Anihropalaqss have oLpn i,,#d"#llO

lilr k#nsll#p ryrlems o' people ail over the

warla r o r more man a century in the

p,ev,a,s csn,ury Morgan and Tyo i Y d Ilrm

l o u n ~ ~ ~ 0 n i l o r U n Y l p ~ t u d ~ e ~ ' n t h e p a i l n l

CCl l IU lY H,V0,6 Kroellsr Law," Radclllir

Brawn h n a ~ ~ n o w ~ ~ ~ v ~ n r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ ~ d

M,i,d"<i May", Forte7 l ev , Slrrusr

N?edham i a x and r few afhcri b,,, , h i

rUDel SirUClUle

in ,he nnns.,,m century the i l " i h , l ilvdler u8re "red lor llnonslructlng Ih"

d , f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t stagel tm orOYrPII 04 numan ru~ture and r o r i e t ~ MORPO ,he iather o i

inin8p rtuo*r ma rlnrhc #erm(nologlos ~ a v ~ r a l roael8er arid an that bsrlr

rcEonrtrllcled the luuul,onary rtager o~h,nrn,y andtnentsr rs ,a ton~oi iernno~o~~

marr8ays Iamy propany amtd ~oi8 i r r 0 tho euoullan o l human roi8aly TYlDi "0,

."I" r,,ldlPd Ib rYO,", ,~ni ,"S1l iB. I 0, k,"8h6 but r,ra m s ,salon at i,nrhlp lo other

amson 0, E"llU,P and r"r,.fy, Ths lnlDhar,* 0, lhBre two anlhrnpulaglsir was m

*,nrh,.drm~nolog,eirall,e hanl,"i","ry"a"ls

KmrbPr i r l i Low88 oxall8ncd lc8llSlip n i~npl~~Ncan0psYGhoIaD~~lamr' '" On

I - ~ ~ P C ran" ~ ~ d ~ f , i i . ~ ~ ~ ~ , l md M ~ I I ~ O W S ~ s ~ u d ~ e d i j n i n p s n so.,o~oOca~

' 9 " ' t v i 8 l i lir#tEoaid ard MayirFrrliiprovdCd dddded rccQdnli ol Airran Nun,

m0 la8 len rmr,a,,,ua,y ' bar ma i s , 1,mm MJrdnc* war*r*ou, lrryr ,l,,nOer",

cure~n<cinr m ile proccli oi devcoyng r lunber o4 Inorems i he lheonmr ~ ~ i . ~ t ~

"nu w r y I r i r l l i u r r &c"rlrc La,, yradc, or iQrmulale lawn O , behsvlrvr . (ioodinouyn and ~~~~~b~~~ provdPd component8al anayri oi~ninlp term, rnow,nQ

h O W P D O V E u,cw ,he,, relaliver mdgrovpr of mar ielallves nia spec#licca,egor,eP

L O Y S W ~ U S S triad 10 coni~ruct torma rminn modsb asied on vloonioloui ln,nd

Apan i iom ln#il lnevr818ral runtnhut#ona Kraelsr Spser Low88 MurdoCL

enodenlugn ~ounsoury wrancssnd/chmi isnder ~ o r p ~ a ~ i a n d ~ a v g h i ~ n ~ u r ~ i n g

and Ghos have also made slgni8canl conlr#bvl#oni to the melhodviogy h r llnsh8y

LI>,1,SI ' I

S'nxv oblcrusi dial nlnill8i i luoles have nil0 bePn vriurhlr tor <unrlianrl

, v o \. I i t ill? iraw u i r y ,,I hrwkmi0,i mdolnsr psc,iolc",,"re are n,sr , ~ , n * d

lnv 111 1 t i i8lryIy l r lpo i lb l i l o CCCCCCbb LLLLLP p >ella",o"r w,,"O", -e,".sre lo airno*,

L'"v"lnr r.porlo'c",,"ri'

FOow8ng I8le ,e3..,.n.. made by ll,e#r PrPdeceirDri snd cale,,lyorar,ei I,,

Cl8rooe and AnerNca Isany lild#r#l drld Weiirrn snlllrapalogilr ilvd8ed the il lrhip

5,iaini n imd8r s~uer~r i * l l lo ie "? ,he lrlbsr Moil " I i U E h slud,eiars,"nl pans of

(P" e l l lo r aOil8ul 0, ti## ,r,bri' na,,,e,y r o o a i K s d a r Lnen.",, ,' I , , Rod",'

aaoaxa I $0" !lrro lsfi8r iir iilrnar ~ n r l n ~ n u l ~ a ' PPS~ , . srntha ,and wunar

8 , c r o ~ ~ r nosa Khdsi ara (iara m tairem n d ~ a and ~ r ~ k a i ~ r h ~ d ~ ~ al

v C ~ ~ ~ h ~ d ~ ~ nubla and oarno n weitern no8a Stud8ea sxclus8rehi deallog vllb

,hL kSninip mithe lrlila giudpi n i~ldma are isu ,hey appsar n the iortn o i reports

an , r~ss mor,agrdpi,. un,,he ,hn einrugrnpnm wnnnn nnnn~y YYYO woonoun w n ~

naeo ,"to orprctr I I ~ ~ ~ ~ reports srllc~oianamanograpisn a x e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n n n n n n n n n

rCroilininlp n me~oeorne way somea i thcm emmnems kvlanptermnalog~ri

5" ,hi lraOi,ona r ,y , i ,Sum" iocu3 ,ni,r allP"\#o" an n %em&"t#c ~"a~ysyse 01 kn.

tp,,",nr,o~y Q,",ng an n i , gh t "lo how people v,ew no, only then, re,at,vos b", a1,o ",PW

par,r 0, ("8 Eac,s,y Lomng llnda, Ih,\ ll,syo,y n c .,uii,es re,a,,,>g o Grra

Rmgrilngp, ' ane Kay. ' npar, ,,om rush h8"dvalhe.a ara4amelhatdralwilh

i r ih ip P ~ D L # ~ ) # ~ ~ I k r idnl ly neag: rlm phlalv In" mately bss8bsr prov#d#ng iome

n'onlai80" an Llnr"," ler8nroIogy ' l"? ilt,",ar tn"l"avafa ,"a#! wnnlt a,ttttttt 13

,I," I". l"rn,k nueJltju~on ,,to lile bnrh8V ryrellla u, ,be l r l b a a n be C0""lBd on

' in3rr l l D i TI-ee rsaearche$ one daang ~ 8 t h the Shoiar' anolhlr dssilng ~ 8 t h Ihe

n a w and I ~ P ~ h r d ; n ~ d r a ~ k o *~rn #me ~ r ~ r i s s ~ ~ c a r n o unr~er tnfr class oili8nnlp ,,,,",P%

*clasilli'a,u,1 Yi lllO il l i i i l lb l luilLrontt>s t.#hBaf,"o#s bytheir nuwo., and

-egmnr :a-ray0 eveats end! ~ ,un i ,~ r of k~nhhp r ~ u n ~ e r cnver ( ha t r , ~ i

CI.ol l i l h d i l o ~ w e d by lror? p e r l a ~ ~ n p 'a the lribPr n inliern lnd8r Northern lndlr

-10 d i u l i e n td8a In Vierten n a a 'hers r no axcur8ua i(uby denIl8lg viih Ihr

*8"ii80 0, ally b e a*"* ti86 Rhll ' ' I ' Henre !he Yrrenl &,"by r "nder,sisn to

STATEMENTOPTHEPROBLEMOF STUDY

Tie &tale O, G " , ~ , ~ ! ~ consnr 2s t.,aer Alnlorl 724. oftha lalsoopuston o i

lnelo ,,,bei i ~ancenlralad n and around ,he eaiiern boldsi oi ,he .laiP 8*Bnd#"a " acro$s dlrlr#lls lrom Nodh t i 591tt i l ~ n n ~ n l i l 0 m Ssbm~i !#ha to PancCahrs

