lymphatic system suma patil

7/30/2019 Lymphatic System Suma Patil

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Dr. Suma Patil

Amrita School of Ayurveda

Lymphatic system


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Introduction Components

Lymph is the cleaer fluid found in the lymphatic vessels .

(LIMF=Clear fluid).

Intrestital fluid and lymph are similar in nature, major difference

between these is that

-Intestinal fluid found in between cells and

-lymph is located within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue.

Vesselslymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, subclavian vein.

Structures & organs-

Primary- Redbone marrow and thymus.SecondaryLymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules.


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Intro Functions

Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream

Transport lipids and lipid soluble vitams(ADEK)from

the digestive tract to the bloodstream

Surveillance & defense


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Composition of Lymph

Lymph is usually a clear, colorless fluid,similar to blood plasma but low in protein

Its composition varies from place to place;

after a meal, for example, lymph draining fromthe small intestine, takes on a milky

appearance (Chyle), due to lipid content.

Lymph may contain macrophages, viruses,

bacteria, cellular debris and even travelingcancer cells.


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Lymphatic capillaries

These are slightly larger in diameter that bloodcapillaries.

They have unique structure that permits

interstitial fluids to flow into them but not out.


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Lymphatic circulation-

Lymph trunks and ducts Lymph passes from lymphatic capillaries into lymphatic vessels andthen through lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes pass lymph either towards another node within the samegroup or onto another group of nodes.

Most proximal nodes of each chain of nodes, the exiting vessels unite toform lymph trunk.

The principle trunks are the Lumbar,Intestinal

Broncho-mediastinal

Subclavian

Jugular trunk.

Lymph passes from lymph trunks into two main channels

Thoracic duct( Left lymphatic duct)

Right lymphatic duct.

Drains into venous blood.


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Contd..

Right lymphatic duct

Drains right side of head & neck, right arm, rightthorax

Empties into the right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct

Drains the rest of the body

Empties into the left subclavian vein


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lymphatic capillary

lymphatic trunks

lymphatic collecting vessels

lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic vessels startwith lymphatic capillaries


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Lymphatic vessels Properties of lymphatic vessels

One way system toward the heart

No pump

Lymph moves toward the heart

Milking action of skeletal muscleo Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls


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THORACIC DUCT

Begins as a loosely dialated

sac and connections in the

abdomen called theCYSTERNA CHYLI.

Drains both legs, and left

side of body.

Goes through thorax,

receives tributaries from:

LEFT SUBCLAVIAN TRUNK

(from left arm) and LEFT

JUGULAR TRUNK (left side

of head and neck).Dumps into venous circulation at junction between left subclavian vein andleft jugular vein. (Technically into left brachiocephalic vein.)


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Thoracic duct

Largest lymphatic vessel in the body.

Extends from upper part of the abdomen to the

lower part of the neck crossing the posterior and

superior part of the medi-astinum length is about

45 cms.

Beaded appearance because presence of many

valves in its lumen.


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Course- Begins as a dilation called CisternaChyli in front of T12 / L2.

Enters thorax through the Aortic opening

diaphragm.

Ascends through posterior medi-astinum from rt

side to left side at the level of T5.

Through the superior medi-astinum along the

edges of the esophagus and reaches the neck.


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In the neck it arches laterally at the level oftransverse process of C7.

Lastly it descends in front of the first part of left

subclavian artery.

Ends by opening into the angle of junction

between the left subclavian and left internaljugular vein.

It receives lymph from lf jugular left subclavian lf

broncho-mediastinal trunks.


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Cisterna Chyli Is an elongated lymphatic sac. Is about 5-7 cms long.

Situated in front of the L1 & L2 immediately to theright of abdominal aorta.

Overlapped by the Rt cruse of the diaphragm.

Upper end continues with the thoracic duct .

It receives lymph from the rt and lt lumbar trunk andfrom the intestinal trunk.

Lumbar trunk- Drains lymph from lower limbs, wall

and viscera of the pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands andmost of the abdominal walls.

Intestinal trunk- Drains lymph from stomach,intestines pancreas, spleen, and part of the liver.


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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required forreproduction or display.

Left jugular trunk

Thoracic duct

Left internal jugular vein

Left jugular trunk

Thoracic duct

Left subclavian trunk

Left bronchomediastinal trunk

Left subclavian vein

First rib (cut)

Thoracic duct

Thoracic lymph nodes

Hemiazygos vein

Parietal pleura (cut)

Intestinal trunkLeft lumbar trunk

Right lumbar trunk

Inferior vena cava

Cisterna chyliDiaphragm

Azygos vein

T12

Intercostal muscle

Rib (cut)

Superior vena cava

Right bronchomediastinal trunk

Right subclavian vein

Right subclavian trunk

Right jugular trunk

Right internal jugular vein

Brachiocephalic veins

(a)

(b)

(c)

Right subclaviantrunk

Right broncho-mediastinal trunk

Right jugular trunk

Left broncho-mediastinal trunk

Left subclaviantrunk

Area drained byright lymphatictrunks shown inpart (b)

Area drained byleft lymphatictrunks andthoracic ductshown in part(b)


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Right Lymphatic Duct Is about 1.2cms long. Drains lymph from the upper right side of the

body into venous blood via the rt. Subclavianvein.

