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Luth Research Whitepaper Mapping the Intricate Paths to Purchase in Big Digital Data

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     Luth  Research  Whitepaper  

Mapping  the  Intricate  Paths  to  Purchase  in  Big  Digital  Data                                              

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 Today’s  marketers  and  brand  managers  have  access  to  a  wealth  of  diverse  digital  data  from  partners  ranging  from  research  companies,  data  brokers,  to  advertising  networks.  The  advent  of  accessible  digital  behavior  data  in  recent  years  has  meant  that  we  no  longer  have  to  rely  on  recall  to  understand  how  consumers  move  about  the  web  as  they  make  their  purchase  decision.      An  important  advantage  of  leveraging  passive  digital  tracking  data  is  that  all  of  the  rich  nuances  and  variation  in  website  visits  can  be  readily  available.  How  to  navigate  this  extensive  web  of  connections  and  discern  relevant  patterns  is  a  critical  task  that  both  marketers  and  researchers  are  called  on  to  solve.    This  whitepaper  describes  a  use  case  of  applying  network  analysis  to  a  big  data  set  of  digital  behaviors  pertinent  to  online  shopping  activities  in  the  computer  category.  The  digital  data  is  drawn  from  Luth  Research’s  ZQ  Intelligence™,  a  cross-­‐platform  measurement  technology  harvesting  data  across  computer  and  mobile  devices  from  the  company’s  well  established  consumer  community.  The  discussion  of  the  key  practices  and  learnings  from  this  use  case  illustrates  how  network  analysis  techniques  and  visualization  can  be  used  to  unlock  the  power  of  having  access  to  big  digital  data.      

Simplifying  the  Journey    The  first  course  of  action  in  tackling  the  complexity  of  big  digital  data  is  to  simplify.  Simplification  means  adopting  many  of  the  tools  used  in  network  analysis  to  identify  common  patterns.  This  means,  for  example,  categorizing  site  visits  into  well-­‐defined  groups  by  frequency  of  visits  between  any  two  sites.  This  can  also  be  directional  by  coding  the  sequence  of  visits.  For  example,  do  individuals  frequently  leave  site  A  to  visit  site  B  or  vice  versa.    

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   Figure  1:  Retailer  Journeys  

 Another  important  step  in  simplification  is  determining  how  someone  moves  across  the  digital  ecosystem.  In  other  words,  what  are  the  intermediary  sites  one  visits  when  one  leaves  site  A  and  travels  to  site  B.  These  intermediary  sites  can  represent  critical  bridges  between  two  or  more  sites.  The  bridge  signifies  a  potential  point  within  the  network  where  business  actions  can  influence  the  degree  to  which  traffic  between  A  and  B  can  be  amplified  or  impeded.    Before  we  discuss  the  finer  points  of  translating  groups  and  bridges  into  actionable  insights,  let  us  examine  some  of  the  analytical  steps  used  to  arrive  at  insights.  Borrowing  from  network  analysis,  the  first  step  is  to  visualize  the  various  paths  taken  between  websites.  This  means  focusing  on  the  most  critical  part  of  the  digital  eco-­‐system.  In  this  example  we  are  focusing  on  the  retail  space  and  want  to  understand  the  digital  journeys  of  shoppers  exploring  a  particular  electronics  category,  who  either  purchase  or  spend  significant  amounts  of  time  on  retailer  websites.  Figure  1  is  a  typical  snapshot  of  the  US  traffic  to  four  key  retailer  websites,  once  the  extraneous  websites  are  filtered.    The  graph  represents  the  journeys  of  1,578  unique  devices  which  visited  one  of  the  four  retailer  websites.  The  graph  is  composed  of  3,721  nodes  or  website  visits  