Y i o ~ d r a Bnarucn S u r i t Y l i i i d "lid Drnyi T n i r8maniny 28% of the lrsbai

PYPY~.tlonl LIpleae wsothal Dansrl ihsnatp inEiildlng~hediirLtoi ~ a n a r ~ s n t h s

01 1, 2L lllbli n I l le Slate i o n # li# "nor one8 r8nd same are majar Onrs n 'srsni

-i l l i it l rr lbrrh Nu ##r.#rnIy i i r l n o r l yrryrrdr,ar~l irnrimr :nu Bllil 12 030 1al Tiv i

8 . i n u w - ~ i by ,he olher tribe6 nrmely Otsbk ( 1 6 1 !Alli Oood8r 1444 91301 Ralhvr

13;iiLLOl Na#hdlNa#kI iZB01301 (innl8l 1250831) Clldudhar 12 19083) Palrlls

'70 i301 nhnllKOdKo Dho'!TohrL Ko l iKo lCh lKogh i R2 112) K Y n b O i 2111

Pad'irll2 Bbi l Vaghr ( 1 1 6 : Chndharl/5 484) S8dd (5 4291 Rrhar 150mi1 Plradh,

"1s: lavsrhaiiamcns 13741 Kllhodl (25.161 Charan 11 4221 and Bhll a, K v t d

, 2 2 7 1 noi in w ~ n h i F O P U I ~ ~ ~ O ~ eilthrn ~ o o o ~ d ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ il~lvds:ns~nanieiisrdn~

ti . i t ~ o r n ~ a t , ~ a ) ~ b n a d ~ t ( i 1 l i r n d a i ~ a ~ ~ ~ , ~ . ~ two01 ~a ida(131 andk*ir,neri

I l ' 3 blVl

Oi th-29 lr~ned i8vB tnber v i i RibarlChrran Bilarwdd Bada and Paidh,

n c ~ u n r n ~ ndri ~h~~~~~~ am lv l l l~ t i l r i l y t r a c t r and mod#a cnadnir ~ h a ~ d a h ~ ,

~r015ar snd sod i in me plasni end >he iamaln8ng inbei namsly ~h nubid ~~~~t

~ a ~ k d w a ~ k a Ramaa ~ ( a k e n a u n b Onsnks vsr ! ~ a ~ , ~ a l > ohor v~thaa vrghr8

~ t n o d ~ i ~ a t * a n ~ a r d n ~auchmamrha B ~ S I a! mtcn ~ a ~ d ~ i l r n ~ a bes~dei a rew

m8nQr oi3ss ale nhahllng lhiSchsdulSdlrsa8 a8 w e aslhsPIa8n Areas"

b l ,,110, 1m.3 &3 ,m,

a2 ca,,ms ,em,

Ins ,,",la8 allav, whom ins Press", stud" 3 conrerned nnali8l lnroughout the

slate oarrlrg ~ , , s h and sau.smtm ego^^ H~~~~~~ #hey arsioundnlr~nly n the

v~nsu 'AhmaOrbed and Grndhnagar dslrlcll anfl n the h l r as Well a8 plsins 01 Ins

Y r i a d Dan@ SL8ratandPanci M#hrd#Sll#oli k o r d i n g l o 1911 and l l B l Census

Ihn Nsilar ,lumber wri4 2 34984. and 2 80 230"' rerpecl8veY Almost lhne fourth*

7211.1 tiem u e n .niv,,.ajsr lo-sled I" the pa,",and h,,, em.& Ar rga,nst Ih88

bYlkoiIhs r,,ra Na8kas i f l l a r n o r ~ iilanune ,.",,h arthem rzsi,venllrbanplscsa

oratad Cne V ~ a m i EIXF~IY conccntrrted tne d8r t r8~t r of velrad and swat ln otnac

d i l r E l i ,narpopua,,on s sparis

rmr I I ~ , . R ( N I P aski is s i scrOii me uinQi olmrlrt winch i w h a l ~ s

-*lid 11r.d Il#brr A c i h c V r i i d 1,111 Surd! Oslr8~ ivh8:h m ~ u d e Schsdulsd ~ # b ~ d

A r i i r And PIi8ni hrpir md h e Urlloll ibrntal8ri YI DdilrdNilBaI HiYsil and Oamsn

D u " " I b e Na8kr myl l r legends md lallcirlei tell lhrl Ihe Nr8Xaa wnro or8plnry

a h 5 Ihn, #hey rere rr l lny ("8 nerd8 0, ",,,ere", rands among ,he Bh,l8 ,ha, ar

rind he Id$ they went by ,he dslDlal8an Nl,kar ""led nc i d,snc, c ,a i i an"

titr, ,i,r v,,mrr a, a E l r i b iapara,eii isom ,,,P B,,,l> i l ld 8 , ) coucsc o, lvnP bacame

Ih" ,lrOqP,l,lO,r i i IhF ,,,be a, Ni8kiii"

,,,e Nalxri rsireie., a clam "1 peorlr wuh qur,,m a, ,eadPrrh,p

ll,e" cdlvc" o r an ndrVend.,ll "ol,l,o,l or yrom,nence i l ro dmorlylf other ,,,be.

T l ? vorO Nrka mernr a leadar r rh#el s gousrnor II war vied as a I8tIe of

8Yt"only or inrm ol addie88 ' The Ns8Xa8 are alra nl,aol Nslkda The term

Naikda wllh tho d,mlnutl"e rvillx *a $8 used as a term 0, oDntempl ,or Ihe Na,*ar

4," whils ,v,ng a nornad8c ,,,a wsrs iarcsd to ,,"a a lb 0, pavs"" w8tn ooras,,,,,

brulr o, robbery snd raids n asarch ui ca,,,e snd ,bodY'

me Nr,k.s were noma0r Tilay we,e n ConlaE, W,," 8suorsl Ir#b*l and no"

lr8br popvIat8onr b#arr thoy wer l relllel m .her ~ r e i ~ n l habslal " SY vlriuo of

!heir aa18n arrllpiliry they becsmr !as ar8yna nhrblsnli at he#, lerr8tOW Thsy

h""t,,3 ysfherers ,>&he,. rh,il,ng ou\,,va,orr an0 plow" c"l,,"sorr ThP?

clrrrd Lhr farart and \#Ilea thr lano A i lhsy had !ha r8Qht 01 !#rat rlaslanre Of

mr inre,, land ,nsy beam8 mn arneri " b ,,me "asred numberr, other lr8ber

L e DhoOiar Ollb,lr Kvirla, and U";i"xaS also m,gralsd ,"lo th" Na,ka nabla,

Ti," NlS'B* D"YP shelter I0 a,, 'heis , ,"Pi 00v,ou,,y ,,,sic age "lo asror,ai,mE

netwren thn ~ a k a r rind otvlzr trsbo, n the isms i nb~ la t had not msn v8tnaul my

nu,ua I ~ ~ I I U L ce i n e Dnonlri cnnrmnrred t i l e ~ s s h s i \heir iorlai *upanair

~ a i r i m a 110 Onadlai ireel" armtts,g~ed n lirrtr rod cereman~er 1nrre r.re

liilanLBI 01 in l * rnr r i ipeE loo The hiamha p a s , , 0, a c u d*l,"i ,unsl,un.d a,

l i 8 l Y Dil iJ8i ll8"ss lNevirlIlelrir h e N a k a i d,d no, y,ue roun,enrncr ,a ,re

