macro and micro minerals-1-1

8/7/2019 Macro and Micro Minerals-1-1

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Minerals fall into two categories:

1. Macro Minerals

2. Trace Minerals (also referred to as

Micro Minerals).

Dietary minerals are considered

inorganic substances that our bodiesare unable to produce themselves.

They are found in the food and drink

we enjoy everyday.

Therefore, its important to eat a diet

rich in foods that contain a variety

of those essential vitamins and

minerals.


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needed in much larger quantities tosustain normal, healthy cell function

Calcium

Calcium is found in our bones and teeth.

Foods rich in Calcium include:

dairy products

nuts

seedsgreen leafy vegetables

Calcium is the largest mineral found in our

bodies and is insoluble so it requires the

presence of vitamin D to be absorbed in the

intestines.


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Calcium is required for vascular contraction and

vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission,

intracellular signaling and hormonal secretion,

Hypocalcemia results primarily from

medical problems or treatments, including renal

failure, surgical removal of the stomach, and use of

certain medications (such as diuretics). Symptoms

of hypocalcemia include numbness and tingling in

the fingers, muscle cramps, convulsions, lethargy,poor appetite, and abnormal heart rhythms If left

untreated, calcium deficiency leads to death.

Over the long term, inadequate calcium

intake causes osteopenia which if untreated can

lead to osteoporosis. The risk of bone fractures alsoincreases, especially in older individuals

Calcium deficiency can also cause rickets,

though it is more commonly associated with

vitamin D deficiency


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Excessively high levels of calcium in the blood

known as hypercalcemia can cause renal

insufficiency, vascular and soft tissue calcification,hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in the urine)

and kidney stones

However, hypercalcemia rarely results from

dietary or supplemental calcium intake; it is most

commonly associated with primaryhyperparathyroidism or malignancy

High calcium intake can cause constipation. It

might also interfere with the absorption of iron

and zinc, though this effect is not well established .High intake of calcium from supplements, but not

foods, has been associated with increased risk of

kidney stones


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Phosphorus

Phosphorus is found in our bones and teeth.

Foods rich in Phosphorus include:

Meats dairy

Fish eggs

Phosphorus helps filter out waste in the kidneysand plays an essential role in how the body

stores and uses energy.

It also helps reduce muscle pain after a hard

workout. Phosphorus is needed for the growth,

maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells,and for the production of the genetic building

blocks, DNA and RNA. Phosphorus is also

needed to help balance and use other vitamins

and minerals, including vitamin D, iodine,

magnesium, and zinc.


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Too much phosphate can be toxic. It can cause

diarrhea and calcification (hardening) of organs

and soft tissue, and can interfere with the body'sability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc.

Because of the potential for side effects and

interactions with prescription and non-

prescription medications, dietary supplementsshould be taken only under the supervision of a

knowledgeable health care provider.


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Magnesium

Magnesium is found in the enzyme reactions inour body.

Foods rich in Magnesium include:

Nuts soybeans cocoa

Magnesium is involved in essential metabolic reactions,

some of which are;

1. Magnesium plays a structural role in bone, cell

membranes, and chromosomes

2. Ion transport across cell membranes

3. Energy production.

4. Synthesis of essential molecules


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Symptoms of magnesium deficiency include:

Hyperexcitability, muscle weakness and fatigue.

Severe magnesium deficiency can cause

hypocalcemia, low serum potassium levels

(hypokalemia), retention of sodium, low circulating

levels of PTH ( parathyroid hormone), neurological

and muscular symptoms (tremor, muscle spasms,

tetany), loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

personality changes and death from heart failure.

Magnesium plays an important role in

carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency mayworsen insulin resistance, a condition that often

precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of

insulin resistance.


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Potassium

Potassium is an electrolyte found in our blood.

Foods rich in Potassium include:

Bananas tomatoes

prunes cantaloupe

Oranges camote

Functions

Potassium is an important mineral required

for regulating the activity of muscles and

nerves in the body.

It is also involved in the storage of

carbohydrates (to be used as fuel by the

muscles) and in maintaining the electrolyte

and pH balance in the body


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Potassium deficiency ( Hypokalemia) can lead to

muscle weakness, irritability, fatigue, chronic

diarrhea, confusion and heart disturbances.

Hyperkalemia refers to the condition in which

the concentration of the electrolyte potassium

(K+) in the blood is elevated.

Symptoms are fairly nonspecific and generally

include malaise, palpitations and muscle weakness;

mild hyperventilation may indicate a compensatory

response to metabolic acidosis, which is one of the

possible causes of hyperkalemia.

Often, however, the problem is detected during

screening blood tests for a medical disorder, or it only

comes to medical attention after complications have

developed, such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden

death


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Chloride

Chloride is found in our cells, but most is presentin the extracellular fluid in the body.

