m kettunen eu external biodiversity governance - governance innovation week - june 2015 pretoria
TRANSCRIPT
www.ieep.eu @IEEP_eu
Global biodiversity crises and EU external governance:a mixture of mechanisms contributing to the common objectives
Marianne KettunenPrincipal Policy Analyst, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
1–5 June 2015
Governance Innovation Week, University of Pretoria
• What biodiversity objectives EU has in the global context?
• What external governance mechanisms EU has to achieve these objectives?
• The importance of EU external policy coherence and synergies for biodiversity?
• Focus: resource mobilization, i.e. integration of biodiversity into EU dev. coop. funding
Content: questions Ch / paper aims to coverPicture © IEEP Web
EU global biodiversity objectivesPicture © IEEP Web
EU global biodiversity objectives = global biodiversity objectives Picture © IEEP Web
Strong focus on:
• Nature’s contribution to wellbeing (ecosystem services)
• Nature’s role in supporting different economic sectors
• Nature’s roles in sustainable development
EU global biodiversity actionsPicture © IEEP Web
EU global biodiversity actionsPicture © IEEP Web
EU global biodiversity actionsPicture © IEEP Web
Noteworthy:
EU global biodiversity objectivesPicture © IEEP Web
Never only biodiversity but biodiversity and contribution to wellbeing!
Strong emphasis on funding!
Emphasis on preventing negative impacts of other policies whileincreasing policy synergies!
EU mechanisms re: global biodiversity Picture © IEEP Web
UN Convention
on Biological Diversity
Ramsar Convention (Wetlands)
CITES – wildlife trade
Funding: biodiversity
proofingNetworks - IPBES
EU external assistance & development cooperation
UN C BD Nagoya Protocol (Access& benefit sharing)
EU trade policy
Funding: resource
mobilization Integration to other related conventions
(UNFCCC etc.)
UN CBD Cartagena Protocol
(biosafety)
Bonn convention (migratory
species)UNESCO
World Heritage
Convention Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade
(FLEGT)Delivery via
policy synergies
Delivery via avoiding negative
impacts of other policies
A mixed bag of:• International processes• EU initiatives• Dedicated EU instruments• Integration into other
sectoral instruments
B4Life Flagship initiative
EU Wildlife Trade
Regulation s
Global networks -
IPBES
EU mechanisms re: global biodiversityPicture © IEEP Web
Setting global biodiversity objectives
(via int. mechanisms & processes)
Supporting implementation of
biodiversity objectives (via own concrete initiatives &
instruments)
Delivering biodiversity objectives
(via own actions & processes)
EU mechanisms re: global biodiversityPicture © IEEP Web
Setting global biodiversity objectives
Supporting implementation of
biodiversity objectives
Delivering biodiversity objectives
UN Convention
on Biological Diversity
CITES – wildlife trade
UN C BD Nagoya Protocol (Access& benefit sharing)
UN CBD Cartagena Protocol
(biosafety)
UNESCO World
Heritage Convention
Ramsar Convention (Wetlands)
Bonn convention (migratory
species)
Global networks -
IPBES
EU external assistance & development cooperation
EU trade policy
Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade
(FLEGT)
B4Life Flagship initiative
EU Wildlife Trade
Regulation s
Funding: biodiversity
proofingFunding: resource
mobilization
Delivery via policy
synergiesDelivery via
avoiding negative
impacts of other policies
• Consensus on Development (2006): halting the loss of biodiversity, promoting biosafety and sustainable management of biodiversity one of key areas for EU external action.
• Agenda for Change (2011): biodiversity conservation liked to sustainable development and promoting a transition to a green economy
→ Integration of biodiversity concerns achieved at policy level / in principle
Supporting implementation: EU external assistance & development cooperation
Picture © IEEP Web
• Geographic and thematic programmes - and related funding - key instruments for supporting concrete activities in partner countries
• Specific biodiversity related actions supported by the EU depend on partner countries’ interest - very limited number of countries have biodiversity as a priority
• Thematic programme on Global Public Goods and Challenges (GPGC) (2014 onwards), inc. component on sustainable management of ecosystems and two related flagship initiatives
Supporting implementation: EU external assistance & development cooperation
Picture © IEEP Web
• Importance of policy coherence – biofuels & -energy vs. biodiversity
• EU policy emphasises use of biomass for energy without proper consideration of sustainable limits on production and use, e.g. biodiversity implications.
