113

page

The food we eaT 114

aRT and The aRTisTs 115

MaRaThon Mania 116

aiR, land and sea 117

ThaT’s liTeRaTuRe 118

CloThes Then and now 119

looking aT The sky 120

CiTy life 121

hi-TeCh soluTions 122

answeRs 123

woRld Map 124

CultureMagazine

Culture 1

114

In the 18th century, a British aristocrat, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, loved playing cards. Sometimes, he played

for many hours and he didn’t want to stop for meals. One day, he asked to have his meal between two pieces of bread. That way, it was possible to play cards with one hand and eat with the other. Montagu’s friends thought it was a great idea and they started asking for “the same as Sandwich”. In time, everyone called this modern meal a sandwich.

In 1853, George Crum was a chef at Moon’s Lake House, a restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. One of the guests at the restaurant sent his chips back to the kitchen many times because they were very thick. The chef, George Crum, was angry, so he decided to irritate the guest. He cut paper-thin chips, fried them and added a lot of salt. Surprisingly, the guest loved these new crispy chips and soon “Saratoga Chips” became a popular item on the menu.

Chocolate was very important to the ancient Mayans and Aztecs. They used the cacao seeds as money and they made a chocolate drink as a health elixir. The drink was very different from drinking chocolate today. It was cold and it wasn’t at all sweet. The Mayans and Aztecs didn’t have sugar, so they put other spices in the drinking chocolate – including chilli peppers.

Food Trivia True or false?

1

1

3

2The sandwich got its name from a type of bread.

A chef at a restaurant invented crisps.

The ancient Mayans and Aztecs put a lot of sugar in their chocolate.

Read the facts below and check your answers.

23

401

The Food we eaT

Did you know?

Answers, page 123

When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they changed the diet of the world forever. The Europeans brought foods like apples, broccoli, carrots and olives to the Americas. They took foods like cocoa, tomatoes, potatoes and chilli peppers back to Europe.

The Beautiful Irish Girl, Courbet

b

115

Culture 2

a b c

c

The Persistence of Memory, Dalí

d

Three Musicians, 1921

Culture 2

Paul Cadden is a hyperrealist artist from Scotland. Hyperrealists can draw pictures with amazing detail so they look exactly like photographs. Two of these pictures are paintings by Cadden. One is a photograph. Can you guess which one is the photograph?

1. This artist was interested in many different things, including science and anatomy. He wrote 13,000 pages of

notes about these things. Most of the notes are in mirror writing.

2. The future career of this artist was obvious from a very young age. He drew pictures before he walked and

his first word was the Spanish word for pencil.

3. There are 300 people in this artist’s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Every face looks different.

4. This eccentric artist’s older brother died. Nine months later, the artist was born and his parents gave

him the same name. The artist believed he was a reincarnation of his brother.

5. Today, a painting by this artist is worth millions of dollars, but in his lifetime,

he only sold one painting.

The people below are some of the most famous artists of all time, but what do you

know about them? Match the artists to the facts about them.

Vincent van Gogh • Leonardo da Vinci • Michelangelo • Salvador Dalí • Pablo Picasso

Art and Art and the Artiststhe Artists4

02

A

Spot the Photograph

Sunrise, Monet

a

Answer, page 123

Answers, page 123

Can you match the art movements to the artists and their paintings?

1. Cubism

2. Surrealism

3. Realism

4. Impressionism

Art Movements

Art Movements

B

Culture 3

116

Running a marathon is never easy, but some marathons are harder than others. Can you match the names and places of these extreme marathons to the descriptions below?

1. Marathon des Sables, Sahara Desert, Morocco 2. The Great Wall Marathon, Tianjin, China 3. The Big Five Marathon, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Marathon Mania

A

B C

403

404

According to legend, in 490 BC, there was a battle between the Persians and the Greeks in a town called Marathon. After the battle, a Greek messenger, Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (approximately 40 km) to announce the Greek victory. When he arrived, he shouted, “We won!” Then he fell to the ground and died. At the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, the organisers decided to have a race from the area of the ancient battle to Athens. They called it Marathon to commemorate the legend. In 1924, the distance of 42.195 km became the official length of a marathon.

Why is it called Marathon?

Answers, page 123

This marathon takes place every June in the Entabeni Game Reserve. The marathon gets its name from the big wild animals at the reserve: lions, leopards, buffalos, rhinos and elephants. The race isn’t easy. Runners must run through mountains, valleys and forests. During the race, game reserve workers are there to protect the runners from the wild animals. For additional security, there’s a helicopter, too.