Foods rich in Chloride include:

table salt

tomatoes

olives

Celery

Chloride is a soluble mineral. Deficiencies in

Chloride can contribute to leg cramps.


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Too little chloride in the body can occur

with fluid loss. This may be due toexcessive sweating, vomiting, or

diarrhea. Medicines such as diuretics can

also cause a chloride deficiency. Such

loss can lead to dehydration, loss of

potassium in the urine, and a conditioncalled alkalosis.

Alkalosis is disturbance of acid-base

balance and water balance, characterizedby an excess of alkali or a deficiency of

acids.


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Hypochloremic alkalosis results from either low

chloride intake or excessive chloride wasting.

Low chloride intake is very uncommon.

Excessive chloride wasting often occurs in

hospitalized children, usually due to diuretic

therapy or nasogastric tube suctioning


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Sodium

Sodium is found in our cells, particularly the redblood cells but most is present in the extracellular

fluid in the body.

Foods rich in Sodium include:

saltmilk

Spinach

While Sodium is necessary for healthy living, a

diet too high in Sodium can lead to health issues

like hypertension and high blood pressure.


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Hyponatremia

The normal concentration of sodium in the blood plasma is136-145 mM. Hyponatremia occurs when sodium falls

below 130 mM. Plasma sodium levels of 125 mM or less

are dangerous and can result in seizures and coma.

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolytedisorder. Its frequency is higher in females, the

elderly, and in patients that are hospitalized

Symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea and

vomiting, headache, confusion, lethargy, fatigue,

appetite loss, restlessness and irritability, muscle

weakness, spasms, or cramps, seizures, and

decreased consciousness or coma.


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Too low a concentration of sodium, or hyponatremia,

can be corrected either by increasing sodium or by

decreasing body water.

The existence of separate mechanisms that regulate

sodium concentration account for the fact that there

are numerous diseases that can cause hyponatremia,

including diseases of the kidney, pituitary gland, and

hypothalamus.

Treatment

Severe hyponatremia can be treated by infusing a

solution of 5% sodium chloride in water into thebloodstream. Moderate hyponatremia due to use of

diuretics or an abnormal increase in vasopressin is

often treated by instructions to drink less water

each day. Hyponatremia due to adrenal gland

insufficiency is treated with hormone injections.


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Prognosis

Hyponatremia is just one manifestation

of a variety of disorders. While

hyponatremia can easily be corrected,

the prognosis for the underlyingcondition that causes it varies.

Prevention

Patients who take diuretic medications

must be checked regularly for the

development of hyponatremia.


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present in body tissues in extremely smallamounts but have critically important

roles to play in human nutrition

IRON

Used for hemoglobin and other key compounds

used iin respiration and immune function.

Sources : meats, spinach, seafoods ,

enriched cereals and breads, broccoli and

peas, bran


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Iron deficiency develops gradually and usually begins

with a negative iron balance, when iron intake does not

meet the daily need for dietary iron.

Iron deficiency anemia is an advanced stage of iron

depletion. It occurs when storage sites of iron are

deficient and blood levels of iron cannot meet daily

needs.

Iron deficiency anemia can be associated with lowdietary intake of iron, inadequate absorption of iron, or

excessive blood loss . Women of childbearing age,

pregnant women, preterm and low birth weight infants,

older infants and toddlers, and teenage girls are at

greatest risk of developing iron deficiency anemia

because they have the greatest need for iron .


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Women with heavy menstrual losses can lose

a significant amount of iron and are at

considerable risk for iron deficiency

Adult men and post-menopausal women lose

very little iron, and have a low risk of iron

deficiency.

Individuals with kidney failure, especially those

being treated with dialysis, are at high risk for

developing iron deficiency anemia. This is

because their kidneys cannot create enough

erythropoietin, a hormone needed to make red

blood cells. Both iron and erythropoietin can be

lost during kidney dialysis.

Individuals who receive routine dialysis

treatments usually need extra iron and

synthetic erythropoietin to prevent iron

deficiency .


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Signs of iron deficiency anemia include

feeling tired and weakdecreased work and school performance

slow cognitive and social development during

childhood

difficulty maintaining body temperature

decreased immune function, which increases

susceptibility to infection

glossitis (an inflamed tongue)


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Iron deficiency is uncommon among adult men and

postmenopausal women. These individuals should only take

iron supplements when prescribed by a physician because of

their greater risk of iron overload.

Iron overload is a condition in which excess iron is

found in the blood and stored in organs such as the liver

and heart.

Iron overload is associated with several genetic diseases

including hemochromatosis (the abnormal accumulation of

iron in parenchymal organs, leading to organ toxicity. It is the

most common inherited liver disease)

Individuals with hemochromatosis absorb iron very

efficiently, which can result in a build up of excess ironand can cause organ damage such as cirrhosis of the

liver and heart failure Hemochromatosis is often not

diagnosed until excess iron stores have damaged an

organ.


