lvmun vilvmun vi 6th annual las vegas model un conference february 15-16, 2018 pursue within my...

LVMUN VI

6th Annual Las Vegas Model UN Conference

February 15-16, 2018

Dear Security Council Delegates,

Welcome, to the sixth annual Las Vegas Model United Nations conference! My name is

Jennifer Do, a junior at Spring Valley High School, who is extremely honored to be given this

opportunity to chair once again for Security Council during this prestigious conference. Along

with this, I was granted the privilege of chairing alongside two people I highly respect within

both my personal and academic careers, Andres Carrasco and Joshua Ferguson. If this is your

first or one of the many conferences you have attended, I wish you the best of luck and hope, at

the end of debate, your experience enables you to continue your growth as a MUN student and

global leader.

Throughout my three years as a MUN student, I have participated in many conferences:

BruinMUN 2016, LVMUN 2017, RebelMUN 2017, LVMUN 2018, and UCI 2018. With these

conferences, I earned an Honorable Mention Award at BruinMUN 2016 conference and

Research Awards at LVMUN and RebelMUN. As briefly mentioned above, I was also a chair

during the fifth annual LVMUN for Security Council. In addition to MUN, I am committed to

Spring Valley’s International Baccalaureate (IB) magnet program and plan to graduate in 2020

with an IB diploma and become one of Spring Valley’s Class of 2020 Valedictorians. Also, I am

captain and a starting singles player on my school’s Women’s Varsity Tennis Team as well as a

proud member of many organizations, such as National Honor Society, Key Club, and Mu Alpha

Theta. After graduation, I plan to attend college where I then will major in Biology to fulfill my

goal of becoming an orthopedic surgeon.

All delegates have the opportunity to be the change in the world, so I wish you the best of

luck during this conference as well as for the future.

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Greetings delegates, my name is Joshua Ferguson, one of the chairs for this challenging

yet valuable experiences, that is the Security Council. As aforementioned, I will be chairing

alongside Andres Carrasco and Jennifer Do, both global and lifelong scholars.

I am a Junior enrolled in the Diploma Programme for the International Baccalaureate

program here at Spring Valley High school. With much dignity, I have had the rewarding

opportunity to participate and lead a plethora of clubs, organizations, and sports including

Varsity Tennis, NHS, DECA, FBLA, Mu Alpha Theta, Key Club, and of course our excellent

Model United Nations. My accolades in DECA and FBLA as an FBLA State champion in

emerging business issues and a previous candidate for the DECA state VP of finance.

My portfolio and involvement with the Model United Nations include representing and

leading our program as an officer/ambassador for the past two years. While holding this position,

I advocated for an increase in the knowledge and perception of the United Nations system and

principal organs, aided in position paper writing for oncoming delegates, and presided as the

crisis director for LVMUN V.

Throughout my time with competing in the program, I participated at UCIMUN,

BRUINMUN, ILMUNC, and later this school year will compete NHSMUN: one the world’s

largest and most prestigious conference for secondary students. My most favored awards and

accolades of these conferences include a research award at UCLA in the European

Environmental Agency and a commendation award in the World bank of BRUINMUN.

With the experiences of these activities, I found myself genuinely interested and invested

in the fields of International/Global business and Political Science, in which I hope to further

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pursue within my academic career. I hope that the experiences and knowledge you gain from

LVMUN VI will serve you throughout your own lives as well.

Hello, I am Andres Carrasco, and I am enthusiastic about taking part in such a great

opportunity as one of your LVMUN chairs. I am ecstatic to work alongside two of my best

colleagues whom I respect and appreciate very much.

As a junior at Spring Valley High School, this is my third year in MUN, and it has been a

great experience by far. I attended LVMUN IV, LVMUN V, two UCI MUN conferences, as well

as RebelMUN. At last years LVMUN V conference, I earned an outstanding delegate award in

the SOCHUM committee. This will be my first year chairing, and I cannot wait to do so.

Here at Spring Valley, I participate in the Varsity Tennis team as a doubles player and the

Junior Varsity Volleyball team. These are just a few of the activities I take part in and in doing

so, have stayed dedicated to my studies. I am also involved in FBLA, NHS, Relay for Life, Best

Buddies, Key Club, IB Council, and of course MUN. While also taking part in the International

Baccalaureate program here at Spring Valley which is a rigorous course that challenges students

worldwide.