Three lymphatic trunks drain into it, they are-Rt. Jugular trunk drains the rt side of the head

and neck.

Rt. Subclavian trunk drains the rt upper limb.

Rt. Broncho-mediastinal trunk drains the rt. sideof the thorax and the heart, rt. Lung, and part ofthe liver.


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Thymus Gland Location between the sternum and aorta inthe mediastinum The capsule divides it into 2 lobes Development Infant Is larger having a mass of about 70

gms. Puberty maximum size Maturity decreases in size Old age- Weighs only 3 gms.After puberty adipose and areolar connective

tissue begin to replace the thymic tissue. Function Differentiation and maturation of T cells. Before the thymus atrophies it populates the

secondary lymphatic organs and tissues withT cells.


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Thymus Gland


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Lymph Nodes

Located along lymphatic vessels.

They are around 600 bean shaped lymph nodes.

They are scattered throughout the body-

Superficial and deep and usually occur in groups.

Large group of lymph nodes are present near the

mammary glands and in the axillae and groin.


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Spleen

Right lymphaticduct

Thymus

Axillary

lymph node

Mammaryplexus

Lymphatic vessel(transports lymph)

Bonemarrow

Inguinallymph node

Lacteals in

intestinal wall

Thoracicduct

Subclavian

veins

Thoracic duct

Cervicallymph node

Tonsils


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Lymph node

1-25mm long.

Covered by capsule of dense connective tissue

that extends into the node.

The capsular extensions called trabecuelae which

divides the node into compartments, provide

support and route for blood vessels into the

interior of a node.

Internal of the capsule is a supporting network ofreticular fibers and fibroblasts.

The capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers and

fibroblasts constitute the stroma or framework of

a lymph node.


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Cont.

Parenchyma of lymph node.

Divided in to- cortex-outer cortex n inner

cortex.

-Medulla. Outer cortex-contains egg shaped aggregates

of B-cells called LYMPHATIC NODULES.

L N consisting chiefly of B cells called primary

lymphatic nodule.

Inner cortex-also called the paracortex.

-Does not contains lymphatic

nodule.


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Cont

MEDULLA-contains B cells , antibody-producing plasma cells and macrophages.

Lymph flows through a node in one direction i

e through afferent lymphatic vessels. whichpenetrate the node at several points.

ALV contains many valves that open towards

the center of the node. Such that the lymph is

directing inwards. SINUSES-are series of irregular channels

that contain branching reticular fibers,

lymphocytes, and macrophages.

3 t es-subca sular trabecular medullar


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Cont..

Efferent lymphatic vessels-wider thanALV.

-few in number. Contains valves, that

open away from the center of the node. ELV emerge from one side of lymph

node at a slight depression called

HILUS. Function- to filter lymph.


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LYMPH NODE


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.SPLEEN. Oval spleen is the largest single mass of lymphatic

tissue in body.

12cm length.

Located in the left hypochondriac, between the

stomach and diaphragm.

Like lymph nodes, spleen has hilus,through it passthe splenic artery, vein and efferent lymphatic

vessels.

Parenchyma of spleen-white n red pulp.

White pulp-is lymphatic tissue consisting mostly of

lymphocytes and macrophages.

Red pulp-consists of blood filled venous sinuses

and BILLROTHs cord , that contains red blood


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Functions

Within white pulp, B cell and T cell carry outimmune function., similar to lymph nodes , while

spleen macrophages destroy blood borne

pathogens.

Within red pulp- spleen performs 3 functions

1) Removal of ruptured ,worn out , defective blood

cells and platelets by macrophages.

2) Storage of platelets, up to one third of the bodys

supply.

3) Production of blood cells during fetal life.


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LYMPHATIC NODULES Are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue,not

surrounded by a capsule. Because they are scattered

throughout the mucous membranes lining the

gastrointestinal , urinary and reproductive tract and

respiratory airways . lymphatic nodules in theseareas are also referred to as MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED

LYMPHATIC TISSUE(MALT).

Although many LN are small and solitary, some occur

in multiple large aggregation in specific part of the

body. Among these are the

1) Tonsils in pharyngeal region.

2) peyers patches SI.

3) APPENDIX.


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metastasis

The spread of a disease from one part of thebody to another can occur via lymphatic vessels.

All malignant tumors eventually exhibit

metastasis.

Cancer cells may travel in the blood or lymph and

establish new tumors where they lodge.

Primary tumor site , secondary tumor site.


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THANK YOU

lymphatic system suma patil

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