This is one of the most beautiful marathons in the world, but it’s also very difficult. There are 5,164 stairs to climb during the race. Runners can’t stop to enjoy the beautiful scenery because they’ve only got eight hours to complete the marathon. That sounds like a lot of time, but it takes about 50% longer to finish this marathon than it takes to finish an average marathon.

This ultramarathon is a six-day, 251 km event. That’s nearly six ordinary marathons, but the distance isn’t the only difficulty. Participants must run up and down sand dunes in daytime temperatures of between 35 and 55ºC, and they do this while carrying all their food and equipment on their backs! People call this the hardest foot race on Earth. It’s easy to understand why.

Match A to B to make sentences about different types of transport.

A 1. Sailing ships 2. Steamships 3. Airships 4. Jet aeroplanes

air, Land and Sea

B a. get their power from gas. b. get their power from the wind. c. get their power from air, gas and paraffin. d. get their power from very hot water.

In 1818, sailing ships began

monthly passenger

services between

England and the US. It took between 23 and 90 days to sail across the Atlantic Ocean. The number of days depended on the wind.

Culture 4

Read the facts and check your answers to the exercise above.

117

405

In 1969, John Fairfax took a 6.7-metre-long boat and rowed 8,045 kilometres across the Atlantic Ocean, from the Canary Islands to Florida. He was the first person to row alone across an ocean.

One Man and a Boat

1

2

3

4

5

Answers, page 123

In 1958, BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) began the first-ever jet aeroplane passenger service across the Atlantic. The mixture of air, gas and paraffin in jet engines gave jet aeroplanes a lot of power. Travel time across the Atlantic by jet aeroplane was suddenly as short as six hours.

In 1939, Pan American Airlines flew the first passenger aeroplanes between New York and Europe. The aeroplanes were flying boats. They had sleeping areas, a kitchen, a dining room and a bar. It took under 24 hours to cross the Atlantic on a flying boat.

In 1838, the SS Great Western was the first steamship to take passengers between England and the US. Its steam engine worked on hot water and it was much larger and faster than a sailing ship. It crossed the Atlantic in about 15 days.

In 1928, passengers began flying across the Atlantic in airships, or zeppelins. The top part of the airships looked like an enormous, long balloon. The “balloon” was full of gas. Under the “balloon” was an area with bedrooms, a dining room and an observation room. Flights across the Atlantic on the airship took between 80 and 100 hours.

118

Where did the popular authors below get some of their ideas for characters or plots? Match the authors to the facts.

Mark Twain • Arthur Conan Doyle • Suzanne Collins • Ian Fleming

That’s Literature

• The Gates of Paradise (1960), a 40,000-word novel by Polish author Jerzy Andrzejewski, contains only two sentences. The second sentence has got five words in it.

• A book by Dr V Sreenathachary, a professor of English at India’s Palamuru University, has got a 1,086-word-long title. The title begins with the words, Handy Crystals. The book is about the English language.

• The Dinosaur (1959), a short story by Augusto Monterroso, a famous Guatemalan author, is only seven words long in its original Spanish version. There is also a seven-word translation of the story in English: Upon awakening (= when he woke up), the dinosaur was still there.

• Ernest Vincent Wright wrote an entire English novel, Gadsby (1939), without using any words with the letter e. Georges Perec did the same thing in his French novel, La Disparition (1968). This is a very difficult thing to do, as the letter e is the most common letter in both English and French.

Weird But True Literary Facts

Culture 5

Arthur C Doyle

Suzanne Collins

Ian Fleming

James Bond

Huckleberry Finn

Sherlock Holmes

Hunger Games

406

407

Mark Twain

Answers, page 123

1. This American author based Huckleberry Finn, one of his most famous characters, on Tom Blankenship, a boy from his own town when he was a child.

2. Working for British Naval Intelligence during World War II gave this author knowledge about espionage and spies. He used this knowledge for the plots of some of his novels, and to create the character of James Bond.

3. This Scottish author was also a doctor. His character, Sherlock Holmes, had many of the characteristics of one of the author’s teachers at Edinburgh University, Dr Joseph Bell.

4. This contemporary American author of the popular Hunger Games books got the idea for the stories and for the main character Katniss while she was watching reality programmes and the news on TV one night. Other influences were Greek mythology and the gladiator games of Ancient Rome.

119

Culture 6

In the mid-1700s, young and rich British men brought home fashion ideas from their visits to other countries in Europe and combined them in strange ways. Popular items were colourful coats and leggings, and shoes with big decorations. The men also wore artificial hair with very high elaborate styles, and small hats. People laughed at these men. They called them Macaronis – like the Italian pasta.

In 1783, French women wore enormous dresses. So people were shocked to see an official painting of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, in a simple white dress. The dress was similar to a chemise – the item of clothing usually under the enormous dresses!

