doctors.

INTERVIEWER: May I see your laboratory now?KAT50KI: Surely. We will meet Dr. Yaoagisawa

there. You see, I am getting too old for such hardwork. I need to work with Dr. Yanagisawa.

Dr. Yanagisawa was calculating the nerve responsesof the last shark to be under observation by playinga tape recording of electrical responses into an oscil-loscope.

With a proprietary interest, Dr. Yaoagisawa and Dr.Katsuki explained that the laboratory's copper-sheathedcage had been constructed to protect the work of theelectronic equipment from commercial electrical dis-turbances. Dr. Katsuki then led the way to the openshark tank and let down a net to show off the animal'slateral lines.

INTERVIEWER (nervously): Who is brave enoughto give a shark a hypodermic before your experiments?

KAT5UKI (laughing): No one. We lift the shark'with a net into a pail of anesthetic. When lie's asleepin it we pick him up, do our surgery, and connect elec-trodes to the nerves.

INTERVIEWER (relieved): I'm pleased to hear that

you and Dr. Yanagisawa are not in danger, Dr. Katsuki.And thank you for sharing some of your secrets.

-Anne Phelps

Spring, 1968 3

NUS5SE SNARSS LAICRAL LINE

WATER ENTERS ANDLEAVES THROUGH SMALL CANALS

Openon skins,,lace)

MPLING WAS WRONG: IT'S HAPPENING HERE

Kipling was wrong when he wrotea century or so ago that "East isEast and West is West, and neverthe twain shall meet." It is happen-ing right here in Hawaii, where theEast-West Center is forging aheadin a successful experiment in inter-national education linking Americaand the Asia-Pacific peoples.

In the s e v e n years since thefounding of the East-West Centeron the University of Hawaii earn-pus, more than 11,000 men andwomen have participated directly instudy programs or other activitiesaimed at achieving mutual under-standing through cultural arid tech-nical interchange.More than half of these "alumni"

have come from Asia and the Pa-cific islands. They have ranged fromtop professors in Korean and Indianuniversities to Fiji agricultural ex-tension workers and Japanese busi-nessmen introducing supermarkettechniques into their country.

Japanese scientists in such fieldsas electronic microscopes h a v etraded their know-bow with Ameri-can eeoc terparts. Experts from allaround the Pacific Basin have pooledtheir ski.ihs and konwiedee on suchdown-to-earth problems as control-ling weedr in rice fields and curb-dig esop-desrccying ca::s,The majority of the Americans

have been university graduate stu-dents, taking required courses inAsian languages and studying for ad-vanced degrees to prepare them forcareers in Leaching, business, thediplomatic service, and other pro-fessions.You w ii I find a sprinkling of

long-haired males and mini-skirtedgirls among the younger Americansand Asians working, studying, andplaying together at the East-WestCenter--but no hippies or beatniks.Those who have survived the com-petition in the various countries for

the East-West Center scholarshipsare dedicated young men and wom-en who give promise of becomingleaders in their fields of the future.

Chancellor Howard P. Jones, whobecame directing head of the East-West Center in 1965 after serving forseven years as U.S. ambassador toIndonesia, says the Center is "a

unique experiment in a two-wayteaching, learning, and living re-lationship aimed at fostering worldpeace through mutual under-

standing."In a recent speech to a Honolulu

business group he said that cultural

interchange has definite practical as-

pects in promoting peace andstability.

"Look ahead 10 years or so," de-clared Chancellor Jones. "I wouldsay the chances are high that someof you men sitting here today willbe talking business with some ofthe men and women now workingand studying at the East-West Cen-ter. By that time some of them willbe holding key posts in variousministries of the developing nationsof Asia and the Pacific."Some of the American graduate

students now studying Chinese orJapanese language, along with other

subjects bearing on Asia, will beworking for you, or advising you onhow to operate more effectively inthe area. In the science of humanrelations lies a new dimension es-sential to success in internationalaffairs-your affairs, governmentaffairs, issues of peace and war."The Center was established by an

act of Congress in 1960 and is sup-ported by federal funds, adminis-tered under an agreement with theUniversity of Hawaii. The congres-sional act outlined its purpose inthese words:"To promote better relations and

understanding between the UnitedStates and the nations of Asia and

the P a c if i c through cooperativestudy, training and research, byestablishing in Hawaii a Center forCultural and Technical Interchangebetween East and West, where schol-ars and students in various fieldsfrom the nations of East and Westmay study, give and receive train-

ing, exchange ideas and views, andconduct other activities primarily insupport of the objectives of theinternational, educational, cultural,and related activities of the UnitedStates."Hawaii was selected as the site

for the East-West Center, with vig-orous sponsorship by the Universityof Hawaii and the state government.because its geographical locationand harmonious racial mixture pro-vide an ideal spot for a venture inPacific Basin cooperation and cul-tural interchange. An East-WestCenter student from Okinawa ex-pressed the feeling this way:

"So far in my experience this isthe only state where people coin-

pletely intermingle or intermix with-out racial prejudice. So I find livinghere comfortable."