• Sustainability criteria being developed / adopted but only applicable for limited range of bioenergy (biofuels) and not addressing indirect impacts on land use.
• Shift from a biofuels only approach to holistic management of bioresources with due consideration of biodiversity impacts at global level.
EU role in delivering objectivesPicture © IEEP Web
EU role in delivering objectives:Policy synergies via nature-based solutions to sustainable development
- Maintaining wetland vs. manmade solutions resulted in benefits worth ~1 – 1.75 million $ / year.
- Also ~2 million $ / year avoided costs of running a sewage treatment facility.
Conservation of Nakivubo Swamp, Kampala / Uganda
Picture © IEEP Web
- Coral cover ↑ (from 40% 1999-2003 to 50% 2004)
- Fish biomass ↑ (doubled since 2000)- Survey found a significant increase in living
standards from 2000 to 2004
Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines
EU role in delivering objectives:Policy synergies via nature-based solutions to sustainable development
EU financing for global biodiversity - presentPicture © IEEP Web
Resources required to meet the needs of developing countries for implementing the 2020 targets: US$74 - 191 billion for 2014 – 2018
Current total global funding for biodiversity: around US$51.5-53.4 billion
(UNEP/CBD/COP/11/INF/35, Parker et al. 2012)
EU financing for global biodiversity - presentPicture © IEEP Web
EU financing for global biodiversity - presentPicture © IEEP Web
Figure: EU (inc. both EU institutions and 14 EU OECD countries) biodiversity ODA (bilateral) compared to total EU ODA 2007-2011 (thousand US$, constant prices 2010). Note: covers only 14 EU countries that are part of OECD-ODA. Source: Kettunen et al. 2013
EU financing for global biodiversity - presentPicture © IEEP Web
Figure: EU (inc. both EU institutions and 14 EU OECD countries) biodiversity bilateral ODA per relevant sectors in 2007-2011 (US$ thousands, constant prices 2010). Note: does not cover all sectors receiving ODA funding but only those that provide the most funding for biodiversity. Note: covers only 14 EU countries that are part of OECD-ODA. Source: Kettunen et al. 2013
Innovative approaches / market-based financing instruments a key to increase sectoral integration?
B4Life initiative• Aimed to improve mainstreaming
of biodiversity issues across EU development cooperation activities
• Priority areas: 1) good governance for sustainable management of natural capital, 2) ecosystem conservation for food security and sustainable rural development, and 3) ecosystem based solutions ‑towards a green economy
• Only focused on promoting and coordinating external actions with biodiversity as a principle objective
Picture © IEEP Web
EU financing for global biodiversity - future
Future EU financing for global biodiversity:
focus on proofing negative impacts and tracking expenditure
EU DG DEVCO already rather advanced in tracking biodiversity expenditure.
EU financing for global biodiversity - futurePicture © IEEP Web
Source: IEEP et al. 2015) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/financing_en.htm
Tracking expenditure:
level of commitment …
EU financing for global biodiversity - futurePicture © IEEP Web
Source: IEEP et al. 2015) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/financing_en.htm
Tracking expenditure:
level of actual investment …
• Role of biodiversity in EU external assistance gradually increasing - but integration of biodiversity concerns into EU external action scattered at best (e.g. Morgena 2012)
• Development cooperation and related funding key EU mechanisms to support concrete actions at global level
• Increasing policy coherence and synergies equal importance to biodiversity focused actions
• “Show me the money” – EU commitment to support resource mobilization for biodiversity key focal area in the future. Under the current financial climate, sectoral mobilisation and innovative instruments EU’s means to do so.
Conclusion / questions / discussionPicture © IEEP Web
• Role of trade in the future?• New EU Regulation for IAS?• Implementation of Nagoya Protocol?• Role and gravitas of IPBES?• The promise of green economy?• Focus on value-arguments and market-based
instruments?
Conclusion / questions / discussionPicture © IEEP Web
www.ieep.eu @IEEP_eu
Marianne KettunenPrincipal Policy Analyst IEEP
IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment in Europe.
Thanks !Picture © IEEP Web