In 1851, an American woman, Amelia Bloomer, started wearing a style of clothing called a Turkish dress. The Turkish dress had long trousers under a short skirt. Amelia wrote about it in a magazine and soon, women everywhere were wearing the dress – now called the Bloomer dress. But many people, churches and organisations were angry about women wearing “men’s” clothing. Women’s trousers only became acceptable in the 1930s.

In 1947, shortly after World War II, clothes were very simple and they didn’t have a lot of material in them. Some countries even had rules about the quantity of material in clothes. When French designer, Christian Dior had his first fashion

show after the war, many people were shocked. They criticised him for making extravagant clothes with too much material.

Shocking FashionRead the facts and check your answers to the quiz above.

CLoTheS Then and now

People are using modern technology in everything – including fashion. A company in San Francisco, Continuum, is using 3D printers to print and produce clothes. People can use the design tools on Continuum’s website to create dresses, shoes and more. The company will then print the designs, sew them together and send them to you!

Did you know?

408

True or

false

?

The word macaroni was an insult in the 18th century.

Marie Antoinette was the Queen of France in the 18th century.

Women never wore trousers in the 19th century.

Christian Dior was an Italian fashion designer.

1 2 34

Answers, page 123

120

There are many smartphone apps for learning about space exploration and the solar system. Here are some of our favourites. Which apps sound interesting to you? Why?

Take a virtual journey to another planet with Solar Walk 3D. This app has got beautiful 3D graphics of the planets, moons, stars, asteroids and comets. It’s also got facts about planets and stars, and videos about space and natural events on Earth.

Use Starmap to find out what you’re seeing when you look at the sky at night. Starmap uses GPS information to find your location and then creates a model of the sky around you. It shows all the stars and planets with their names, and gives facts and information about them. It’s like having a planetarium in your hand.

Looking at the Sky

Complete the sentences with the numbers below to find out some interesting facts about the planet Venus.

243 • 470 • 1702 • 224.7 • 1550

1. One day on Venus is __ Earth days – nearly as long as an Earth year. But a year on Venus is shorter than a day – only __ Earth days. That’s because Venus turns slowly but moves quickly around the sun.

2. People knew about Venus nearly four thousand years ago. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa is a record of astronomical observations of Venus. People believe the observations are from a period between __ and __ BC.

3. Venus is very, very hot – about __ ºC! That’s about ten times hotter than the hottest places on Earth.

Space Quotes“

“

Fact File: Venus

Do you agree with these quotes about space?

Everyone is a moon, and has a dark side which he never shows to anybody. Mark TwainI’m sure the universe is full of intelligent life. It’s just been too intelligent to come here. Sir Arthur C ClarkeI don’t think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. Stephen Hawking

Culture 74

09

Solar Walk

Starmap

We can only see one side of the moon from Earth – but with Moon Atlas, you can see the “dark side” of the moon too! This 3D app provides a globe of the moon. You can move the globe by touching your phone screen. You can also learn about mountains, craters and other landscape features on the moon.

Moon Atlas

This app has got maps, videos, photographs and information about past, present and future space exploration missions. It also tells you when and where it is possible to see the International Space Station in the sky above you. In addition, you can use NASA App to listen to Third Rock, NASA’s radio station, or to watch NASA TV.

NASA App

Answers, page 123

121

City Life

This Florida city has got homes, schools, parks, restaurants and shops – just like other cities. But it’s an unusual place. It’s got colourful homes and buildings and perfect streets and gardens. In the autumn, artificial leaves from trees fly in the air. In the winter, artificial snow falls to the ground. It’s a real place, but it feels like a cartoon. That isn’t surprising because the Walt Disney Company built it in the 1990s.

This pretty English town has got 19th-century houses, old-fashioned roads, an old church, a pub and a fish and chip shop. But the town isn’t in England and it isn’t old! It’s from 2006 and it’s 30 km from Shanghai, China. Architects copied the building styles from various places in England. There aren’t many residents in this town, but tourists love it.

This town in Australia is from the early 1900s. At that time, people started finding opals in the area. Because of the very hot weather, the first opal miners

built their homes under the ground, in caves. Today, about 50% of the 3,500 residents live in underground homes. There are also underground shops, churches and more. The name of the town comes from the local Aboriginal language. It means “white man’s hole”.

Read about some interesting towns and cities around the world. Then match each place to its correct name. What information in the texts helped you decide?

Coober Pedy • Celebration • Thames Town

Complete the facts with the words below. San José • Tokyo • Istanbul • Pittsburgh1. The only city on two continents is … . Part of this

Turkish city is in Asia and part is in Europe.2. The most common city name in the world is … . There are over 320 cities around the world with this Spanish name.3. Venice, Italy, has got 409 bridges, but … has got more. This US city has got 446 bridges.4. In 2013, the richest city in the world was … , Japan.

