m. tommasini a, m. innocenti b, g. adembri a, m. gherardelli a, p.f. pellegrini a, g. poli a monthly...

M. Tommasinia, M. Innocentib, G. Adembria, M. Gherardellia, P.F. Pellegrinia, G. Polia

Monthly Average Sea Surface Temperatures over the Tuscan Sea

The European Association of Remote

Sensing Laboratories

(b) Satellite Receiving Station

University of Firenze (Prato Campus - PIN), Italy

(a) Electronics & Telecommunications Department (DET)

University of Florence, Italy

4th Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone "Coasts and Climate Conflicts" June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece

June 18 - 20, 2009- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania - Greece

29th Annual EARSeL Symposium- ImaginEG Europe

2


• Laboratory presentation

• Archive of satellite data

• Data processing procedure

• Results

• Conclusions

Overview



3


http://maresat.ing.unifi.it

Prato, Italy [ 43°53',134 N; 11°05',942 E]

• Direct reception of data from METEOSAT7, MSG, NOAA satellites

• Software development for real-time satellite data processing

• Availability of TOVS-ATOVS, SSM/I, MODIS data

• Maintenance and updating of the Receiving Station data archives (satellite data available since 1997)

• Network services for management and sharing of archive products

The Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB) of University of Florence (Prato Campus) - Italy:Direct reception and real-time elaboration of satellite data



4

SATLAB: Hardware for receiving and real-time processing of satellite data

METEOSAT7, MSG reception antenna (Ku band)

NOAA satellite reception antenna

Hardware for data acquisition and processing




5

Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB - PIN):Archives of satellite products – Data Storage

Satellite productsAvailable images

Period

AVHRR-NOAA Raw data 32‘00013.07.1997 – 30.11.2008

MVIRI-METEOSAT7 Raw data

80'250

22.02.2001 – 01.01.200220.12.2003 – 31.12.2006

SEVIRI-MSG Raw data 90'00001.01.2006 – 30.11.2008

SSM/I-DMSP Raw data 5'06001.01.1998 – 31.05.2007

SeaWiFS-SeaStar Raw data 7907.10.1997 – 03.03.1998

Projected LST, NDVI (Sicily)

23001.04.2006 – 30.08.2006

Projected SST (Tuscany) 3'50013.07.1997 – 30.11.2008




6

Satellite Receiving Station (SATLAB - PIN):Time schedule of passages and Coverage Area


Time schedule of NOAA satellite passages

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

0.00

1.30

3.00

4.30

6.00

7.30

9.00

10.3

0

12.0

0

13.3

0

15.0

0

16.3

0

18.0

0

19.3

0

21.0

0

22.3

0

Tim e [UTC]

NO

AA

Noaa12

Noaa14

Noaa15

Noaa16

Noaa17

Noaa18

Noaa19



7

Telecommunications Laboratory, DET - University of Florence:Algorithms and procedural development of data processing• Continuous, regional environmental monitoring

• Development and calibration of algorithms for land/sea geophysical product estimation from satellite data

• Development of procedures for satellite data analysis

http://labtele.det.unifi.it




8


Data processing procedures 2164 passes of NOAA 12, 15, 17 and 18, with maximum elevation exceeding 50° over Tuscany region, were considered

Noaa-15, 17 e 18 Monthly passages

05

10152025303540

07-2

005

10-2

005

01-2

006

04-2

006

07-2

006

10-2

006

01-2

007

04-2

007

07-2

007

10-2

007

01-2

008

04-2

008

07-2

008

10-2

008

mounth

Pas

sage

s Noaa-15

Noaa-17

Noaa-18



9

Data processing procedures First step: count extraction and data geolocation


Suite software ‘AmEDIT’

• extraction of the geographical area of interest from received satellite raw data (count);

• extraction of the time-code for every scan line;• time-code regeneration for those HRPT frames which are

recognized as wrong or not present;• clock error correction [4];• data geolocation, based on orbital parameters and scanning

geometry [5];• calculation of sun distance, sun-satellite elevation and azimuth

angles;• detection of corrupted pixels in received data • count radiometric calibration for obtaining sensor brightness

temperature;



10


• SST measurements with cloud classification; • Mercator projection, using WGS-84 Datum and cloud-land-sea

masking, obtained by segmented interpolation, in order to improve SST detection near the coast [3];

• data registration in Mercator projection;• computation of SST monthly average maps on a pixel basis;• SST mean evaluation in elliptic or rectangular sub-zones of the

region of interest;• SST monthly mean plotting in the considered time interval, in

order to compare the behaviour of the different sub-zones.