Asians coming to the East-WestCenter find another "bonus." Thereis no other place or institution inthe world which provides so con-genial an opportunity for Asians of

varying nationalities to live andwork closely together and 1 e a r nmore about each other.

This developing Asian-to-Asian re-lationship has important long-rangeaspects because American goals tofoster world peace and stability areserved by stimulating regional co-operation as well as by improvingunderstanding between East andWest.

Increased emphasis on coordi-nated programs to heighten culturalinterchange by study and researchon specific problems of commoninterest to East and West was dem-

4 East-West Center Magazine

onstrated last year by the appoilmeni, of Dr. Everett Kleinjans, noeducator with long experience inJapan, to the newly-created post ofDeputy Chancellor for Academic /fairs.

Dr. Kleinjans, former vice prendent for academic affairs and dc:of the College of Liberal Arts at 1,:i(International Christian Universb yin Tokyo, is charged with tightening integration of the Center's threemain institutes and coordination ofCenter activities with those of theUniversity of Hawaii.The Institute for Student Inter-

change, headed by Dr. Robert G.Zumwinkle, is the main collegiateeducational body of the Center. Atthe present time there are 608 stu-dents from 29 countries working onprograms at the University of Ha-waii under scholarship grantsawarded by the East-West Center.Of that total, 177 graduate studentsare Americans.

East-West Center students live inCenter dormitories on the Univer-sity of Hawaii campus and engagein Center-sponsored intercultural ac-tivities as well as taking regularuniversity courses.The Institute for Technical Inter-

change conducts a broad series ofspecialized courses in technical sub-jects ranging from health and rued-economic resources. IT! also conductstraining courses sponsored by thefederal Agency for International De-velopment (AID). Last year 768 per-sons participated in training coursesheld in Hawaii and at selected sitesin the Pacific islands and Asia.

ITt is headed by Vice ChancellorY. Baron Goto, who joined the Cen-ter after serving as director of theHawaii Cooperative Extension Serv-ice. He is widely known throughoutAsia as a result of some 20 years asa consultant for various organiza-

V

/

The executive council of the East-West Cciv r Giantees' Association ponders Australia's

Margaret Valadic:i oposed pilot study for IS! students' Professional zeork experience.Believing that IS[ students and Honolulu institutions would benefit from field workosscssrrent with students' academic training, the council recomosended that the proposalbe p eseisterl to arlasiuistrrstioss. Facing camera (clockwise): T/siraoetya Praruuarsradhaka-an, Thailand; John Witcck, United Statys; Jeanne Frcole, Australia (center ream):lluhasnosarl Ft. Ssrrt, Pakistan: Kong Khaos Thonasack Laos: Kivo Inagaki, fapas.

tions in the area.A major activity of the Institute

oi Advanced Projects is the SeniorSpecialist program w h i e h bringsabout 40 top Asian and Americanacademicians, public administrators,and artists to Hawaii each year forstudy and research.

Director of the Institute of Ad-vanced Projects is Dr. Minoru Shi-uoda, a professor of history at theUniversity of Hawaii. After gradua-tion front the University of Hawaiiin 1937, he studied at the Univer-sity of Kyoto in Japan before WorldWar TI. Before joining the Univer-sity of Hawaii staff he taught atColumbia University, Hunter Col-

lege, Brooklyn College, and othermainland institutions.

Director of the international con-ference program is Dr. George Ka-nahele, a graduate of KamehaniebaSchools. He received his doctoraldegree in political science from Cor-ssell University after research inJapan and Indonesia.

More than 2,000 specialists intuany fields have attended confer-ences under East-West Center aus-pices since t h e institution w afounded.

Reprinted from The Honolulu A docrliscr,

Hawaii Growth '68 edition, February 20,1968.

Spring, 1968 5

Lunch with

an EdibleSeaweed Collector

H. JV. Johnston is a man whosays humorously that he may havebitten off more than he can chew.For the oceans are full of red, green,and brown seaweeds, and he hasset out to define the nutrients inI hem.

Easterners already know that sea-weeds are the spinach of the sea,but Westerners have much to learnabout these delicious and nourish-ing vegetables.