" l l r r l l l E l r " rcr8aI r l P l r i " r l r ",,ill IhP8I OhOdld nr,gibaurr " Rell,,rnr *,wen

ti,? nalrai and 'he ~ ~ h ~ i i and doirrr w ~ r a very d~ i ia rsn t T~I* I ~ I I ~ ~ atso

-Mr&M IlP lolner !he" .,,I nlPsrn,, Evr" 4moupn dli'ereol .,,mi iliB,Bd

Ilie .all i IRO8'al lie,* were vanri8onr n l o r 68b11 nIal8ons hecaus~ ol the liwm#tY

n iuc,r .i,,l,,~.,

I r nru nrrpa,#n~ly rirar llsat lhrougnoul t i le Nisks iieo#lal Ina

Dhoil8ab were n ~ ~ n e r ~ c e y ~ ~ g n ~ t ~ r r n t overrnrdawinp the N ~ S X ~ S H O W ~ V O ~ nc,thr,

n m s me ha~kar nor arnvj7o m s nhdmei D M ~ S and olnar 11br tnare nir any

L"rnP8BX ro?#aI and cu'lural ryrtem. Ail ,,,be8 rprle the same veri,ana of ou,an,,

aa n k language ihsy shried i,m,lar c r o ~ r and r8ml!ar a g r 8 e ~ ~ v i a <ochn8qus;

ThP,, way3 01 h,,d,"D hauie, wayi a, d,"rl,"g wayr ri making rnd ui,ng lmli

wayr o i domell,ralln" Ih. an,,na,, and many Olh8, iealumi d ds8ly l8fe n*s almost

n m r r The econ?my 0, a,, trsbs* i drpendint upon agr,cui,ure and food galherlng

0""llE" IhC irrma,,on ri rr.deralP ""8 I r b a or mu,, , r , l ia "lag@ mmmunl~or

wNnnn racn cammvnnv e a h tmbd popubt,on was viua~ly ~unmnea by tiel o i baud

r n d mnrrlaDe I f u f h , i popuinlnn of each ,,,be W,lh," a " a g e mmmun8ty Wh8.h

nrxi to !hi i a m y an* lineage "ad ter rns tar r,,va and i "c8i l purpose8 t"" mail

lilvwnanl u8lll Thp clan on ills oli8a. l d l d rervrd lo r~g8,lato managor bill Oid

,801 d l " ,I>" l l " l " U i l i n ally corpo,a,e ar,,u,,,mi * I Ir8b.r were s,rangiy

I q I ,,,,,

OUr8nO ths thllesnlh cenlury A D a few Kall and W s r Chiefs Bh#l

Rrlar an" Nalkss beearno ru1en of m e Niiiks hablai They nave, diitulbed ,he

t r 8 ~ r n l y a o o l ~ nrlt#d#nq I h i Na#k#r " " ' Wilen Ihe MuiilmanJ came to Wwer dur8ng

,I," ,Ii,, p.,,I,, ."n,"ry AD , ley never ,n,ariarad W,,h the tr,bsli Towards me

ilri,Plllnn "I !mi ',it-in rclitv na $1 c nornpdahnd sSvsnr ascendad (he timrrrlr

TI- I , , .~ peOP~P .ere lor> undsrl~ r h o tr I, n r ~ mr i 8 x ~ a v j ~ ~ n c r ~ r y

A " ,he Na,la Iab,tsl time rlllirr lilb ,,,lo a' Mugilr l i Tlley ha0 "a I8V.s l o

rr,,QLe o r o mlrd lo rp i l rn Ih i I her

iirturpl#l !he lhllernlh m4 i l r \es ln ~ r 8 l i v r y A D uiln 3hB Nelm le'rlory

, - di,lCd u ~ ~ ~ I ~ I , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ by #he " I E , ~ the l i a i a i onoolas an3 o m (roeis cirarrd

,,,,,,, I,,<, n o e lrl"r, I ict. 7 n ? v i e , r o c lid nlnra an<# avnlablc tor rullvai~nn

I l . ntun1111 ~ P o c l t U ill-nu 1Ull l l8Od LI,OUDh IC Ndlb haO8ldl lilr non

I,,, (8. I ~ ~ ~ ~ I lr8el t a~ r t r r t e ~ rn ln i l e lnn h m lr8ba~i the

i # c # O 0, grsc l u r e me prcirnce or d8iicrenl lr,boi r,lJ c r i1e i ,,I ,ma u r y o

e . u i r t y *.lll#r 1"s hamil nali8lil had rn,,rsy been ionduc,ve lo cu,ure ronlarl*

" 8 , I i i i l ,r,r i l , ,y w d e i C i l r i '

riii ri8br I ~ I C renlalnrc U O . L ~ ~ ~ ~ I I he ~ r r t * a a ~ v c ~ e r d z ~ tns ul i~rr~r

8 i~ ii o8iCl ~ ~ l l e . 31 I ~ P ioui8l eeilll ienlury A D T ~ P great r8si ol l ie Manlh i

V O W P ~ d#il#irl irn hp rli P econnm#c fir oi thc lr8LrIr n Ihs Ys8b habllril W811

llli e.lB"l#iil#nPrl "i lile *arr ,a ,,I" 1 li8" "yi8taenti PenlLry 4 0 ,ha revenue

8 ' l i e Ndlk8 1161a1 was i i r n l d ou! l o nIl l leiol i l leddng and powriul non r#La l$

Tlsy werp r i led Wilmddrs They w e r ~ tho cIl8ii rgOr8ti l i irvugi whoiri me Slat?

'CBcled vlilsyr revenur T h y ber"mr the plvoti "i .,,age admlrrlral,on in,"

War* y,ven 08ili ,'"ems, a, the ,and n ,he term a, cn,,rs Ir,bal r,llsg8r plots 0 ,

a8ldP 881d a,ner lob3 and ,,lad" to wri as r"eclor8 a, and rsvenuer ,,om ,ha

Illera ol the r a T ~ P Walandarr were n Ih l farm ot OesaNs Arn~ns Nsrwadsr.

RhB-i##dri arid Prlcls "' A i the Walanoarl tor roecllng !he rcvanue Mere "on

~ ~ ~ b r ' r tnpy ready arconmoeaieo iisei, ovn islh and km m Ihe lrsbal u l a ~ e a by

y..u,r,nu irltn cvl!8rrb~o and3 rll oranti and ngnlb 01 and ownerrh8c wsr?

c,," lili" O" InP "I ,,~C",,,y I"., worked ,a rlrrnglhe~ an0 roppan ,he rr#rl#ny

.,I "i la", and recllrid land revsnl,Pr lo I,,. Slale In order Lo roieUP ,her*

ublert,vll wr~andr,, u~~rtmoneo n r y ~ n e revenus an" anmsnriratsve

~rinrarln~l we. ca r r i ~o out tmrouql me nzdum ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r t ~ ~ ~ r n e r a u i mlaan

n, i e r r , r i rritri a180 nl,grvrd " ( 0 Ilr Naka hah,,a, hecnvre ,"a,, reru,ces rere

"riahidry V d l ,he a~,,c"i,L#n i n d nor.l0r,c,,,trra canes who m i n e tho Nalrr

, i P i . I l r ,,-rnanen nn tn i ' ,

, , l , e e ," i iF , l lh :ell",,, A D 'nc Nr,kr lnrr8lory *,$.rirCd drough a

.#erioc o l ilrl8ltrai f r r lnv The lrmbal rulllvalor nad lo pay rsrrnue and oiner rbrer

ir ni nay be iererr l ,nlzi a yaar sv~lani o l ~ u l a r a x the Mardlnn

I ,rv. or P,,Wd. rnli I , " u:r taoys ri Gi r iwao mDoled aB,t,onil Dudens

0" ,n* l i ," , ,~, "us, anr anove Ih"," mpori0 by me \acr " i ~ n l o , These riel"