Data processing procedures Second step: SST measurements, cloud classification, Mercator projection



11

SST Computation(MCSST)

Cloud Detection(SST Threshold + spatial coherence)

Chain for the calculation of the SST

Bi-linear interpolation, land/sea mask and

cloud filtering

AVHRR Brightness Temp ch.4, ch.5

32 bit/pixel

Sun and Satellite elevation angle

AVHRR SST Mercator projection

16 bit/pixel

Land/Coast/Sea mask


Data processing procedures Sea Surface Temperature evaluation and Cloud filtering algorithm



12


Data processing procedures Sea Surface Temperature evaluation

MCSST = B1 (T4) + B2(T4-T5) + B3(T4-T5)[sec(q) –1] - B4 [K]

Where:

MCSSTSST evaluated with a multi-channel algorithm

T4Brightness temperature for channel 4 (10.8 μm)

T5Brightness temperature for channel 5 (12 μm)

sec(q) Secant of satellite zenith angle Coefficients Bi, i = 1, …, 4, vary with the considered satellite and are different for day-time or night-time.



13


Data processing procedures Cloud filtering algorithm

1st test on MCSST(u,v) [0.01 K] CLD1 (Cloud index of 1st test)

MCSST < 27416 4

27416 < MCSST ≤ (SSTm – ScTM) 3

(SSTm – ScTM) < MCSST ≤ SSTm 2

MCSST > (SSTm + ScTM) 3

2nd test on Grad(MCSST) [0.01 K] CLD2 (Cloud index of 2nd test)

Grad(MCSST) ≥ 200 CLD1+3

150 ≤ Grad(MCSST) < 200 CLD1+2

Grad(MCSST) < 150 CLD1

When CLD≥3, the pixel is flagged as cloudy

SSTm = Average SST of the past yearScTM = 10 °C



14

Examples of Cloud-Land-Sea Mask


Example of Cloud-Land-Sea mask: only the area of the Tuscan region has been classified



15

Examples of geolocated products (JPEG format)Product title:Monthly average Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Mercator (WGS84) Map of Tuscany

Date/time: 12 Oct 2008 / 15:27 UTC

Product type:Geolocated JPEG image registered with segmented interpolation

Data source: AVHRR/NOAA

Represent. scale: 1:2'000'000

Temperature palette: 6 – 26°C




16


Data processing procedures Evaluation of the monthly mean SST

otherwise],K 0.01[T

pixelerror 4

pixel cloud3

pixel land1

pixel linecoast 0

),(

SST

vuzi

zi(u,v) of coordinate pixel (u,v) for 16 bit/pixel SST image ith

TSST is considered between SSTmin (273.16 K) and SSTmax (305.16 K)

)(coastline 0or (land) 1 if 1

1),(

1

(u,v)z(u,v)z

bvup

jj

k

jj

5 v)(u,j

z if 0

]max

SST,min

[SSTv)(u,j

z if1jb

weight matrix p(u,v)



17


Data processing procedures Evaluation of the SST monthly mean

sum matrix s(u, v)

)(coastline 0v)(u,zor (land) 1v)(u,z v)(u,z

bv)(u,z),(

jjj

k

1jjj

vus

),(

),(),(

vup

vusvum

SST monthly mean formula m(u,v)



18


Examples of SST monthly averages (Noaa-16) :1. August20012. January 20023. August 20024. January 20035. August2003

1

2

3 5

4



19



1

2

3 5

4



20



1

2

3 5

4



21

Work description – Area of study and sub-zone

The studied region is the sea between Tuscany and the coast of Corsica, including the various islands of the Tuscan Archipelago,

whose limits are:lat1 = 42° 12’ N lat2 = 44° 30’ Nlon1 = 09° 12’ E lon4 = 12° 24’ E

The elliptical zones have a surface of about 102 square nM, while the rectangular zones have a surface of about 543 square nM.




22

Work description – Area of study and sub-zone

Space Temporal Analysis

Comparison between the average evolution over the Sea of Tuscany and trends on local areas

Monthly Average Calculations


100

101

111

113

117

120

106

108



23

Monthly Average Calculations


NOAA-16 NOAA-15, NOAA-17, NOAA-18

Month index

Corresponding month

Month index Corresponding month

0 07 2001 0 07 2005

.... ....

25 08 2003 14 11 2006

26 01 2004 15 11 2007

... ...