''Who k n o w s why our survivalbooks don't tell us about seaweeds?"said New Zealander H. W. Johns-ton at lunch during a three-day visitto the East-West Center. Mr. Johns-ton was on a round-the-world sab-batical tour from Victoria Univer-sity of Wellington, where he teachesbotany. "At least, all the survivalhooks I've ever read never men-tioned them. Yet, seaweeds can sup-ply all the minerals and most of thevitamins needed by the human body."Of course the books we Western-

ers read are written by land-boundauthors who have never consideredseaweeds, a 1 o n g with cereals ororanges, as sources of Vitamin B orC. But millions of people live onislands where conventional crops areout of the question. They Is a v elearned, quite naturally, to eat foodfrom the sea. It should make healthenthusiasts happy, don't you think,when they realize they're surroundedby pure marine vegetable gardensunsullied by insecticides?"Mr. Johrsston is the author of the

series, The Biological and Economic

1-1. tV. Jo/or ton Is ((1)001 S00 Jiori.(L or. 1 dishes Jioiii IL. of his 4I,1,or.sfrom Papua, New Guinea. Hilan Kusunan (left) is studying mechanical slimthand andKea Kilo and Toruiou Tore are studying general libraiy iec/nliqnas this selI,e.sielthrough JTJ training j.)rogralus at. Kapiolani Community College.

Importance of Algae (Tautara, Vie,o r i a University of Wellington).

Parts 1 and 2 of the series have beenadopted for course work at UCLA,the University of Texas, Duke Uni-

versity, and several universities in

England and Australia.

"My interest in writing the serieson algae-seaweeds are kinds of al-gae-is to be a better teacher. Ithought if I could tie algology tousefulness, the students might re-member the facts after examinations.Algae are big business in industry,and they are fascinating plants. Theyare photosynthetic, and every bit asimportant to marine animal life asour plants are to us. Besides support-ing the fishing industry, algae areused in medicines (they are rich iniodine), fertilizers, explosives, andthey supply industry with algin forbonding liquids. In Japan and thePhilippines, seaweeds are being cul-tivated in ocean farms for humanconsumption."A letter of introduction from the

South Pacific Commission to the In-stitute for Technical Interchangepreceded Mr. Johnston's visit to theEast-West Center. The Commissionasked the Center to put Mr. Johns-ton in touch with people willing tocollect edible seaweeds for his re-search. Dr. Horace Clay, of the In-stitute, introduced him to ProfessorMaxwell Doty, chairman of theUniversity of Hawaii's botany de-partment, and his assistant, Dr. Ger-trudes Santos. Drs. Doty and Santosare also seaweed researchers, and

they agreed to send Hawaiian sea-weeds to New Zealand.

Unlike Mr. Johnston, Dr. Santoshas been analyzing seaweeds fromthe Philippines, which she thinksmay be poisonous, and may havesome connection with poisonous fish."But no thinking mars would gatherthese seaweeds to eat," s a i d Mr.Johnston. "They have a very hittertaste.

"This seaweed research is an in-teresting comparison of Eastern andWestern thought,'' Mr. Johnstoncontinued.

"I found that in China in about600 B.C. Sze Ten wrote that 'somealgae are a delicacy fit for the mosthonorable guest, even for the kinghimself.' Yet, Horace, in his Ode toAelius, s p e a k s of inutilis alga(worthless seaweed). These gentle-men's opinions seem to have survivedto the present time. Perhaps theWest will change its habits if we canpoint out the food value of seaweedsstrongly enough. I think there istremendous hope in seaweeds for ahungry world."Mr. Johnston was asked what kind

of grant was supporting his research."I have no grant," he said. "But

if people are willing to collect sea-weeds for me, Ins sure I can sendpostage for the packages."

If anyone reading t h i s articlewould like to become a seaweed col-lector, anywhere in the world, pleasewrite Mr. Johnston for instructionsat Post Office Box 196, Wellington,New Zealand.

6 East-West Center Magazine

IN FRESCO:Affandi's East

The jovial, bearded Affandi isIndonesia's leading artist. He be-gan painting without instructionon the island of Java when he was29, developing his own "emotion-ally modernistic" s t y 1 e. Usuallypainting in oils, and usually usinghis fingers in lieu of brushes, heswishes paint oncanvas as hesqueezes it fromtubes. His workhas been ac-

Chariot's West

Thanking the East-West CenterFrench-born Jean Chariot wasfor federal grants which gave them one of the painters of the Mexicantime to share their thoughts and renaissance who rediscovered pre-techniques, Affandi and Chariot Coiumbian art. He once workedpainted companion frescoes on the with Diego Rivera. Today moresecond-floor wa 1 1 s of Jefferson than 40 of his murals adorn struc-Hall: Affandi's speaks for the East, tures in Mexico, the United States,Chariot's for the West. and Fiji. Recently, Mr. Chariot

retired from theUniversity ofHawaii facultyas senior profes-sor of fine arts

claimed in In-dia, Europe, theUnited States,and Brazil.

Affandi (far left) turns away for a moment from his first fresco to chit with his couch,lean Chariot. Obviously, the mastering of new tools did not affect the free Affundi style.Affandi received the help of his daughter Kartika and his son-in-lasi' Saploliordojo.Chariot was assisted ably by artist-craftsman Evelyn Beveridge.