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Hemochromatosis

Symptoms


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Zinc

An essential mineral that helps boost the immunesystem. It is important for proper glandular function

and reproductive health.

It also works as an antioxidant and is needed to

maintain the right levels of Vitamin E and absorb

Vitamin A.

Protein Sources

Zinc is naturally found in meat and dairy products,

especially egg yolks, beef-- particularly in the liver--poultry and seafood, especially oysters, which have a

higher concentration of zinc than most foods.

Non-meat protein sources include legumes like

lentils, soy products and lima beans.


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Signs of zinc deficiency include hair loss skin lesions,

diarrhea, and wasting of body tissues. It is rarely

recognised that lack of zinc can contribute to acne

Eyesight, taste,smell and memory are also connectedwith zinc. A deficiency in zinc can cause malfunctions

of these organs and functions.

One easily recognized sign which may be caused by

zinc deficiency is white spots, bands, or lines on

fingernails (leukonychia). An occasional white spot is

usually evidence that the immune system overcame a

bacterial or some other systemic infection, and is a

positive, not negative sign.


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Excess zinc is toxic. Too much zinc will interfere with

the metabolism of other minerals in the body,particularly iron and copper.

Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal

cramps and severe headache. High zinc levels

interfere with the body's absorption of copper and

iron. This can lead to a weakened immune system

and anemia.


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Function of Iodine:

Iodine prevents the development of simple goiter.

Iodine plays a role in the development of hair, fingernails,

skin and teeth.

Symptoms of Deficiency: People lacking in iodine may

have an enlarged thyroid gland called goiter

IODINE

Food Sources : Seaweeds, onions, leafy

vegetables, mushrooms, fish, shellfish, and

other seafood.


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Although its role in the prevention of dental caries

(tooth decay) is well established, fluoride is not

generally considered an essential mineral element

because humans do not require it for growth or to

sustain life.

However, if one considers the prevention of chronicdisease (dental caries), an important criterion in

determining essentiality, then fluoride might well be

considered an essential trace element. Having

healthy gums and teeth is important.

FLUORIDE


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Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder

which may cause increased dental caries andpossibly osteoporosis due to a lack of fluoride in

the diet


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Excessive fluoridation of teeth has resulted in a condition

called mottle enamel, which is characterized by discoloredenamel. Extremely high fluoride intake has been known to

result in death.


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Copper is a mineral stored primarily in the liver, withsmall amounts in all tissues in the body.

Although only a small amount is needed, copper is an

essential nutrient that plays a role in the production of

hemoglobin (the main iron component of red blood

cells), myelin (the substance that surrounds nervefibers), collagen (a key component of bones and

connective tissue), and melanin (a dark pigment that

colors the hair and skin).

Copper also works with vitamin

Cto help make acomponent of connective tissue known as elastin.

COPPER


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Foods that contain copper include oysters, organ meats

(especially liver), whole grain breads and cereals, shellfish, dark

green leafy vegetables, dried legumes, nuts, and chocolate.

Signs of possible copper deficiency includeanemia, low body temperature, bone fractures and

osteoporosis, low white blood cell count (the cells that help

fight infection), irregular heartbeat, loss of pigment from the

skin, and thyroid disorders.

Gastrointestinal disease or surgery is a commoncause of copper deficiency.

Infants who do not have enough of this mineral

tend to have poor feeding habits and lack proper growth


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Copper toxicity refers to the consequences of an

excess of copper in the body. Copper toxicity can occur

from eating acid food that has been cooked in un-

coated copper cookware, or from exposure to excess

copper in drinking water or other environmental

sources.

Acute symptoms of copper poisoning by ingestion

include vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting of blood),hypotension (low blood pressure), melena (black

"tarry" feces), coma, jaundice (yellowish

pigmentation of the skin), and gastrointestinal

distress


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Selenium is an antioxidant (scavengers of free-radicals)and a component of several essential enzymes. Health

benefits of selenium are partly explained by its antioxidanteffect. Selenium may delay or prevent the onset of cancer

and also have anti-aging effect. Selenium is also an

important mineral needed for proper thyroid function. It also

promotes immunity system.

Selenium deficiency is associated with reduced immune cellcounts and higher risk of death for HIV patients.

Natural food sources high in selenium include

cereals (eg. corn, wheat, and rice), nuts (brazil nuts

and walnuts), legumes (soybeans), animal products

(beef, chicken, egg, cheese), seafood (tuna).


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If selenium is consumed in overdose, it may

have toxicity effect

Some of the symptoms of selenium toxicity are

fatigue, hair loss, and white blotchy nails.

Deficiency symptoms would includemuscle pain and weakness.

macro and micro minerals-1-1

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