I hope that as a room full of intelligent delegates, with much potential that you create

detailed solutions as united nations to combat the opening gaps of our quickly evolving global

societies, and once again thank you for this opportunity!

Delegates, please do not hesitate if you any questions or concerns regarding the position

paper or conference. We will do our best to answer all questions within a short amount of time.

Use the email listed below to communication with the Dias and to submit position. The three of

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us wish all delegates the best of luck during their time researching as well as debating and cannot

wait to see what each of you bring to the conference!

Best wishes,

Jennifer Do, Joshua Ferguson, and Andres Carrasco

United Nations Security Council Chairs

Email: [email protected]

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Security Council Overview

For this conference and debate: delegations will assume the role of a United Nations

Security Council (UNSC/SC) nation-state and be expected to uphold and display the Security

Council's powers/functions outlined within the UN charter. The Security Council has the primary

responsibility of providing and sustaining peace and security across all member-states. All acts

and discharges made by the Security Council should refer and uphold to the Principles of the

United Nations under the UN Charter.1 It is of the utmost importance to note that the Security

Council is made up of five permanent members and ten rotating non-permanent members,

totaling a number of 15 member states having an active vote in the SC.

The five permanent members of the Security Council include the Russian Federation,

United States of America, France, Republic of China, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

The five permanent members have the authority to veto any directive or resolution presented

within the debate. The remaining E10 member states have standard voting powers, with each

accounting for one vote and a requirement of nine affirmative votes from the fifteen for the

resolution to pass. In the occurrence that one of the “P5” utilizes their veto (in the form of voting

against the directive), the directive would prevent the adoption of the directive/resolution despite

the vote of the other ten member states. Veto power is not granted to procedural matters and in

recent years has been used sparingly. It shall only be exercised if the directive/resolution goes

against the delegations country policy. Your own biases and judgments of other delegations or

persons should be ignored when voting on directives/resolutions.

1 http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html

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Security Council Expectations and Goals

It is the moral responsibility of each delegation to actively contribute to the discussion

and debate, not doing so will be a disservice to yourself and the other delegations trying to learn

and improve. Delegations that do not actively participate and engage will be asked to speak in

moderated caucuses as directed by the Dais. Resolutions are encouraged to be specific and be

comprised of solutions that have an active actor, action, and a coordinating elapsing of time to

follow. Creative and innovative ideas are supported, but be sure to provide a how and why for

each solution presented. Funding of ideas and solutions will carry massive prevalence in

committee, as well as be highly smiled upon to be included in directives/resolutions. It is also

expected that the goal of this Security Council is not so to be” right” whereas another is “wrong,”

but rather to come to a mutual understanding and a solution of the topic at hand. While a mutual

understanding is encouraged, we see discourse and disagreement in policy as also encouraged:”

as we do not want the whole committee to only agree with what another has stated, but instead

debate and revise it. While it is important to be polite and understanding, it is also valuable to the

chairs that you engage in positional power which includes the influence you output onto other’s

opinions and resolution blocs. While the Security Council standardly focuses on passing only

resolutions, we will be using both public directives and resolutions. Public Directives will be a

response to immediate situations and “crises” that can occur within the debate. Due to the

possibility of a crisis update, it is recommended that delegates understand the basics of public

directives. Note that the dais will run a workshop at the beginning of the first session to review

how this would work procedurally.

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Topic: The Black Market and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Introduction

Ranging from selling illicit drugs to human organs, the black market has become a

leading factor of the world’s biggest issue throughout history. This illegal process, also known as

shadow markets, can be found worldwide since it is the action of countries and smaller

organizations exchanging items and services in return for economic profit. There are

approximately 1.8 billion people involved in the black market, and it accounts for about 33% of

the developing countries’ total economy and an average of 10% for developed nations.2 In order

to differentiate between legal trading and the black market, the process of this communication

between two sides must be first understood. During a trade, the items or services that are flowing

into the receiving country must be documented, and the sales tax must be given to be considered

legal. If not, this process is considered part of the black market since the sales tax is not given

back to their country nor is the transaction documented by the state. All countries have laws

against the black market, considering that it allows people to hide from paying sales tax back to

their government, thus impacting the economy negatively.3

With growing dependency of the black market, it has become a source where weapons of

mass destructions (WMDs) are being transported between countries and organizations that want

access to these resources to cause great violence. Weapons of mass destruction are defined as

weapons that have the ability to jeopardize an entire community, including the civilians and the