Spring, 1968 7

Chariot: The Wisdom of therest. Human hands hold thee of creativity. Looking u is

inspiration, symbolizing the,oel ry or genius in all

/iscovey. Looking down at her/,ook is Study, signifying man'sactual research and sense of

tory. Placed in Italian/erspective, the figures suggestthe classical arts of Greece andRome-the foundations ofOccidental art.

Affaridi: The Wisdom of theEast. It is interesting to

speculate why Affandi chose to

place the dwarf clown Sewar,a favorite character ofIndonesian drama, in God'shand along with Gandhi aridan Gi jental Buddhist pliest.Shown in the fresco as aWayang kuhit (shadow puppet)Sensar may be playing an

intermediary sole betweenmortal man and God-like his(.0 mfanioiis-os he may be/ c just for fun, to provideaol he relief from, such ((seriousmoment.

8 East-West Center Magazine

Mounting scaffolding in stairwellsat either end of the hall, the artists

provided r a r e demonstrations ofbuon fresco technique, the mural

technique used by Occidental mas-ters since classical antiquity.A steady s t r e a rn of visitors

watched, fascinated, as the work be-

gan. Large sheets of paper were at-tached to the walls, measuring 13 x16 feet, and the artists began draw-

ing cartoons-enlarging their scale

drawings grid-section by grid-section.It soon became obvious that the

focal points for both murals wouldbe hands of heroic size. But there,similarity ended. Charlot's drawinghad a strong, chiseled look. Affandi'slines swirled and curved musically.

Completed, the cartoons w e rdivided into work sections. Like hugepuzzle pieces, paper sections weretraced on corresponding wall spaces,and removed while ground coats of

plaster were trowled on; later, sec-ond coats were applied. Then at the

right moment of dryness and wet-ness, t h e cartoon sections w e r esmoothed to the damp walls and

composition outlines were scratched

through the paper.Without delay, the artists then

brushed water colors on the wet sur-faces-the technique designed to pre-serve pigmentation for generations.The colors in the frescoes are asdifferent as the artists themselves.

Working quickly and thoughtfully,Affandi chose bright blues, greens,and golds. Charlot used cool blues.browns, and corals.

When the work was over, Affandiand Charlot formally presented their

gifts in a brief ceremony in the AsiaRoom.

Charlot said of his work: "I have

put in color and lines which cannotbe translated into words. So I willtell you to look for certain thingsin the fresco. I want to say that it

was not a contest or a race or a box-ing match between Mr. Affandi and

myself. But the thing we were askedto do was to bring the East and theWest to the East-West Center. Iwas to bring Europe or the Occidentto the Center. The murals had to be

quite different, and I must say that

they are quite different. I will justtry to suggest some of the things tolook for in my picture."Fur 40 years I have been teaching

the history of Occidental art. I triedto put a few of these things into thefresco: I put in Italian perspective-good or not so good-but the markof Western art. You should see thisin the picture when you come upthe stairs and stop at the mezzanine.I saw the illusion of perspective, andthe figures in that illusive space.

"There is another thing which Ithink is important: the basis of theOccidental world, the heritage ofGreece and Rome. The two figuresare sort of mirror-images of the stat-ues of Greece and Rome. To empha-size this, I decided to paint thesestatues in cool colors. I called theone on the left Inspiration, to suggestideas that conic to you in a flash andare not rational. Then on the rightside I have put a girl who is studyinga book, and she (Study) representsthe rational, when you know whathas been done before. Perhaps thestudents who look at these statueswill be inspired in their studies. Atleast I hope so."

Affancli described his mural: "Theidea of the mural is the West andthe East. I take a hand and threefigures. The hand would representthe hand of God. On the left isGandhi. In the center is the Bud-dhist monk-he could be Chinese,he could be Japanese. On the rightis the figure of Semar who is veryfamous in Indonesia as a wise man.All the three figures together repre-sent the wisdom of the East. The

waves around represent the ocean,because these people had to crossthe ocean to come here (to theCenter)Mr. Affandi continued: "I am in-

debted to Professor Charlot for

learning about frescoes. W h e n Ileave Honolulu and return to In-donesia, I will start a large muralin my own museum in Jogjakarta."

In accepting the frescoes on be-half of the Center, Chancellor How-ard P. Jones spoke first to Mr. Af-fandi, saying: "Mr. Affandi, In theseven years since the East-WestCenter was established, it has beenhonored by the presence of manysenior specialists. They have left arich legacy. Innumerable books andarticles in professional journalstestify to their achievement. Theyhave enriched their disciplines, ad-vanced understanding, and strength-ened the international community ofscholarship this Center was set upto serve."Today this legacy is enormously

enhanced by the work of yourselfand your colleague, Jean Charlot.The two frescoes that embellish thewalls of Jefferson Hall speak, in auniversal language, to the universalmind. In imagery, in passion, in

paint, they express the spirit and the

objectives of this institution."In inviting the wise men of the

East and West to Honolulu, we ex-pect nothing in return except the

pleasure of your company, the stim-ulation of your minds, the satisfac-tion of helping to spread the under-standing upon which peace depends.We are therefore deeply touched bythis evidence of your feeling towardthe East-West Center."On behalf of the Center, and of

the University of Hawaii, I acceptthis gift, not only as a work of art,but as a precious memento of yourpresence."

