macromolecules. i. what are macromolecules? a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. nucleic acids...
TRANSCRIPT
Macromolecules
I. What are macromolecules?
A. CARBOHYDRATES B. LIPIDS
C. PROTEINS
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA)
II. What does it mean to be organic?
A. CHNOPS– The Six Most Abundant Elements of Life
What makes something Organic?
B. If it contains the element Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) it is called a HYDROCARBON– they contain only C and H bonded in different
proportions
III. Functional Groups
Before we begin to study macromolecules, let’s start with the functional groups
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
A. Hydroxyl Group
Identified as a hydrogen atom bonded directly to an oxygen atom (-OH)
Easily identifiable and one of most popular
Ethanol
H
H
H
H H
C C OH
B. Carboxyl Group
Slightly larger than hydroxyl
Molecular formula COOH
Carbon double bonded to oxygen on one side and bonded to OH on the other
C. Phosphate GroupPhosphorous surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms
One of oxygen atoms shows double bond to phosphorous
D. Carbonyl Group
• Carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (symbolized as C=O)
• Two types:• Aldehyde• Ketone
2 Forms: Aldehydes & Ketones • Aldehyde groups,
where the C=O group is at the end of a molecule
• H atom is also located on the same C atom.
• Ketone groups, where the C=O group is located within a molecule
• All sugars have either a ketone or an aldehyde
E. Amino GroupNitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms–Non-ionized form
Nitrogen bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms, one has positive charge (H+)– Ionized Form
F. Sulfhydryl Group
Fairly rare for our purposes
Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
Let’s See What You’ve Learned So Far!!
Get ready to click away!!
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
Which functional group is shown below?
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1. Carboxyl
2. Sulfhydryl
3. Hydroxyl
4. Amino
5. I need help with this.
Which carbonyl functional group is shown below?
25%
25%
25%
25% 1. Aldehyde
2. Ketone
3. Carboxyl
4. I need help with this.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
What functional group is shown below?
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carboxyl
3. Phosphate
4. Carbonyl
5. I need help with this.
Which functional group is shown below?
20%
20%
20%
20%
20% 1. Hydroxyl
2. Sulfhydryl
3. Carboxyl
4. Aldehyde
5. I need help with this.Ethanol
H
H
H
H H
C C OH
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Which functional group represents an aldehyde group?
25%
25%
25%
25% 1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. I need help with this.
1 2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Putting things together…let’s
make some MACROMOLECUL
ES
IV.) Formation of Macromolecules
A. What are macromolecules made of?1. Monomers: smaller building blocks of the
macromolecules
2. Monomers can link together to form polymers (macromolecules)
Macromolecule Formation
Process = Dehydration Synthesis
Removal of OH + H forms water, H2O
Leaves bonding sites that join monomer units.
OH H
H2O
Monomer Monomer
Polymer
Macromolecule Destruction
Process = Hydrolysis
Break bond between monomer units.
Add OH + H to fill bonding sites.Polymer
OH H
Monomer Monomer
H2O
Fill in Chart…
For each Macromolecule– Made of (elements) – Basic Unit (monomer)– Polymer unit – Function– Where found– Examples
Use pages 32-41 in book and/or discuss with partner