45 08 2005 28 10 2008

Table of correspondances between month indices and corresponding time period of AVHRR data acquisition: from July 2001 – August 2005 with NOAA-16 satellite data and from July 2001 – August 2005 with NOAA-15, NOAA-17 and NOAA-18 satellite data.



24


Monthly average SST obtained from July 2001 to August 2005 from AVHRR Noaa-16 Satellite dataLongshore Tuscan Sea (column 1), Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 458

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28LONGSHORE TUSCAN SEA

SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T100 m

T101 m

T102 m

T103 m

T104 m

T105 m

T106 m

T107 m

T108 m

T109 m

T110 m

Ttot m

m

T122m

Tm nm 122 100( )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 458

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28 OFFSHORE TUSCAN SEA

SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T111 m

T112 m

T113 m

T114 m

T115 m

T116 m

T117 m

T118 m

T119 m

T120 m

T121 m

T122 m

Ttot m

m



25


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TUSCANY LONGSHORE SEA

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_100 m

T_15_101 m

T_15_102 m

T_15_103 m

T_15_104 m

T_15_105 m

T_15_106 m

T_15_107 m

T_15_108 m

T_15_109 m

T_15_110 m

T_15_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TUSCANY OFFSHORE SEA

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_111 m

T_15_112 m

T_15_113 m

T_15_114 m

T_15_115 m

T_15_116 m

T_15_117 m

T_15_118 m

T_15_119 m

T_15_120 m

T_15_121 m

T_15_122 m

T_15_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TOSCANA MARE COSTIERO

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_17_100 m

T_17_101 m

T_17_102 m

T_17_103 m

T_17_104 m

T_17_105 m

T_17_106 m

T_17_107 m

T_17_108 m

T_17_109 m

T_17_110 m

T_17_tot m

m

T_17_122m

T_17m nm 122 100( )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T_17_111 m

T_17_112 m

T_17_113 m

T_17_114 m

T_17_115 m

T_17_116 m

T_17_117 m

T_17_118 m

T_17_119 m

T_17_120 m

T_17_121 m

T_17_122 m

T_17_tot m

m

Monthly average SST obtained from July 2005 to October 2008 from AVHRR Satellite data:Noaa-15 (row 1), Noaa-17 (row 2), Longshore Tuscan Sea (column 1) Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).



26


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_100 m

T_15_101 m

T_15_102 m

T_15_103 m

T_15_104 m

T_15_105 m

T_15_106 m

T_15_107 m

T_15_108 m

T_15_109 m

T_15_110 m

T_15_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_111 m

T_15_112 m

T_15_113 m

T_15_114 m

T_15_115 m

T_15_116 m

T_15_117 m

T_15_118 m

T_15_119 m

T_15_120 m

T_15_121 m

T_15_122 m

T_15_tot m

m

Monthly average SST obtained from July 2005 to October 2008 from AVHRR Satellite data:Noaa-15 (row 1), Noaa-18 (row 2), Longshore Tuscan Sea (column 1) Offshore Tuscan Sea (column 2).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_18_100 m

T_18_101 m

T_18_102 m

T_18_103 m

T_18_104 m

T_18_105 m

T_18_106 m

T_18_107 m

T_18_108 m

T_18_109 m

T_18_110 m

T_18_tot m

m0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_18_111 m

T_18_112 m

T_18_113 m

T_18_114 m

T_18_115 m

T_18_116 m

T_18_117 m

T_18_118 m

T_18_119 m

T_18_120 m

T_18_121 m

T_18_122 m

T_18_tot m

m 07 08 09 10 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 | 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008



27


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_100 m

T_15_101 m

T_15_102 m

T_15_103 m

T_15_104 m

T_15_105 m

T_15_106 m

T_15_107 m

T_15_108 m

T_15_109 m

T_15_110 m

T_15_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TOSCANY LONGSHORE

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_17_100 m

T_17_101 m

T_17_102 m

T_17_103 m

T_17_104 m

T_17_105 m

T_17_106 m

T_17_107 m

T_17_108 m

T_17_109 m

T_17_110 m

T_17_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_18_100 m

T_18_101 m

T_18_102 m

T_18_103 m

T_18_104 m

T_18_105 m

T_18_106 m

T_18_107 m

T_18_108 m

T_18_109 m

T_18_110 m

T_18_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_15_111 m

T_15_112 m

T_15_113 m

T_15_114 m

T_15_115 m

T_15_116 m

T_15_117 m

T_15_118 m

T_15_119 m

T_15_120 m

T_15_121 m

T_15_122 m

T_15_tot m

m

T_17_122m

T_17m nm 122 100( )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T_17_111 m