1~8mrr lpv8ki ov Qbberi k e h e P##n.lu r Mewain BI81ls and other r r8mnl Iwbe3

tvllo lhrPilrnccl !he yeireil#l r891 l i e of tne#r Prllrd~cr dPpr0di1<10111 All ' I l i ie

cv ,e , ,il,"i" i heavy bud". m >i,e l,,bBi iarmrs who "rere driven 1.07 o,,,ar to

D O I l I0 borrnI ~ O ~ P Y from r rd iar r l i or money anlo.3 or Waf rndr r i Thore

orrrmi u8lderlwX orymen a! l l le <ever iecrveird them horn Ihs lrlba larmlrr

Ymlde ior8a dno emnom8c pre l run In lhlr p rocs i i Ihs t r l l a popvlal8on k e (ha!

d 811s ~amia i ~ho08as ms O U P I ~ S and In ohankrr B ~ ~ ~ Y L I I Y foal tile,, p,opr,etsry

nghl8 over a n d ,,'

Thp p,ors.l 0, pBIIlng \he land ,,am me tribsia lo avelal lnLomlnn

r,on,,,ba,i Eonl,n"ed unabated A, .inr ileg,"",ng 0, the n,nstesn,n crn,ury A D

,nei i m ,n,,uxo, non,r,aa papu,a,,oni ,"to ,ha Nalha habilat Wllh ,h#r the

u a y r r ~~~b and vap~ m the ~ a ~ k a area gisv up nto lawns Alia

revari, b,y " a g ~ r nav,ng norllr lba cunren,r.t,mi also rprang up "tne Na8m

land8 Culture conlac, bslwsen lr,bsls and no" lr,hali b e a m s ntenr8"e The

procair "I pruper,ia,,an a, Ihc ir,oa,r nEl"d,ng ,ha N a i l * lool 1% itrang rooti

hacaur~ ~ 8 t h tile n i u x a! nan lr8bsl pop~lal8onr !hi pmrerr oi grrbh~ng tho land

"9 ,,,bile hid i ld led ," ,"I rr,no rile'.lePs,y n rnnn the aR,,E"lt"ra I,,b iu.,n,ri

,rl,,,,,l,r ti,,, 0, 7 " Nlmhrr becam" comn,r,r,y o , io rg in r~d n rans*uence or tie

I,,., ,rv"ill,r ry,,rrn dll"",ld by , h i Mirl,,?li ' I

The Rr#r#ih iytfpm Y! adm~n~slnl~on was rsspons8bIs tor ir#trodu~#ng

vdi8our Ll#r#lyos I mr l i e and r a y of v l n y a! i l l Va8krr Ohad8irr all0 other lrlbilr

Illr Na8k1 Irblal csnls uwdr. the 81811sh n 18,s A O Br#l#sh ownad ?alllaads

cOnilrUrl i" i "stwork oi all wsatnsr malorabls rordi and ,nl,od"LBd a new revenue

system o i lnral~on The s,hryi and ra ro i irru,rd ,he muu*,nen, oi people and

UoYJl @*Ween ll,ba and non lrlbs areas ma "on l , , l , S who were money k"M8

~ i m e ,,anl many soc~a gro~spr They lnr~vded var,etrar d ~ a h a r s i h ~ r ~ , ~ irom the

LlOldl l ired5 MdrWaO S#n#n Bohrsi i'arr8S Mslriln Ghanrhl Bhalys Pslhan

an0 Lanalla They also ncvded G.,a'alls irom ,ha bolder and atnar ereai Piniv,,

Brahmsni Kunbl Pal~dsr the Patelr the Brnlar and h e Prr.8~ They sll iettlsd n

dmnerenc u~rgas n the walka me pr,nelp,s land oxnerahlp

fhs r8Qhf a! allot~~ng me land to the ~avernmen~ ~ i rnsd ~ 8 t h sum i8gh~ ths

Govammenl re iusd lo rscaen8re the r8ght ol i8rsl clearance of forssl ilns lnli

depl8ved #he ~ r ~ b d i a1 ons of thsr fundaments r ~ g h t ~ that was rsoognsed by me

early ,us,r when ,he ~ , , l , ~ n ntraducsd ryatwar set t~sm~nt the adue rulsvmrs

"i Ih* r., an pr*r,e,.,i I" ,t,r canten no dl*l,ncl,M a r &awn

bPlumr b~seA~rj own19 oi land and lamnrr who vrpd to my !suenu4 lo the

Guvernnlsnl on behill ul the culllvaari Thr issuled n args scale tmniler 01

,k"d tram me ar,"a, tribal owners lo otherl *no a,, nun ,,*lBk Funher the ti8bala

r,upp"d the,, hold,ng a" add,ng new and by c,esr,ng any ii,,P 01 1orerti

I" ,"l "lanrle. the ron i ra a1 alld paise0 ,,am the tnd,geno"i trlbrli to "an lnbals

,he iOii a, irno rn ,no raotr at Ih* acanam,r DailllCa, and ,al,g,au% rystsma

"1 l"" N a i a i " " '

ti,. liplnrllc irl a y r ~ ~ u v ~ r a a md ncrcarsd rr aq- number 01 non lr8halk

ia,l,ad ,he area. hera,,r. O, ,hs Governmen, a, a,,ov,ng thr ,,on

trlba n 8 ~ m n t i yo menuer tney w~ihod and main the,, own srrangementr in

land a,trar,ed ,,,arz "on ,,,bai. and helpsd them ijread mvir w8dsly on the

"er" be$, 0, ,hm sgr,e"l,"rs ,and In no ,,n,e ,hr "on l,,lilIi who wsrs a ,,,,ell

nnrrtly m compir#ron l o the lr8bals owned maif olths cult8Mbls and n !he Na8k8

8.d 41 l l l t a'W"nr"J o i the l~renllelh cM,ury A" LOB "ont!tba\% &car"* k 0 1

andlords Ihe Nasiar and Ih8 Dhvd88 lor! most of Ih08r rvaabls but ruIr8vrble and

rrld bPErnle ms,g,ns ,srmers lscause a, ,he arpe scale ulurptlon oi lhesr ?en,,"

ldn* by no" tr,*,i and ,he OuOlrl bacrllle boded IaboUrPrr of ,m "0" Ir,b*r

Till? s8tuallon ronl8nusd upto 1 9 0 M e n nd8a achewed ndeplndenrs''m

A%, lndspendelln 1"s Govsrnmsnl 0, M i a nlivdursl Ih8 Land (0

T I e n Pcl n 1067 A& a mrul many InbalJ who had been rsdUrsd10 the a n d l r i

poor became o w n a ~ ol and However murn ol Ihs ssnatsn isnd ranunued la

bs at the hand5 o i me no" ti8haIh me money eoonomy ntsduced b" he no"

lr,baIi also mado d,sartious ,mpait "" a ryitsm a, rg,,cu1,uie 80 wn,cn uroouce

"?ai yrawn ,or ,me,, awn In add,,,on ,a ,h,r n e i economy the new

lul,," n tsrrma o, Sla,"tov ",,lags Panchiiyao atso explo,fed ,ha SnarsnEB d me

tr8bats A frrgmrnted , I organ8ied tribal sacssty wan nu met* to the wsl orgvl8sad

,an* IW",,!" r ,a r i l r ,b i roclely"'