Spring, 1968 9

Everett Kleinjans Sam P. Gustrap

DEPUTY CHANCELLORSSTRENGTHEN ADMINISTRATION

The latest development instrengthening the Center's executivestaff was the appointment last Juneof Dr. Everett Kleinjans, a specialistin Japanese and Chinese linguistics,to the newly-created post of DeputyChancellor for Academic Affairs. Asthe Center's chief academic officer,Dr. Kleinjans is responsible for in-tegration of all academic activitiesin the Institutes for Student Inter-c h a n g e, Advanced Projects, andTechnical Interchange.

Chancellor Howard P. Jones,former U.S. ambassador to Indone-sia, said the appointment roundsout the Center's administrativestructure to increase cooperationwith the University of Hawaii andeducational institutions on the main-land and in the Asian-Pacific area.Sam P. Gilstrap, a former U.S.

ambassador with long experience inAsia, was named in the previousyear to the post of Deputy Chancel-lor for Administration. Mr. Gilstrapis responsible for fiscal and person-nel matters and directs Central Pro-grams: the Press, the Library,Evaluation and Alumni Liaison, theConference and Seminar Program,Public Affairs, and Community Re-lations.

Dr. Kleinjans came to the Centerafter nine years at the InternationalChristian University in Tokyo,where he was vice president foracademic affairs, dean of the collegeof liberal arts, and chairman of thedivision of languages. In addition,he served from 1965 to 1967as

director of the Inter-University Cen-ter for Japanese Studies, a StanfordUniversity - administered graduatecenter incorporating 10 major Amer-ican universities, arid as a consult-ant to the Ford Foundation onEnglish language teaching.Born in 1919, he received a Bach-

elor's degree in mathematics andphysics in 1943 from Hope College,Holland, Michigan. After attendinga U.S. Army training program inFar Eastern language at Stanford,he received his Master's degree inlinguistics from the University ofMichigan in 1948. He taught Eng-lish from 1948 to 1950 at TalmadgeCollege, Changehow, C Ii i n a, andthen studied at Yale University andthe Tokyo School of the Japaneselanguage. In 1962 Dr. Kleinjans, asprincipal, reorganized the Americanschool in Japan when it was returnedto civilian control. Thereafter, hewas a professor of English at MeijiGakuin University until 1956 whenhe returned to the University ofMichigan to take his Ph.D. in lin-guistics and education in 1958.Mr. Gilstrap, the first U.S. ambas-

sador to Malawi, came to the Centerafter serving as deputy assistantsecretary of state for InternationalOrganization Affairs. Prior posts in-the U.S. Department of State in-cluded Consul General for HongKong and Singapore, as well asCounselor of Embassy and DeputyChief of Mission in Korea and Iran.He also served as executive directorof the Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs.

Born in 1907, Mr. Gilstrap wasgraduated from Oklahoma A. & M.,now Oklahoma State University, in1930 and received a law degree fromCumberland University in Tennesseein 1931. He was a practicing lawyerfor four years before joining theWorks Progress Administration. In1936 he was named finance directorof the National Youth Administra-tion in Washington and later wasNTh administrator for Puerto Ricoand the Virgin Islands.During World War II he served

as executive officer of the Office ofWar Information in San Franciscoand in 1944 went again to PuertoRico as director of the Office ofPrice Administration. He joined theU.S. foreign service in 1947 as anattaché in the embassy in Cairo.

ROBERTZUMWINKLERESIGNS

Dr. Robert Zumwinkle, director ofh e Institute f o r Student Inter-

change, announced in February thathe will leave his post next summerto become vice president for stu-dent affairs and professor of edu-cation at Eastern Michigan Univer-sity in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

Dr. Zumwinkle came to the East-West Center in 1963 from St. CloudState College in Minnesota, wherehe was dean of students.Deputy Chancellor for Academic

Affairs Everett Kleinjans said: "TheEast-West Center regrets the loss ofDr. Zunswinkle's services, but appre-ciates the personal and professionalreasons for his decision. Throughouthis five years at the Center, Dr.Zuniwinkle has contributed greatlyto its qualitative growth."

10 East-West Center Magazine

STAFF APPOINTMENTS

MARVIN L. DURHAM. Associ-ate Director, Institute for StudentInterchange. Dr. Durham came tothe Center last July after serving asassistant dean of the College of Artsand Sciences at the University ofVermont, where he also was assist-ant professor of political science andadvisor to foreign students.