2https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/062216/how-underground-economy-

affects-gdp.asp 3 https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/12/mechanics-black-market.asp

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environment, which can shape the future within a short moment of time.4 WMDs can be

classified as biological, chemical, or nuclear, and examples of these weapons include the plague,

psychiatric compounds, and nuclear weapons. However, the black market focuses more on the

nuclear WMDs, considering that the process allows people to smuggle these nuclear weapons

into their countries to use it to their advantage. This increases the fear for individuals who live in

the receiving countries because even though gaining access to and create nuclear weapons is a

challenge, the black market enables easier access for anyone who has the economic capability

and has strong connections with others who have this source of power.5 Most of the black market

trades have three components that culminate to its existence, a way to gain the materials or

weapons, the contacting the buyers and sellers, and the transportation of said goods and

weapons.

After WWII, the rise in WMD sales on the black market increased. In the 1990s, the

world realized that the Soviet Union had a great possession of nuclear, biological, and chemical

WMDs hidden in their region just before they were broken up in 1991. Due to the descret

movement of these weapons, access to documents pertianing to origination, trade, and support is

limited. Therefore, countries that are now located near the region of the then-Soviet Union, such

as Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, are still in the process of discovering nuclear materials, like

uranium.6 This creates concern for the world because countries that have access to these

materials can transport those resources through the black market and sell it to other nations that

have the desires to build any WMDs. The Transnational Threats Project recognized the great

4 http://unrcpd.org/wmd/ 5 https://hlsonline.eku.edu/hls-101-weapons-mass-destruction-wmd 6 https://www.library.gatech.edu/security/soviet.PDF

http://unrcpd.org/wmd/

https://www.library.gatech.edu/security/soviet.PDF

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danger of the nuclear black market that has been rising in popularity throughout the years since,

in 1996, they proposed the CSIS Nuclear Black Market Task Force Report. This task force report

mentioned the illicit trafficking of WMDs coming out of the former Soviet Union and the

urgency to combat the WMDs black market based on this discovery.7

In recent years, the UN has shown profound involvement within the nuclear black

market, considering that, in 2004, they suggested that all countries take a stronger stance against

WMDs being transported illegally. This was initiated due to their discovery of a nuclear black

market that was created by a Pakistani scientist, A.Q. Khan, within the same year.8 A.Q. Khan

was planning to develop his an atomic bomb for Pakistan but was purchasing twice the amount

of nuclear parts for this creation. As a result, he then sold the excess materials to other countries,

specifically Iran, North Korea, and Libya, in order to gain extra profits for his development.

Along with this, Khan sold kits that go into making WMDs, such as uranium and

blueprints designs, to help other countries with their process of developing these weapons. After

the western intelligence agents discovered his illegal business, they officially shut it down and

detained him.9

The idea of nuclear weapons being illegally traded must also shift to the realization that

selling nuclear materials is just as important to combat.10 Recently, the FBI realized that the

“thriving nuclear black market has emerged in an impoverished corner of Eastern Europe” since

7https://www.csis.org/programs/transnational-threats-project/past-projects/transnational-threats-

project-past-task-force-8 8https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1460600/UN-moves-to-prevent-spread-of-WMD-

black-market.html 9https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/12/world/a-tale-of-nuclear-proliferation-how-pakistani-built-

his-network.html 10 https://ctc.usma.edu/the-islamic-state-and-wmd-assessing-the-future-threat/

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uranium, a vital component in nuclear weapons has an abundant source that can be found in the

then-Soviet Union’s territories.11 This increases danger for the entire community, considering

that the main sources in the black market are willing to give buyers, including ISIS and other

extremists, the access to these powerful nuclear weapons as a means of economic gains. By

obtaining the materials to make nuclear weapons, extremists are able to create a large supply of

nuclear weapons within their own territories, and no other countries would realize until the

consequences are felt.