The Slate Gov~rnmrnl oi Oularal mired a Irpilst8un n 1961 io chsck

l i , ld a,,ena,,on Even then becatlie d tap lnopholas n ms Iwliallon Ihr lnMsy

,bndrla ,""Or vlndor* lrrder and mannantr conl,nuad to explat !he l r ld l *

mrlld#ny lllr \n#hus e8ldIrisly o r (her Uenri8f TI!e Plnnnded Act oi 1073 war

Dilt#ohl nlo ri'n~I iron Maxh l i l 3 lo PIYB Ihr sx#ll#nn lropholei Whatever be

I r A r l i tho n r i r Ihal .hould n a have happrrd had already happended As r

c . l ~ mi tngedy oi r v ~ n ~ e i i e x u ~ o ~ t ~ t ~ v ~ ~ lor tile irfbstl dl the nendn

0 , lr,brli me eGmumc o,nsrsnllst,on bstween me li,bals an0 ms tans o w n 0 "on

'nhsr hrcrm" "x'remry marked " "

the riovernmen, o, ,,Idla t roducsd nomsrovl programmei lor ihs

deYBloPmPnl 01 ll,b811 In 1951 F,ve mar Plans w i r p ,ormusled whch lrcludld

,Per" 3hCrm"r ,or lr,ba nPvr,op,nPn, In I Y j ? carnmu,,,,y Davs,"y",en' Prg.:ts

x m n# l# i led n rural and bbal areas By\ 11 1914 M u l f p ~ r p s e Trma1 ~ Y B I O U R I ~ ~ I

B l o r i i rrrr ilnrlsd 8" t r , i a arsas n c l u d ~ n o the NaNia ,orr,,ory to meet me ipec,a,

ilrrdl "I in" fr8baIs The ihlee ,,a, Prnonayal Re, I,,il,l"l,an cam. "lo lpera,,on

m 1883 m ~rilca md m8i rviieln idesimsd bmilei parmc~pa~~on u, tne psap~e

Pl'nnng rrvcesa an0 ai,ec,,ve ,mp,eme"lation o i devilapments p,ogrammer

~ o w s v s r the rsauta oi tnfs ryrtem veis no, ancouraping ~ e s ~ h s r tms cammon,ty

Devoluprnenl Blair, n gensrel nor the T r 8 b Osvslopmenl Bioris m oarl#cul#r wre

> I , TrO*d,,nm , r , s 88B8 11I T"".dlPLD I, 1

18 La,,a#2 828,

louCO,ny ,he 1.~~1 grOYPL ~ n d grmter effort was nzedld la meet b==tc proll'sms

ma tnbals In the F8Rh F8vm Year Pirni (1971 19181 Ihs lr~bsl dewlopmsnl P Q ~ E Y

W I I Orasllray '*",6sd an0 Ensnged T,,F ~ancep, d lolegraled Tr8h Oeveopment

#he S~heduled Tr~bes md Scheo~ad Areas W#S evoIwed As a result *I lhli

e8ghl Tr~bel A n 8 Sub ylir ls have been iormulalsd lor accsisral8nn ovarail Eoc80

eronam8c d~velopment o l morl af ma l r l la aiean mcludlny ths Nrkr hab8lill ""

err,iir. organ,,l,,o"r rave also inrmed and ,r,ed ,or reiorm snb

d ~ ~ e l o y m ~ n l among me Nrkrs"

r Ih" pa*, ,,fly yBdr6 118 ax,a of Valrsd Par0 Yay re0,on embrac,ng much

i i lilt Nr#ir ferrsivry i iai grvw8ng or on l d u r l r bell"'md pu8le a numb"! 01

N ? , k T i haup ,mien to nn,>r,,,a aha", rnd ather lo la and mOonanl means of

v e n o v o

Eve#> loday most al the NaNkai k a !he ,Bi t at Vls lrsbar In salalsi v a p s i

ice I r rhe r n d v,ilbly u#llldy n,ll l i ,r ,y il,," tila," lv,ng nsrr il,gger ",llag*l and

owns are c~eansr one Y B like tns p a a m t i m ms nsNgnnournood ~ n ~ r e 8s a

urnera dPP'oach l o me noher standard 0, v,ng i o o w t d by tho psoir,rs n l e

"e8gilllouhovd w h c e a i ronli 01 I h i N"*ili who h ive irrured h,gnsr sducsl,cnal

'talus Fllr8"r as Iaarherl or ar a8nyIoyses 8" some Qausmmsnl and p,,"l,e

or~aniatsnnr nave made a mark n me oca i nsilory of the ~ a l k a torr,ton( ~~~l

m i (me educated ~ a s i r i md "lie, trsaa~i h ive a i l the epprohsnson and senan ai

nienYl8lY (ha! used la r l b c l Ine trlba plpuIat8on ahnut hsll a csnlury ago ''

ih8i br8eihlalOri at the Nskar show8 how the NsLa roc8ety wan nsrer

a olosed group and how in 1"s wake of the mpan of campex a e n c u k u m I

numerous atreams of cu~nvre rontact havs opsratsd an a large rats n

lsrrltory lor iuii#c#enlly e lonu per~ad a! ,,me By resron a1 cnnilanl conlacl w8ih

oners .spei.8ey the ver8rua atrrta ~ , ~ d ~ ~ NB~XBE naw expersencsd a

,,u,,,brr o$ cnrnger mn8r technology languws i#nshjp nrvnnmy oal8l8ci and

brl,e,r and rlhe prra,,cei The,, mo,ner,ongu Ne,k or Na,kd w"8ch s

a m,xture 01 B ~ , I ousra~, ~ ~ ~ ~ t n ~ hri undargone ro much ~hanga lnai bilnsng

iiw m o n o them ai fncm now a days w s a i only ~u~ara#m #he ov~oc~

tansrags 0 , me Stale The educ.Fd 304 iome of ,now ,l","Q n "rbarl cetrei can

iocr i HI^ as w e me r,nrn#p e r m i nave bean rep~acsd to some zxlenl by the

ora Gularal local lermr ArpeFI. oi "#nin,p lmau,D"r also snow rvne rieavsyrr

iim nglnlrr prarl8cer of Ih i i n d u Fs8ghilourr hive also Open sdayled Oeill8ls

lh%hF Chdl"jPC l " 1 l r i 3 ramelil8nq t i a t can,,nvs i,*e lnvil,blr thread whlrh can be

r r e d trrntlollr 10nlettl~cljl Wicil Ldn be nlrljnater mooorn 1hs prermnt

'.dY atlelnpl. ir yolllay a 98rlurr 0. #!IS dynam,ci d me il"Sh,P system of thm

Nr,kri

ore than three decades ago thple aopeared a a m a monograph dean"

vwtn (me stnnasrapny a! the aha as manaorapn devatse only ,we oaoes l a

tmr b n a r p 0, the N ~ L U S T ~ B ~ l e ~ ~ r ~ t ~ o n QSYBS a I S , of ms iNnsnp ,ermr and an

iEC"Ul l l Of mi. h8rlihlp bannvon a< ,ha Namar 'I ia,s, *o mars n"d,er navo

PrOYIoCd L O l l l P i l i l , " " ldb,*i 0, i,nrh,p tsrms 0, B",, ovals N a L a,,,, Gam,,," ''I

Ppiirt ,,Dm lilesn l","" rtvdlrr there mi no olhel ifudy Wh,* prov,"ar 8 dptabd

"irount 0 , " ,he , ,me hlnrhlp aryer, of tho Nd,kSl or me Evllvre and roc,s,y of ("0

Ni lka l Funher more "0 rasearch ,,as evsr bten "odelaken L" study ,he actual

dynamcr of allhsr the E"ll",P and 1 0 E , d Y Or lhB il"ih,p argan,ra,,an of the Nalias