Graduated from the University ofWashington in 1952 with a Bach-elor's degree in psychology, he re-ceived his Master's degree in inter-national relations in 1953 from theFletcher School of Law and Diplo-macy at Medford, Massachusetts.He received his doctorate from thesame institution in 1962.

Before going to the University ofVermont, Dr. Durham was dean ofstudents at Wenatchee Valley Col-lege in Washington for four years.ROBERT B. HEWETT. Director,

Office of Public Affairs. Mr. Hewettwas a foreign correspondent for theAssociated Press and the Cowlesnewspaper organization for 20 yearsbefore joining the Center last July.

Prior to joining the Cowles organ-ization in 1956, he was chief ofbureau for the Associated Press inSoutheast Asia and the Middle East.Mr. Hewett began his newspaper

career in 1933 on the Ann ArborDaily News after attending the Uni-versity of Michigan.GERALD MEREDITH. Evalu-

ation and Alumni Liaison Officer.Mr. Meredith joined the Center stafflast July after serving as assistantprofessor of psychology at WesternWashington State College.A member of Phi Beta Kappa, he

received his Bachelor's degree withhonors in psychology in 1955 at theUniversity of California at Berkeleyand received his Master's degree ineducational psychology at the sameinstitution the following year.Mr. Meredith was a research as-

sistant at the Institute of HumanDevelopment at the University ofCalifornia in 1958-59 and instructorin psychology at the University ofHawaii from 1960 to 1962. From1963 to 1966 he was a research as-sociate at the Laboratory of Person-ality and Group Analysis, Universityof Illinois.

NEW BOOKSFROM EAST-WEST CENTER PRESS

THE JAPANESE MIND

Essentials of Japanese Philosophyand Culture

Edited by Charles A. Moore

How and to what degree the Japa-nese h a v e adapted philosophicalthoughts from China, India, and theWest into their intuitive-aestheticapproach to life are but two aspectsof this study. The third and finalvolume in a series which includesThe Chinese Mind and The IndianMind. The essays in the three vol-umes were selected by the editorfrom papers presented at the Uni-versity of Hawaii's East-West Phi-losophers' Conferences during t h elast twenty-five years. Designed forthe educated reader as well as thestudent and scholar of philosophy.Published jointly with the Universityof Hawaii Press. 376 pages, $9.50

LEARN JAPANESE: COLLEGETEXT, VOLUMES I AND II

By John Youngand Kimiko Nakajima

The first and second in a series offour volumes, Learn Japanese: Col-lege Text, Volumes I and II, are re-visions and enlargements of LearnJapanese: Pattern Approach by thesame authors. It is adapted primarilyfor use at the university level, with

special emphasis on use in acceler-ated or intensive language programs.Paper, Vol. I, $6.00; Vol. II, $7.50.

THE INDIANIZED STATES OFSOUTHEAST ASIA

An English Translation ofLes Etats hindouisds d'Indochine etd'IndonIsie

By G. CoedèsEdited By Walter F. Vella

Translated by Susan Brown CokvingCoedès' lifework has been the trans-lation of those ancient chronicles,annals, and inscriptions which tellthe remarkable story of India's ex-pansion and influence beyond theGanges during the period prior toA.D. 1500. A work of rare scholar-ship which presents, for the firsttime, the early history of SoutheastAsia as a whole. 416 pages, $10.50.

STRUCTURE OF AN ARABIANSEA SUMMER MONSOON SYS-TEM

By Forrest R. Millerand R. N. Keshavamurthy

The first in a series of monographsand atlases to be published about themeteorological phase (1963-64) ofthe International Indian Ocean Ex-edition. Reports the meteorological

history of the first weather system todrench the parched earth of westernand central India in 1963. 104 pages,1 table, 64 figs., $7.50

Spring, 1968 11

Academic Imperialism in Southeast Asia? Continued front page]

A word about SEADAG" It is a unique experimentin fostering effective communication between Americangovernment officials and scholars for research on de-velopment. A joint undertaking of the Agency for In-ternational Development (AID) and The Asia Society,5EADAG consists of a multidisciplinary group of socialscientists and development-program executives from 34American universities, 15 private foundations and re-search institutions, and several government agencies,most notably AID. One of its major activities has beenthat of organizing seminars and conferences, or "ad-visory discussions," concentrating on specific aid plans,programs and policy, and the relationship of scholarshipto these. In this respect, the conference in Honolulu wasthe first attempt to bring Asian social scientists intothese discussions in an effort "to broaden SEADAG'shorizons."