Besides nuclear weapons, radiological dispersion devices (RDDs) are classified as

chemical WMDs that are also gaining popularity in the black market. RDDs are weapons that

contain radioactive sources that are combined with explosives that can cause psychological

effects on the entire environment when detonated.12 If a group or another country gain access to

RDDs, the effects will be detrimental since the surroundings will be contaminated for a great

deal of time and can lead to radiation poisoning. Along with this, the black market has created an

uprise in biological WMDs, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Zika, that can kill a large portion of

the global population once transported. These deadly diseases can lead to a world epidemic,

much like the Bubonic plague that occurred in the late Middle Ages in Europe. The plague had

an average of 15% mortality rate, while 40% of the world was infected by this deadly disease

since it was then spread to other countries, thus creating a domino effect. James Stavridis, an ex-

11http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-nuclear-smugglers-islamic-state-

terrorists-20151006-story.html 12 https://www.remm.nlm.gov/rdd.htm

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NATO commander, stressed that the black market had become a source where terrorists are able

to purchase the needed materials to develop their own biological and chemical WMDs.13

For example, state-sponsored terrorist groups, such as ISIS, have threatened to use the

black market as a mean to gain access to WMDs. Saudi Jihadi Cleric Nasir al-Fahd, an Islamic

scholar, stated in 2015, “If Muslims cannot defeat the kafir (unbelievers) differently, it is

permissible to use weapons of mass destruction, even if it kills all of them and wipes them and

their descendants off the face of the Earth.” This includes ISIS turning towards the black market

to acquire nuclear WMDs since as of right now, they are not capable of building their own

weapons due to the lack of materials and knowledge. ISIS has threatened to utilize the black

market trade with Pakistan in order to purchase the WMDs to possibly use them against the

West.14 In 2015, investigators discovered a plot in Moldova, a country in Eastern Europe that has

a growing black market, illegally selling radioactive sources to Middle Eastern terrorist, believed

to be ISIS attempting to develop their own chemical WMDs.15

In 2014, the Ebola crisis created the most fear in all people about biological WMDs,

considering that extremists were able to transfer infected people from Western Africa through

the black market to be sold and transported to other countries. This would then have lead to the

receiving country getting transmitted with Ebola, thus leading to a chain reaction of people

getting infected by this deadly disease that is known as a biological WMD. This outbreak of

2014 was documented to have killed 11,315 people in six countries, so if Ebola was transmitted

13https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4066952/Biological-weapons-mass-destruction-

ability-spread-deadly-diseases-like-Ebola-Zika-wipe-fifth-world-s-population.html 14 https://ctc.usma.edu/the-islamic-state-and-wmd-assessing-the-future-threat/ 15https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/moldova-nuclear-weapons-

isis/409456/

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through the black market, then the rate of infection and mortality would have been much higher,

considering that infection would spread to many countries. Many people during this time

believed that ISIS would use this outbreak to their advantage, such as transporting infected

people to other countries to be sold for human trafficking, but it would also act as transmission of

this virus.

Countries that are recognized as to having access to WMDs include China, France, India,

Israel, United States, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, North Korea, and other countries that

may have possession but the knowledge is not widly know.16 Therefore, the Black Market,

regarding WMDs, is surrounded by these nations since they are the ones that have the capability

of supplying other countries with WMDs. Therefore, ISIS threatened to trade on the Black

Market with Pakistan because they know that this country has access to nuclear weapons. As a

result, the black market enables countries the quick and easy access to obtaining weapons that

can destroy an entire population, which must be combated quickly before the wrong people gain

access to any WMDs.

International Involvement

The United Nations hosted several conventions to form agreements, frameworks, and

policies that focus on the prevention of Black Market trade of weapons of mass destruction

(WMD). In 2016 the Security Council made serious efforts in enacting Resolution 2325, which

works towards encouraging international security and stability by further implementing

Resolution 1540 (2004).17 In doing so, they influence countries to strengthen regimes to take the

initiative in preventing weapons of mass destruction getting in the wrong hands including

16 https://usiraq.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000678#globalhistory 17 https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12628.doc.htm

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terrorists, or other non-state actors. As Deputy Secretary-General Jan Eliasson once declared,

“Preventing non-State actors from acquiring and using weapons of mass destruction is among the

most important responsibilities of the international community.”18

Seeing the global scale of WMD availability within the world's black markets,

INTERPOL, the world's largest international police organization with nearly 192 members, was

called in to confront the issue. Since created on September 7, 1923 in Vienna, Austria,

INTERPOL has primarily focused on creating infrastructure with respect to operational and

technological support worldwide to enable all police forces to work together on a global scale.19

On 18 May 2011, INTERPOL created specialized teams focusing on the trade of WMDs which

often involved weapons like CBRNE (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and

explosives).20 To counter the threat of CBRNE the organization works on internet sharing and

intelligence analysis, deliver training sessions to increase law enforcement capabilities, and

provide prevention methodologies for use by member countries.21

Recent Developments

Throughout the Black Market’s existence, WMDs have had vast amounts of

technological advancements mainly including CBRNE’s. The innovation of WMDs can be

linked back to the establishment of the Manhattan Project in August 1942 as the US developed

the first nuclear weapon due to the German interest of the atomic bomb. Later on July 16, 1945,

the bomb, named ¨trinity¨ was tested in New Mexico with a yield of 20,000 tonnes of TNT.