Tnereiore th~r 8s a gap n the rn throp~~ag~ca reasarch s*ac~sy w~ih leieranee la

inat pertammo to ths tr~ber n western n o ~ a once #he prersnc wudy a

humble ellon lo exsmns the k#nsn#p iyriem among me Nalkar n Gularal

>SE S h h ,me ,he ,m'

,2@ #b,d ,*5*

08dICTIYESOFTHE STUDY

Th" "bleet"e 0, ,he preren, e,,qury r to descnbs a n a p e and lnlerprst

,he ilnrhIlsyrtPm me ~ ~ ~ a r n spaenand (,me ~ n s i p s c ~ i r ouec tve i r i the rludy

arc

,! To "ndetrlrnd In" Ilad#l#oral i lnlh,p ayacem at the Neskar

'I To inaw IhO "at",. of ,rani,,,on a, ,ha trod,t,vns Xm6"p syslsm nto

the pirent knrnsp system the ~ ~ ~ i a r a i v a end

# # # I To p8npoml the spec#l,c role r i ths hlslar8ca l#ngulsl#r ror8a and

other ,ar,o,i rnd ,arioi n r,,or,np the ,rad,,,anal Na,ka *,nrh,p

lsrmnolow~ a8ld OLheY8OUr 10 l i BX#It#ne I l s lu I

The r a , , L I W e asthe iD"C,i,C Yb,DC.,"B~ f0G"b thhhh hI,S"I,III ,,a, 0" tYO" ,hP

lII~,t,,l,lir llini8t80ni md contamporrrl i 8n inmp iys'cm ui the ~rmiai but a~ro the

i~,~,,,~, ',,,, ,,la, n,,u",,rad ti," lrldo,,", " n i h p ryilBm l o acqure the trans,,,onr,

a81d ,hen the roncemporary formi ~ n e reru~tanl study r a dNacnranNc study dep~cmng

Ihc nynamci a, the N i h r iosnp iyitem rcraim i c v r r r gcnera,mi

METHODOLOGY OFTHE STUOI

Are8 of lh. Study

Tile draa o i tile bluoy r Varad O8slrrt n Ihs Slalevi Gumrat h e Ou?sl#on Is

whether the Nalkai v,ng r V i i n d D,r,r,cl a n ,no isp,siona,,vsr *i,hB reat o f h e

N a k i i Fllil a reconno,,er,ng rurvay or tho ysWnphcd d,ilr,bYt,Dn 0, the ,,,be6 of

O v i i r i t shows the msx,mu,n concen,,ai,o,, a, ir8ba pp"lat8on r 8" ,he D,rlr,ct Dangi

Hovsver 8, ,I 8" "aaad D,rll,r, r,oneune can nee Ihs miix,mum number 0, ,,,be#

llY8"Q lagethrr In term% d t n b a papua,,an Yalsad D#rtr#ot omup<ss s sscond poa,,,on

"ex, lo Oangr O,dr,cl The Dlilr,n "aliad r mors hsferogensous than any olher

Dsli8olm the mats oiGu,arst sois, as ,ha t rba papulal8on6are c.nosmsd one ran

eai8ly inow now ms Nalkaa are r , n g amidri a number 0, oms, ,,be. reprssenla,,".

aifho state

s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ cuilurrir and sac~a~ ly me N ~ ~ x ~ ~ liv8ng n me ve~iro DSrnrtct ale

~ , l i l u r i l ~y and roc8ay s8marlo thore l l lilealher parts of ihh SIIII I l ls nal so d#il#Evll

I 2 nul~ce I r l v c ~ o c u l u r r homoyenlly oi !he N a b s n Vslasd O#Elr#rl and In other

O#nr#:o

i n r d y tho haillel a1 the Nahai m Yssiid Orlr8ct i ilmar l o the habllalal s

" a i l na,or#ty ol the Ne8Xi lrdaad more #man seven lbnlhi 31 Ihs Ne8kir i8vs n a

l a o r , i , r r r totno onerx,r,mgr the L>#nr,r, ""d* r~ference AS many other part

0ii"e N i b nib8tal 8 " ihr "allad o~rlr8claio one C i m sal,," lrEaleaieusoialrdor

rmm*a ielllprrrnr liullerour a e m r o a l l d ne,,,srneno and s few acculuraied

,cl lIrtr#rr~li "I I l ~ ~ N a # k a ~ F u r l h ~ n n r f a ~ early # d ~ n t # f y tho lranlhana Ulelrani#lhonal

dl70 me mcoern yallerni oil8ieol lie Nalkai I,, the car,eipond,,ig W l i d ssm, liolaled

i u i ~ ~ u t u r a t e ~ ~p~t~ernpnt io i the Nar is

F~~~ ma nverl~gatar be,ng i a m l ~ a i w ~ t n me t r 8 b a nrbttlt n theslate lormare

I18m yhirr and o i n W l8s i8Fld Y l X and knrwlsdya anloC>s Ihbb hslllsnlzntr

~n ~ r r l e l i nu! lime nveilqolol under 101 suionel ol the Antihomlcgua Sitwry of

" d 7 wi.,rh n i 8s a nasearcn oii~rer an n t , n a ~ e i,,ornrdua oi lhs d,itrluut,vr

poolat8on an0 urblnlialon of the l i b i i hiis nrb03hm 10 ldenlliy Ihe railom Nalba

i'llc,nr,,li mo tiler gallen3 at na'8sI rul"ral reremblanrsl and dliaenEcr "ode.

time npact uinduitr~aral>on and llibaolsal8on mi#% lvrths saran. rn~nt~oned abvvs

the Oll i8cl Yalrad haibesn rhoroll lorthe P R I ~ ~ I 8ludy

Bslenlon of ~ettemontr

After hav,np deo8d.d me arai 01 ,l"dY th rs,,,smsn,s uhsrs ,he lleld wok

hss lo be ronducted are chossn on the bas!$ oilyilsmatlciampng prvoeduie F,#l

the setllsrnen~a w h ~ h are nolaled semi >sola\sd and totdly accu~tumiedars dentfled

and ,#%led out

Nexl on \he basls o l (hlr In and on \he basis of sliatfied random sampling

procedure ars three reli~emenci are choasn aaml reprerentno (he s o l s ~ d or rural

reillemen, Chanwa rsprsisnt,ny a r e m solaled 0, ,",be" reltlement and At"1

reprerzntng an irrullursted or urban rett~emsn~ A I ~ h s three p a ~ s s yressnt a

con,nuvrn m wh,rt, Barn,, > a t one en6 A,", 1 % a, tho olhel end and m%nwa l i ", lolwesn a d they ieileolthe lmd8fons lrans!llonalandmodernwey~ olIsoltheNil8Xas

EOIISEtlO" 0, OBI8

rhmbfa wen cniene" b r 1w9 year8 n threp ~ t ~ n ~ r each extendog aver seven

lo or n8ils manihr m sach relllemsnl Tho cvlleci8an oi da:a war rlacisd loimslly n

DeOember lBB4

irrri tho nued8gatar staysd n Ihe solaled viaye a1 Brmli lor almost rtvan

manlhsard coscled thodata Sscond n n s nonlhi wsreipsn, m Ihessml solated

iallloment olChrnsailo ColecilhP daia F8ruliy eight monthiwwe spsnl In Rfvl the

uibiinlzed cttllemsnl !a colleci Ihe data Tlur altayeikitwa yeair wre ipenl m Illr

l d d centres lor Ihepu,pria already msnllornsd

Theenablrhrnenl a1 good ispuorl w8th the Naksr n Che Enonen pLce3 her

been msde esrer becsuir a1 parim conlacti betwren the researchar and the lacar

Aller lenlng down n each reillemenl rani8derabIe per8odi of ,#me were spent t o i l ID