Those horizons were undoubtedly broadened by theconsistently high level of provocative and frank discus-sion throughout the conference. Indeed, if anythingmarked the meeting, it was the willingness of Americansto listen, on the one hand, and on the other, the in-sistence of Asians in speaking their minds. The Amen-caiis were told that Asian scholars look with unhappyenvy at foreigners doing the research they themselveswanted to do for years but could not do because oflack of funds and time. They view in the same waywell-heeled American scholars creating a local brain-drain by buying off their best local research assistantsat salaries higher than the going rate. They also resentthe foreigner who marches in, sometimes unannounced,collects data and ideas from quickie friends, then se-cretes his findings until after he returns home where heeventually publishes them without allowing the indige-nous scholars to use the data and, even worse, withoutgiving adequate acknowledgement to the latter. As oneAsian participant put it, "Sometimes the only way to seethe research results, even for local people who in oneway or another cooperated in the project, is throughMacMillan and Company at $12 a copy." Thus, thosefor whom the results could be of most benefit are ig-nored. In the meantime, the fly-by-night foreign scholarwill have impressed his peers back home, establishedhimself as an expert, perhaps becoming a consultantto Washington and pre-empted another acre of Asianstudies under the rubric of "academic ownership."

In a somewhat humorous vein, Professor Castillo,of the University of the Philippines, who was trainedat Cornell, presented an interesting typology of foreignscholars. Among the categories were: (1) the "data-exporter," who, like a big game hunter, takes everythinghe can by way of data and leaves nothing of value be-hind; (2) the "penny-collaborator," who says, "Let'scooperate on a project. I'll provide the money and youdo the study;" (3) the "instant expert," the younggraduate student on his first research project in ahitherto unknown village who, as soon as he publisheshis findings, acquires the status of an expert; and (4)the inevitable "CIA scholar" who, like the "InvisibleMao," everyone says exists but no one can see. On the

other hand, her typology also included the "idea-stimulator" who is universally recognized for his pro-fessional competence, who is secure and has no greatcompulsion to see his by-line, who asks the right ques-tions, who assists in getting research support for localscholars, and above all, who insists that the project is"ours" and not his. This paragon, however, is a "rarespecimen."

No one denied the essential accuracy of these par-tially subjective observations; but everyone readilyrecognized the substantial contributions made by for-eign, especially American, scholars. As Professor Cas-tillo pointed out, there are American researchers "whocombine passion for rigor and high quality researchperformance with cultural empathy and a genuine dedi-cation to the problems of development." Although fewin number, American social scientists working on South-east Asia have amassed volumes of useful information:described important phenomena of the local environ-inent which would otherwise have been missed bynative scholars; motivated and inspired indigenous re-searchers; provided conceptual and methodologicaltools; and opened new avenues to collaborative research.

The conference produced a number of recozomenda-tions aimed at building stronger ties for cooperativeresearch on development problems. There was wideagreement that regional cooperation among SoutheastAsians should be encouraged either through informalmeetings of individual scholars with mutual researchinterests or through setting up institutional arrange-toents along the line of mAMas (Southeast AsiaMinisters of Education Secretariat) which ought fi-nance, coordinate, and direct comparative studies intodevelopmental problems of the region. A major pro-posal was offered calling for the establishment of anInternational Center for Development Research inSoutheast Asia.

As for the problems of the American researcher,there were several constructive suggestions. First, Amer-ican social scientists should be briefed before going intothe field on the hazards of doing research in SoutheastAsia, and they should be debriefed on their return.Second, the patterns of cooperation should he improved.For example, regarding the disposition of his data, theAmerican should (a) leave a copy of the data withthe local people concerned, (b) consult all local per-sonnel involved with respect to their needs in the dataanalysis, (c) offer co-authorships, (d) circulate themanuscript before publication, (e) extend copious ac-knowledgements, and (f) send free copies of the publi-cation to those who contributed to it. Third, Americansshould train local assistants not only to do their ownresearch but also to enhance their over-all researchcapabilities. And finally, if at all possible, researchersshould spend longer periods of time, as much as twoyears, in the field.

Perhaps one clue to the success of the conferencewas the chorus of approval from both Asians andAmericans to the suggestion that the dialogue be con-tinued next year.

12 East-West Center Magazine

NATIONAL REVIEW BOARD

APPOINTMENTS

In January, the Secretary of State announced the

appointment of 13 members to the National ReviewBoard, almost doubling the size of the national advisorybody for the East-West Center. The enlarged member-

ship includes representatives from the University ofHawaii Board of Regents and the Hawaii Community.Members are appointed by the President.

Reappointed to the Board were Governor John A.Burns of Hawaii, who has served as chairman sincethe Board's establishment in February, 1965; Rev.Laurence J. McGinley, S. J., vice president of S a i n tPeter's College in Jersey City; Hung Wo Ching, chair-man of the board of directors of Aloha Airlines; Roy E.Larsen, chairman of the executive committee of Time

Inc.; Otto N. Miller, chairman of the board of StandardOil Company of California; and Logan Wilson, presi-dent of the American Council on Education.