During WW2 the US used these atomic bombs as military action, and they later bombed

18 https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/dsgsm1035.doc.htm 19 https://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Overview 20 https://www.nti.org/gsn/article/interpol-stands-up-nuclear-counterterrorism-unit/ 21 https://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/CBRNE/CBRNE

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Hiroshima on August 6 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. In all, there were nearly 214,000

citizens killed in Japan, which began the nuclear era. Making atomic bombs the most popular of

WMDs influencing nations, terrorists, and non-state actors to wanting to get their hand on these

WMDs. Thus a black market for WMDs had sprouted yet luckily present public knowledge in

the US has no evidence of an American atomic bomb being traded via the black market. In order

to ensure greater peace and security on March 27, 2017 negotiations of a nuclear ban treaty

began to prohibit the use of these WMDs, leading to further elimination. Later, on July 7, 2017,

the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was put in place due to a two-thirds world

nations vote.22

Also, other WMDs include biological weapons which produces a disease to affect all life

in a region such as viruses, bacteria, etc. As well as chemical weapons which use chemicals in a

deadly manner which is poisonous, or toxic to impose harm on humans. In response to these

weapons, the Geneva Protocol of 1925 banned the use of these two weapons and has hosted

several conventions and conferences, which began enforcement of these regulations on February

8, 1928.23 Also, to reduce the issue, The Biological Weapons Convention took place as the ¨first

multilateral disarmament treaty banning the development, production and stockpiling of an entire

category of weapons of mass destruction¨ which was enacted on March 26, 1975.24 The

International Atomic Agency (IAEA) has culminated the illicit nuclear weapons trafficking

database that reports on confirmed incidents but does not account for unnoticed incidents.

22 http://www.icanw.org/the-facts/the-nuclear-age/ 23 https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/1925-geneva-protocol/ 24 https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/

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Throughout the 20th century president, Bashar Al Assad has suppressed anti-government protest

by the people in Syria. By the Syrian government recently chemically attacking Syrian civilians

to pose a threat as the leaders of the region.25 All of these UN actions work toward creating

stability in nations, yet in those that are corrupt make these initiatives harder to become a reality.

Possible Solutions

Note that listed sample solutions are meant to guide your research and ideas and are not

to be the only solutions that nations mention during the debate. Sample solutions can include

working with the WTO and regional blocs such as the African Union to establish a clear intranet

that reports incidents of trading in its region instead of the international database of the IAEA.

Creating false targets and buyers can help limit the spread of WMDs through the market, but is

limited due to its cost inefficiencies.26 Another expensive yet effective solutions include the

subsidization of countries to expose illicit trading of WMDs in its territory.27 The de-

radicalization of civilians and terrorist groups has been used within the Chinese policy of its five

keys and four prong system for radical Uyghurs. A similar method to the Chinese policy of de-

radicalization could be used to prevent the demand and want for weapons by terrorist groups and

radicalized citizens within central Asia and the Black Sea. Nations may also seek to locate and

destroy or regulate the raw materials used to create the illicit goods, but in members states where

cronyism and corruption run free, solutions like this may have little effect. For solutions to be

concise and applicable, they are required to address a multitude of issues affecting the

acquisition and transportation of WMDs. Solutions are also recommended to address the three

25 https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/syria/ 26http://create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/subsidizingtodisruptterrorismsupplychain-

afourplayersequentialgame.pdf 27 Ibid.

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main components of black market deals as aforementioned in the introduction of the Black

Market.

Questions to Consider

1. Is there any circumstance where the definition of the words WMD and the Black Market

be modified or revised?

2. Where will funding for the multitude of solutions be sourced from?

3. How can solutions be sustained and flexible for the future and is there a way to stop the

problem at the source?

4. Is there one solution or regulation that can be diffused throughout the entire international

economy or this a case by case regional issue that will require further bureaucracy?