98, aquain td Ihe rerearrhrr will fhs Nr~kai Olr8ng (hens n8llaI canlcfb 3 0 !ha

N4ikBluere nhrmed a h " , Ihr natureai Ihealudy and nadgven them aame ,nd,ca,,ons

a i to IheNPedgilosfons lheymlghl be pur lornrwsr meis premlnary procedures

and o good Denphsrs dsnt,t,csl,on conlr,bulsd much la oblanlng a ycod entry and

PlldDlJha mPPOrt !rdbeleld

TO procssil ~8th the caect~an of data a compels census ol eilrh n*reuem

E o m p e d 7"s osnrur rchsdulp ncludad ques,,onr on demogrspny ncoms

oCCLlPdtlOn sdUCal,On and hald,ng am\gra,,on some sipmrti ni Iac8a i i rvciure and

ma,er,si purleulmnr BY ,he imr ,he oenlv l work war rompleid 1"s nreilmstor

V81 able 10 have FonlaEl U,lh a m s Na,kao and ,,la Nnkrs nave armpled me

nY"ll,gelor 85 ,ha!, ,,,and A ,err ,eii,m,* wars anenbed rnd ,,,a act,vt,si an the

o r a r ~ n werrwalcncn bythp nvsstgator

A D B ~ ~ from ~ h s scnedua much lnfarmaiinn wai e In ted through falmai

Eonvzmsl,onl TO Undemtand ,he OUlInokand LILInnnnnnnn, ,ha p 8 , uar ie,t,,a,

sl l8mei it would tx 0006 lusl lo r8l around and Islk w lh Ihs psayls n an nlormai

iltmo~phem ~ m a ~ o r p i r t d t h s m f o r r n a ~ ~ ~ on contsas~tuatmnrano cmtactprocssss

b i d e r changoi n varoui mspects noludlng i8nsnp behsvmur an0 tsrmnolog"cou*l

b*oble,nsd 8" lh,suay

Few cars h i l a r e i were iolectdlrom dflerenl ndmdusi WhlEh F R 5"b,"CI

Tv careful ioru,,ny beion drrwlng concuioni The caie h8slone8 were rupplemenld

by tho data rallrrted by msanr of obrorvsrlvn tarhnouer Many of the r8luaIa and

lrll"sl8"ild ""l,"D thh P~r,~dof,""~BffBBfff" f f f * d o d o " The Oservallma usrs

m061ly no" 0anrpan, although. ar.narnaunta, pan,n*r,on *a0 warranled n i o m s

oi lne isst~va~s

AnslySls ol Oafs

The data #nus calaclsd ware snaysea n accomanca *,ti. m e oh,sclnes at the

suny A real maarure a, *engs csnnat be *,a,nea uobsa ,hen .re &,"dl88 a, LWO

d,,ierinl po,nrs 8" 1,ne ""a way mr ia,a,,on ran be hrnGI8d.na i,ng,e r,,,,,y r to

lii ,ha Naka* about thP rnangsi Ina# ,hey hive adnnlsi nvsra nvsn perad "i ,me

4nolhar way aspec~ay ~ 8 t h iaierance to nor matema changes s la ,all back nn

Ie r i l u r8 both imprsil,onnc and syi,erns,,c l a ndcale me cnanpea that havs l a i o n

p~iie~mono the ~ a k a r ~1 that a n bs don- n ~ h s i ~ n q ~ e audy 16 10 orsssnl ~ h s d m

and nd,cals ,he trends ratnar than l o maia dsi,ne a.re,,<ani "bo", the cnangpr Inat

h l Y B laken placeamong Ihs Nalkar

8 ordl lril"ll8onl and ms8nrrei of the N.,iaa n ra is, i s ,,ley d" no,

crncsrn lhemei ysna,n,ng l o iernlly glory an0 peirans pr,ee or ,hose

invvMng iuble"8Ye Ideai82at8on The aldsr nlarmantr aped slioua 01

YBrlS BS W B BS thB younver miormsnts bemaen l5 25 yeah md26

50 year8 r r s nterv~ev~d lor ca~~mr t~ng the dots h r tncs rpecsi,c

puiposs

8, Shshr elhvnallsphm am.unlol the Na,kei reilmci8ng the cvnd,l,"nl

Of ike and v log m &el, trabl8on;ll sslflng and

8 , Rsiemncs maanal8 a8 l o ,he N.,kilS rscvrded m lo"8e Governmen!

ol lndia Pubcal8onr Iuch 8% Olrfr lr l Gazetteer! Csrlrvr RrDailr

UnDubahsd aii,c,a, documents and many m,scssneDur aomunll

The niormstfon obl%#nsd from Ihs oral tiadl8oni and memrr8ei from I l l #

P R Y , " U I el"."oPIaph,' BCmYnlS and oillcla rerartr dQcumenis snd ofher malei8aIi

IS laken as the dercr,Dl#an a, ,he lrad,l,onrl *,nih,p system This dercr,lion IS ? a n d

w8lh the, perlaming l o Ihekmsilpiyrlern oifhu Nakasm rvlal*d rem, roleledand

TcCUIII8IIIOd areas lo locale md dent8ly the cllanger Rlnorlg the iorrol ai chanyo

me one uhch "as bee" labePed arru,ure contae, r ,den,,i?d a8 prmar(me tnsrhas

eXPniDd ,he Ni,XBP 80 i e " ~ , ~ I e " I I I n I mi,uoncer

T i e anry i r haiinlarrrd IhP m r , hc.o.i ryn,nur appramh Orapoied rnd

adopted by Genrge Pmler Murdock'' As I r n l m l iupleali !h#s approach has l8nks

*Nth evnivfnnnr" pcoloR8caI rlrllrlun, .md i l lnrl,vna srproscnar s,nrs ,h,S r the

ilppmilm used n the yrerent study I S nature W I became svdent nd~ilersnl cnaoeri

it 5 aL#"#alent 8, l o i i y t h r f fh8r i iPPmrEh allarc8 u " me Pvol"t,Dnsry approach a,

ntmnrm n,eier,,n Ihs p1merier 0,cnonpe srpec,s,,y l * , c 104 term dsvslopmmlal

md adupl8vs change W8th I h a ervIog8cr avproach 1 shares an nlercri m Ihr t8si ai

nter@BPBndenCB W t h " and balwssn Oopulatarr and n IhP re,a,,oni bPllDe,,

pOpunl8"or rnd ,her elvlron,l lel l i Bal l me evouilollvly arld rroluglial ayprovchrl

do "08 tonon r,ruc,ura and iVncllnna rpIal8onr v81n8n Ih" B l Q r r an0 ,,lo," ,IIC,US,YO

frame *or* prov,ded by the acoog,ea ""d luo,,lt,onary ps,spec,,vea one can

sgllmrtsly r b e dlr ayproaih as a nlrvolvrrl ivnclonai scnluy~sl evulullonsry

I P P ~ ~ " C S I ~ C B 1 nmrpomt~a the eesan18e elemento or the four appraarhpi io8