New appointments include C. C. Cadagan, formerchairman of the Board of Regents of the University ofHawaii; James H. McCrocklin, president of SouthwestTexas State College; Paul A. Miller, assistant secretaryfor education in the Department of Health, Education,and Welfare; Edward Nakamura, chairman of theBoard of Regents of the University of Hawaii; WilliamS. Richardson, chief justice of the Supreme Court ofHawaii; Ambassador William Matson Roth, specialrepresentative for trade negotiations; a n d Joseph R.

Smiley, president of the University of Colorado.The next meeting of the National Review Board is

scheduled for May.

When biology t cher, .Snt he]) Karothong, arrived from 'Thailandin January for a semester's concentrated science study, he was

greeted with leis at the airport by his Honolulu host family:Lt. (USCG) and Mrs. Jefferson j. Walsh and their daughters.The Watches are members of the Ti iends of East-West Center.The ease with which Mr. Karnlhaug rod Theresa (in c000couo)and Jennifer could he explained by foul Kamsctharmg children inThailand. Fourteen other Asinic-Parific grantees vmsseed in Jan-nary far study pragraacs of the Institute for Student [miter change.

SENATOR CALLS BUDGET CUTSFALSE ECONOMY

The 1967-68 budget for the East-West Center, alongwith other federally-financed civilian agencies, was cut10 per cent by the executive order of last December.The reduction, to be made in operating funds from

January to June, 1968, totals $580,000.The East-West Center's budget for 1968-69, con-

tained in the appropriation request for the U.S. Depart-ment of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Af-fairs, also carries the 10 per cent reduction.

Chancellor Howard P. Jones announced that some

srogranss would have to be curtailed, but every effortwould be made to keep the total number of scholarshipgrants as high as possible. Sixteen administrative staffmembers have been dismissed and seven vacancies willhe left unfilled under the economy order.

Senator Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii sent the fol-

lowing letter to Secretary of State Dean Rusk followingthe budget cut:

Dear Mr. Secretary:I am sure that few individuals in government are

more cognizant than yourself of the tremendous needto create goodwill and understanding between nationsas a basis on which good diplomatic relationships can

develop. That we have been deficient in establishing suchbases in Asia today is evidenced by the tragic conflictin which we now find ourselves engulfed.

For this reason I feel the current curtailment offunds for the East-West Center is a false economy.Great thought and effort have gone into the develop-ment of the programs now sponsored by the Center.Furthermore, they have proven successful and are in

great demand by our Asian friends.Now under the current across-the-board cuts these

programs are being so curtailed as to endanger theircontinuance. Since they have been applied after largeamounts of the funds had already been allocated toacademic programs in the fall, the cuts are in the dimen-sion of 20 per cent on the remaining items, not 10 percent. Many of the programs are being so handicappedthrough staff layoffs and program constrictions as to

seriously endanger their continuance.Understandably, this is a source of great distress

to me. Surely such programs now and in the futureshould hold the highest priorities and rank in impor-tance with the military efforts that result when theirefforts fail. I believe it would be in the best interestsof this nation if some special consideration could begiven to institutions which have as their purpose theestablishment of friendship, particularly between this

country and Asian nations.

Sincerely yours,DANIEL K. INOUYE

United Slates Senator

Spring, 1968 13

THE EAST-WEST CENTER is a national institutioncreated by the United States Congress in 1960, in co-operation with the University of Hawaii. Its purpose isto increase cultural and technical interchange betweenthe people of the East and West-mutual understandingthrough the exchange of people and the exchange ofbooks. East-West Center provides and administers fed-eral grants for scholars, students, and trainees from theUnited States, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean area.

THE INSTITUTE FOR STUDENT INTER-CHANGE (ISI) is the principal academic arm of theCenter, and the largest of the Institutes. Most of the

grantees 151 selects and counsels are graduate students

studying at the University of Hawaii, but living, work-

ing, and playing together in East-West Center facilities.

THE INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL INTER-CHANGE (ITI) arranges short training courses in thefield, or in Hawaii, for Asian-Pacific technicians andAmericans working in the area. Emphasis is on insti-

tution-building in developing areas by training key per-sonnel. ITI also administers training programs undercontract with the Agency for International Develop-ment (AID).

THE INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED PROJECTS(TAP) brings "senior specialists" - college professors,government administrators, artists, and scientists-towork together, or as individuals, on research projectswhich last from four months to a year, or more. TAP alsoadministers a Research Publications and Translations

program and the Jefferson Fellowships program for ex-

perienced Asian journalists.

THE EAST-WEST CENTER PRESS, as the publishingarm of the Center, has developed an import and exportbook program for cultural and technical interchange be-tween East and West, and issues new publications orig-inating in the Center, at the University of Hawaii, andother East and West institutions.

THE CONFERENCE AND SEMINAR PROGRAM

plans and holds meetings of an international nature,focusing on Asian and Pacific problems.

THE EAST-WEST CENTER LIBRARY supports theEast-West Center's program !y providing Asian mate-rials resources through purchase;' gifts, and exchangewith other institutions.

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