T_17_112 m

T_17_113 m

T_17_114 m

T_17_115 m

T_17_116 m

T_17_117 m

T_17_118 m

T_17_119 m

T_17_120 m

T_17_121 m

T_17_122 m

T_17_tot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

T_18_111 m

T_18_112 m

T_18_113 m

T_18_114 m

T_18_115 m

T_18_116 m

T_18_117 m

T_18_118 m

T_18_119 m

T_18_120 m

T_18_121 m

T_18_122 m

T_18_tot m

m 07 08 09 10 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 | 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008 period

with NOAA15 (column 1), NOAA17 (column 2) and NOAA18 (column 3) in the coastal areas (row 1) and open sea areas (row 2) of the Tuscan Sea.



28


Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008 periodwith NOAA15-17-18, starting from left over the whole area, over zone 100 (i.e. for coastal sea) and over zone 120 (i.e. for open sea).

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28LONGSHORE TUSCAN SEA

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

28

8

T_15_100 m

T_17_100 m

T_18_100 m

280 m 07 08 09 10 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 | 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TUSCAN SEA

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

28

8

T_15_tot m

T_17_tot m

T_18_tot m

280 m 07 08 09 10 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 | 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28OFFSHORE TUSCAN SEA

ME

AN

SS

T (

C)

28

8

T_15_120 m

T_17_120 m

T_18_120 m

280 m 07 08 09 10 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 | 11 12 | 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008



29

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28TOSCANY LONGSHORE SEA

SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T100 m

T101 m

T102 m

T103 m

T104 m

T105 m

T106 m

T107 m

T108 m

T109 m

T110 m

Ttot m

m


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T100 m

T101 m

T102 m

T103 m

T104 m

T105 m

T106 m

T107 m

T108 m

T109 m

T110 m

Ttot m

m

daytime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-17

nighttime data from Noaa-18daytime data from Noaa-18

Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008Longshore Tuscan Sea

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T100 m

T101 m

T102 m

T103 m

T104 m

T105 m

T106 m

T107 m

T108 m

T109 m

T110 m

Ttot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 278

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T100 m

T101 m

T102 m

T103 m

T104 m

T105 m

T106 m

T107 m

T108 m

T109 m

T110 m

Ttot m

m



30

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28 TOSCANY OFFSHORE SEA

SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T111 m

T112 m

T113 m

T114 m

T115 m

T116 m

T117 m

T118 m

T119 m

T120 m

T121 m

T122 m

Ttot m

m0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28 TOSCANY OFFSHORE

SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T111 m

T112 m

T113 m

T114 m

T115 m

T116 m

T117 m

T118 m

T119 m

T120 m

T121 m

T122 m

Ttot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T111 m

T112 m

T113 m

T114 m

T115 m

T116 m

T117 m

T118 m

T119 m

T120 m

T121 m

T122 m

Ttot m

m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 288

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26


SS

T m

edia

(C

)

T111 m

T112 m

T113 m

T114 m

T115 m

T116 m

T117 m

T118 m

T119 m

T120 m

T121 m

T122 m

Ttot m

m


daytime data from Noaa-17 nighttime data from Noaa-17

nighttime data from Noaa-18daytime data from Noaa-18

Average SST trends calculated for July 2005 – October 2008,Offshore Tuscan Sea



31


a. Temperatures were colder (up to more than 2 °C), from the mouth of Magra up to Livorno, than the average of the total Tuscan sea format or of the other coastal zones between Piombino and the south of the Argentario;

b. There are substantial differences (up to of 2 °C) between the various offshore zones, mainly in September and October. An example is the open sea between Corsica and Cinque Terre and the northern and southern regions of Elba.

Conclusions (1/2)



32


c. Results of elaborations carried out on NOAA-17/AVHRR data show colder temperatures in summer than those from other satellite sensors. Specifically, SST means from NOAA-15 and NOAA-18 are warmer, up to 2 degrees, than those from NOAA-17. Winter temperatures from the different sensors are comparable.

d. A difference between day and night temperatures from NOAA-17 is detectable in summer, whereas it is not evident in winter. A larger difference between day and night temperatures is obtained from NOAA-18 data.

Conclusions (2/2)



33

Thank you for your attention!


m. tommasini a, m. innocenti b, g. adembri a, m. gherardelli a, p.f. pellegrini a, g. poli a monthly...

Documents