,he rake oi EDnven,enEe however 8, may bs re,errsd lo s,mp,y as 8"s ayo,ha,G

approaoh Thus urnp the iynthel8c approach dalr relrl8ng l o Nalie L8nshlp are

inalyisd

M"#d0.k IM4S

ro beg," ~8th ~het rsd~t~una~s~nsn~p ryslem r ana~ysed rneorderai

irJlmar l o heanci~owedbyMurdoEk F8rl theslrvrlure o l the NakaX#nlh#p Isrmr

I8 anallsed second Ins cr,tsr,a "sod 4°C crsr,,y,ng me Nslka i,nsnp tarmi are

dsl8"elled m8rd lhelarmnolag~cal~yrl~mibaied U r n " mus,ns rnd ,,nr,s n,ereiarmr

are denlied ivurth the pattsrna of Xlnihlp bsha",aur are anay isd i , l lh me

ddermmants oi L8nahlp sptem am clearly pm pa8oled and i8nally Ihe ohang~ng total

ktnahpryiiem 13 preseeed m a lymhol8olarm n lermial Muldackr yraredursi

sdW\sd r h e ana~y3ng the trrni~ums~ and the madern

i8nShp vjrtems ai Ihe NaLar Thls syslamallr anaiyria has became Ursfvl la

mmgnang ihs tr i ld~l#ona aani8t10na and translorme6 k8nrhw witem8 d Ihs Nalkrr

dnd identlfy8ng Iherhsnger along wlh Ihe pwabis lorras and factors reapanS8bls lor

,he orn,cu,rr typs o, i ,n ihp ryitemr atthe Ne,har

OROkN16ATlON OFTHE STUDY

The anlculallon a? fhc dale trpll p l e i ~ n l r Ihe organ~sallon a, Ihs rludy

Chaplor 1 I8nlrOdUclQry ildoy8Dli Ihu i#nsh#p sludler al 'no V # l l # i n ind8a lo higll

lgnl how Ihs lradllonnsthnoSraphes ME" ware the only sludlss ,ha, #as, W l l Ihs

hlnihp at d,ffelrnl Irbea 8" , d , a how i0,ne 0, ,ha repor,r aliEIei gsrcttesrr

IrorldDlrYhi d"d chrmnclsr spp,rred atsr tr d e n 8xc"rl"ely wth the i n s h y aspec,

o ia iBW lrlbBs how Lnihlp rludlelara yrl lo ha made u8lh rmiprenre$o n uaa nalorly

o i the IrNbei n th- Northern Ccntla Eailern Nurlh Eaitsm Soulllern and Weiterr

ley,YnS n I,ld,a alld h ~ w d , r r ~ p , , l , n g n lir overs, rersarci 9" Ihr hl"ih,P s,u*,er n

oenerif and n the LNnsnNp sludier pena8nlng lo tma ~ a , k a r n lail~cu~ar ths

Flnllem of the study Ihs isaaons lor Ihe cholcs d l h s study l l n ams and ablecl8vss

D l ,he iludy Ihs melhadalogy adaotsdiorro.;l,ng anal"li,,gand nlerprl,ng thedata

~ ~ y l a r 2 drpc~s t ie i u r o nconomc backorouqd ui the ~ r i s i k (hfi regam

the d~sE"ISl0n cen,eri around ,he env,ronmen,a demrgrapnc emnomtc po,,,,n,

mIg8ous and d e ~ ~ l o ~ m e n 9 1 condl8ona oi I h Nallas The d#rruar#on show8 thal Ihp

rnc,s culturn system a, Ihe #aka* s depsildelliun revera, $',on I, r no, ,"a, s

~"ert80n 0, nlernalcultuia var,s,oni h", a,$oellernali0yP,ca mr,a,,anr The mraur

forma o la fmuiuhch the NsNkas recs8ve are h h oxtsina and nlsrna Eventhaugh

iora long (#me they wed a n d a r s ~ t i~vlng intne~r own nstlltal tneyhavs nacerrapsd

from the niusnce aftne rutvre ron~aotprocsir ~ o r e i p e c ~ ~ ~ c a y spsaing thererre

but, physlca end s a , s cullura ,ac,ars MlCh an as r t , m u In the case of me Naikal

me desor,ptlon gveafne deialia of tnslayoul wards and souat compr~~uoo 01 thn villrgc

ienementi n vrdar ,u show now ,he rocla sconm,c cand,ams a, tns Nsirar are

nnuenced by the I m n ~ a l randtlanr ai the rsttisrnent i h e mare oulrlde nilvenosl

,ha, Ih. ie,,smsn,r havs sxoar,sncen Ihs more changsr nave tsksn piaos in lhP

rnn*,,,oni o i Ihs Naiar Ths dsrcr,gl,an i sro mad. W,lh r#ier*nre iutrsnrprli and

olbsrcommllncallan hnllar pml8mly la urhanardnduilnalarsas avalaO8illy OIim8al

and eronorn,r n i t t u 0 , a , ir , ,ar dl"erli,ed empoymsnt oppo""nl,ei village

Badorihpand the sropi lor CrnlaEl run ,he caste ne,ohbQ"ri

Chao*, 3 ax..,"., I,,* hinihiy yrvuoi i t la irmlly lh inragP Ihc clan

,me sull,,bs an0 \me ,,,be8 Ths os,a,ir oi ana,vs,s rsveas now ,me cia" l a 6

h r o m e 1 lhlng al Ih? pall i s 'hc Naskiir can0 lnln mol? and mare canlncl ,u#t'l

the EaSIP nelghbouli and how Ihc hirk is have iduylod cenrn rnirr8ayl pranicai

rrd tsnlsly cuitorni wh~ch ars s~m~>ar la (moss ot tns~r casvs ns~gnnour~ ma tata~

analyjt i ~ h n w s how they nivo ~ t l o r ~ d tnc,r n,rrr~rve pmcljcer and isnrhsp ~ravpr

n accordance *,I, lile need of ,he contact r,,,at,onr and ,ha mrv,sn, need 0,

lllsg,dl,"ll 0, llle,, h,"Sh,P laments I a,rr dsali W,lh ,ha *,nrh,y uragss a, the

~ a j * a i ms ana~ys~s ntynlfgnlr the mtterni o i iemuanco and d,iieroncn ,n nlatierl

01 respec\ rprprvtdness nt8malc brhrv80~ avrldanre lol8ng and leXnunyll "4

mc Na8was and (nemr H,"d" nD,yl,do"ri

Chnpler 4 and 5 dliEUiEsi ,"a lradlllOnsl l l lnt,i ,ond and ,ranr,omon L,"cnp

ayitema of m a ~ e k s i ,ha analya,s i h o w r n a x t h e ~ a ~ h a k ~ n s h p t e r r n ~ n a ~ ~ g ~ by ti

mads oiuae by irllngurl,c r,ruc,ure by& range alaDpca,,on and by ,IS re,e:,,*

ci81sr8a used lor olarritying tho relal~vos has ~bsra iy taken i ivm the cssts nsgnmura

end ivllsbly modlileo tnsss e,smanu to I t nta ,a own ,ramwork a make ,.el, an

orgao8ssd odapt~vs lunnjana! lafaty R othar mrdr the d s r c ~ i ~ o n anowI how ih.

~ e ~ k a a have borrowad cenaln k~nship s~ements from lhs,r advanced nelghbovn how

Chaptsr B axamnsa me delerminanli 0, Ns,ks L,n.",p me nna,wm ibowr

how r~rtasn nrtorscal lactors ~ ~ n g u ~ r t ~ ~ elemertr Euitonli oi prpierent8a~ lnarr8agsa

and the Londt8iUlinn OLLln and oral groups hrvs delsrm8ned the lrrdll8onai 18nihiP

iyilem rr I had coma to bs an0 i ou coil,an r8tuallans a,,er, I,rlga,al. slamenll

"ii"~ll0" 0, curlomi oi pre>"icnl,a mrrnsse adop,,u,, o, new eiemm,s "lo me

iusnlmhg "l i e larnlly have glvcrl n new iorm lo tnp,, *,Irh,p ryr,srr ," llle

l.anrlio,idl ano Pirr,", r ,age i

chapter I ororen~i r br~e i iummary ui the ,m1d,s1oa an4 some r8gnli8csn~

ionr lu i~Yni drawn w,m rrionnrr to ih* dynrm8"r ol *a#*# *in;nm sys,sma