City trivia

Culture 84

10

Some cities and towns around the world are experimenting with shared space roads. These roads haven’t got traffic signs or separate areas for cars, bikes and people. According to some experts, these roads are safer than ordinary roads because everyone is more careful. Other experts have got the opposite opinion. What do you think?

Shared SpaCe roadS

3

2

1

Answers, page 123

Answers, page 123

122

Today, hi-tech inventions are helping us in every area of our lives. They’re helping the animal world and nature, too. Look at the examples below and match the titles to the paragraphs.

Hi-Tech in the Oceans • Save the Tiger • GPS Animals

Hi-Tech Solutions

Today, there are only about 3,200 tigers in the wild. People are helping these endangered animals by photographing their footprints with digital and smartphone cameras. Then, they use GPS to provide the footprints’ exact locations. A sophisticated computer program analyses the photographs and identifies individual tigers, so people can monitor them.

British Airways - #lookup

In parts of southern Africa, farmers had a problem: lions were attacking their farm animals. So wildlife officials put GPS devices on the lions. The devices tell the farmers when the lions are in the area, so they can protect their animals.

Culture 9

23

411

Scientists studying the oceans are getting help from the Slocum Glider. This robot can dive 500 metres below the sea and it can measure water temperature and other ocean conditions. This information is helping scientists learn about the health of the ocean and its wildlife.

1

412

Answers, page 123

123

Culture 1, page 114 Food Trivia 1. false 2. true 3. false

Culture 2, page 115Art and the ArtistsA 1. Leonardo da Vinci 2. Pablo Picasso 3. Michelangelo 4. Salvador Dalí 5. Vincent van Gogh

B 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. a

Spot the Photograph a

Culture 3, page 116Marathon Mania 1. C 2. B 3. A

Culture 4, page 117Air, Land and Sea 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c

Culture 5, page 118That’s Literature 1. Mark Twain 2. Ian Fleming 3. Arthur Conan Doyle 4. Suzanne Collins

Culture 6, page 119Clothes Then and Now 1. true 2. true 3. false 4. false

Culture 7, page 120Fact File: Venus 1. 243, 224.7 2. 1702, 1550 3. 470

Culture 8, page 121City Life 1. Celebration 2. Thames Town 3. Coober PedyCity Trivia 1. Istanbul 2. San José 3. Pittsburgh 4. Tokyo

Culture 9, page 122Hi-Tech Solutions 1. Hi-Tech in the Oceans 2. GPS Animals 3. Save the Tiger

Answers to Culture Magazine

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World Map

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DOM. REP.

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

PERU

BRAZIL

FRENCH GUIANASURINAME

GUYANA

CHILE

ECUADOR

PARAGUAY

URUGUAY

KENYA

ETHIOPIA

ERITREA

SUDANNIGER

MAURITANIA

MALI

NIGERIASOMALIA

NAMIBIA

LIBYA

CHAD

TANZANIA

CONGO

ANGOLA

ALGERIA

MADAGASCAR

MOZAMBIQUEBOTSWANA

ZAMBIA

GABON

CENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLIC

TUNISIA

MOROCCO

UGANDA

SWAZILAND

LESOTHO

MALAWI

BURUNDIRWANDA

TOGO

BENINGHANA

IVORYCOAST

LIBERIA

GUINEABURKINA

CAMEROON

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE

ZIMBABWE

REPUBLIC OFCONGO

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

WESTERNSAHARA

DJIBOUTI

SENEGAL

JORDAN

ISRAELLEBANON

ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN

GEORGIA KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

KUWAIT

QATAR

U. A. E.

YEMEN

SYRIA

IRAQ IRAN

OMAN

SAUDI ARABIA

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

C H I N A

KAZAKHSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

MYANMAR

THAILAND

NEPALBHUTAN

VIETNAM

SRI LANKA

LAOSBANGLADESH

MALAYSIA

PAPUANEW GUINEA

BRUNEI

PHILIPPINES

TAIWAN

I N D O N E S I A

JAPAN

MONGOLIA

SOUTH KOREA

NORTH KOREA

NEW CALEDONIA

FIJI

COMOROS

MAURITIUS

THE NETHERLANDS

CAMBODIA

LEONESIERRA

BISSAUGUINEA

GAMBIA

SWITZERLAND

englandireland

egypt

india

auStralia

new zealand

Spain

Southafrica

northernireland

Balearicislands

ceutaMelilla

antarctica

Scotland

waleS

canaryislands

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