5. Is reducing the current global expenditures of WMDs wise and how will this affect the

number of WMDs being traded throughout the black market and the global economy?

6. What inspires the trading of WMDs, and how can this ideology be reversed or reduced

within common society,?

7. What other organizations and bodies of authority can assist when creating solutions?

8. Are there solutions and or regulations already in place that are outdated and need revision

to meet current standards (if so answer with specifics)?

9. Is the use of military intervention needed to physically stop the trade and storage of

WMDs?

10. How can the three components of Black Market trade be addressed through solutions?

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11. Has your own country implemented anything that can be applied globally to combat the

issues?

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Works Cited

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www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/1925-geneva-protocol/.

“CBRNE.” N2018-092 / 2018 / News / News and Media / Internet / Home - INTERPOL,

www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/CBRNE/CBRNE. “Chapter V.” United Nations,

United Nations, www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-v/index.html.

Editor, Anton La Guardia Diplomatic. “UN Moves to Prevent Spread of WMD Black Market.”

The Telegraph, Telegraph Media Group, 29 Apr. 2004, www.telegraph

.co.uk/news/worldnews/1460600/UN-moves-to-prevent-spread-of-WMD-black-market.ht

ml.

“Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction Only Way to Prevent Non-State Actors from

Acquiring Them, Deputy Secretary-General Tells Security Council | Meetings

Coverage and Press Releases.” United Nations, United Nations,

www.un.org/press/en/2016/dsgsm1035.doc.htm.

Fontinelle, Amy. “The Mechanics Of The Black Market.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 9 Sept.

2012, www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/12/mechanics-black-market.asp.

Gilsinan, Kathy. “Why Moldova May Be the Scariest Country on Earth.” The Atlantic, Atlantic

Media Company, 8 Oct. 2015, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015

/10/moldova-nuclear-weapons-isis/409456/.

http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/CBRNE/CBRNE

http://www.telegraph/

http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015

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“HLS 101 - Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).” Definition, History, and Types of Terrorism

| Homeland Security Degree Online, hlsonline.eku.edu/hls-101-weapons-mass-

destruction-WMD.

“Interpol Stands Up Nuclear Counterterrorism Unit.” Nuclear Threat Initiative - Ten Years of

Building a Safer World, www.nti.org/gsn/article/interpol-stands-up-

nuclear-counterterrorism-unit/.

Mailonline, Emily Chan For. “Biological Weapons of Mass Destruction 'Could Wipe out a Fifth

of World's Population'.” Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers, 27 Dec. 2016,

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4066952/Biological-weapons-mass-destruction-

ability-spread-deadly-diseases-like-Ebola-Zika-wipe-fifth-world-s-population.html.

Maverick, J.B. “How the Underground Economy Affects GDP.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 19

Aug. 2016, www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/062216

/how-underground-economy-affects-gdp.asp.

“Nuclear Smugglers Shopped Radioactive Material to Islamic State, Other Terrorists: AP

Report.” Chicagotribune.com, 8 Oct. 2015, www.chicagotribune.com/news/

nationworld/ct-nuclear-smugglers-Islamic-state-terrorists-20151006-story.html.

“Nuclear Weapons Timeline.” ICAN, www.icanw.org/the-facts/the-nuclear-age/.

“Overview.” N2018-092 / 2018 / News / News and Media / Internet / Home - INTERPOL,

www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Overview.

http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/interpol-stands-up-

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4066952/Biological-weapons-mass-destruction-

http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/062216

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/

http://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Overview

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“Pros and Cons of Controversial Issues.” ProConorg Headlines, www.procon.org/.

“Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDDs).” Radiation Units and Conversions - Radiation

Emergency Medical Management, www.remm.nlm.gov/rdd.htm.

“Security Council Adopts Resolution 2325 (2016), Calling for Framework to Keep Terrorists,

Other Non-State Actors from Acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction | Meetings

Coverage and Press Releases.” United Nations, United Nations,

www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12628.doc.htm.

Shan, Xiaojun, and Jun Zhuang. Subsidizing to Disrupt a Terrorism Supply Chain—a Four-

Player Game. USC, 22 May 2013,

create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/subsidizingtodisruptterrorismsupplychain-

afourplayersequentialgame.pdf.

“Syria.” Nuclear Threat Initiative - Ten Years of Building a Safer World,

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LVMUN VI



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lvmun vilvmun vi 6th annual las vegas model un conference february 15-16, 2018 pursue within my...

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