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covering  visits  before  and  after  a  visit  to  one  of  the  specified  retailers.  The  coloration  is  based  on  outbound  activity,  where  the  green  constitutes  more  outbound  activity  to  multiple  sites  than  the  grey.  The  thickness  of  lines  indicates  the  amount  of  traffic  between  any  two  sites,  and  arrows  indicate  the  dominant  direction  of  the  traffic.      Unlike  the  static  image  in  Figure  1,  visualization  tools  give  the  analyst  the  ability  to  zoom  to  specific  areas  in  the  network  graph  and  view  the  graphic  representation  of  directionality  and  number  of  visits  for  each  individual  website.  Visualization  can  be  an  important  first  step  in  the  analysis  of  digital  path  to  purchase,  but  the  addition  of  key  metrics  rounds  out  our  understanding  of  how  individual  websites  relate  to  groups  and  act  as  bridges.  While  listing  the  types  of  metrics  available  on  many  visualization  and  network  analysis  tools  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  article,  the  following  example  underscores  the  importance  of  combining  both  the  visual  and  measurement  tools  available  to  the  analysis.    In  the  case  of  Figure  1,  it  is  apparent  that  Amazon  dominates  the  network  in  terms  of  overall  visits.  However,  each  retailer  has  their  own  group  of  websites  that  have  a  singular  relationship  with  only  one  retailer.  Conversely,  there  are  a  number  of  websites  (colored  green)  that  bridge  multiple  retailer  sites.    Just  looking  at  the  graph  in  Figure  1  suggests  difficulties  differentiating  the  relationship  of  non-­‐Amazon  retailers  to  the  rest  of  the  network.  The  non-­‐Amazon  sites  all  have  unique  groups  feeding  their  website,  and  all  have  some  degree  of  connection  with  the  intermediary  sites.  It  is  not  clear,  relying  solely  on  the  graphic,  how  relevant  the  constellation  of  intermediary  websites  are  to  each  retailer.    Using  metrics  like  the  authority  score  (based  on  the  HITS  algorithm)  or  the  eigenvector  centrality  score,  it  becomes  apparent  that  retailer  B  is  very  different  from  retailers  A  and  C,  and  shares  similarities  with  Amazon  in  how  key  intermediary  sites  relate.  The  face  validity  of  these  metrics  is  substantiated  when  it  is  understood  that  Retailer  B  is  a  specialty  store  and  many  of  the  specialized  brands  and  related  information  sites  have  a  disproportionately  stronger  relationship  with  retailer  B  that  any  of  the  other  three  retailers.  From  an  insight  perspective,  being  able  to  test  whether  or  not  a  specialized  website  is  being  recognized  throughout  the  network  provides  important  validation  of  both  messaging  and  market  positioning.  What  this  type  of  analysis  tells  the  owners  of  retailer  B’s  strategy  is  how  well  related  information  sites  are  helping  shoppers  get  

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to  their  site.  Similarly,  points  within  the  network  where  the  website  is  comparatively  weak  at  maintaining  a  connection  can  be  easily  established.      

Groups  and  Bridges    Now  that  we  have  discussed  how  path  to  purchase  can  be  analyzed,  it  is  important  to  return  to  the  question  of  insights.  In  other  words,  how  do  groups  and  bridges  help  the  analyst  assess  marketing  and  positioning  strategies?  

 Figure  2:  Intermediary  Groups  

It  is  important  to  note  that  each  of  the  nodes  in  Figure  2  represents  a  specific  domain.  As  groups  of  nodes  or  sites,  intermediaries  represent  important  opportunities  or  threats  in  the  purchase  journey.  The  groups  feeding  into  only  one  retailer  on  the  left  of  Figure  2  are  relatively  secure.  They  are  indicating  a  more  direct  path  to  a  given  retailer.  Intermediary  sites,  however,  denote  a  point  of  vacillation  or  a  potential  tipping  point  that  influences  a  range  of  paths  that  a  shopper  might  use.  As  the  analyst  plumbs  the  nature  of  specific  websites,  it  becomes  clearer  that  retailer  B  has  a  particular  relationship  between  visits  to  advisory  and  review  sites  that  is  not  shared  with  other  retailer  sites.  Some  of  the  bridging  groups  identified  in  Figure  2,  groups  X,  Y  and  Z,  have  stronger  relationships  between  one  specific  retailer  and  Amazon.  These  intermediary  sites  form  bridges  between  a  specific  retailer  and  Amazon.  They  show  little  or  no  interaction  between  non-­‐Amazon  retailers.  The  fundamental  role  

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they  play  is  a  stopover  site  or  a  choice  point  between  a  given  retailer  and  Amazon.  Conversely,  the  intermediary  groups  listed  as  W  form  bridges  between  multiple  retailers  and  with  Amazon.  The  sites  in  group  W  include  search  engines,  social  media  (e.g.,  Facebook),  and  general  communication  traffic  like  online  email  platforms.      For  this  particular  example,  there  is  considerable  social  media  activity  prior  to  Amazon  visits.  This  is  less  pronounced  for  the  other  retailer  sites.  However,  under  closer  inspection,  category  specific  search  activity  is  more  evenly  spread  between  all  of  the  retailers,  with  a  more  even  match  between  Amazon  and  retailer  B.  This  is  certainly  implicit  in  metrics  like  the  authority  score,  which  represent  the  more  elevated  path  between  category  specific  searches  and  retailer  B.    

Drilling  into  Segment  Journeys:  Power  of  Filtering    Filtering  data  depicted  in  the  network  graphic  provides  another  important  way  to  look  at  paths,  and  the  groups  and  bridges  that  comprise  that  journey.  As  suggested  in  the  discussion  above,  filtering  for  category  specific  activity  in  search  or  relevant  site  content,  provides  deeper  insights  into  the  relevance  of  particular  journeys  through  the  digital  eco-­‐system.  Sometimes  this  outlook  can  change  dramatically  if  the  analyst  focuses  on  the  journey  of  a  single  demographic.    The  advantage  we  have  at  Luth  is  that  the  digital  path  of  a  device(s)  can  be  tied  to  an  individual  in  the  data  collected.  This  means  that  this  same  individual  can  be  tied  to  demographic  categories  and  all  relevant  survey  data.  The  result  is  a  powerful  ability  to  recreate  network  graphics  and  website  metrics  based  on  very  specific  shopper  segments.  This  is  a  critical  tool  for  analysts  that  need  to  evaluate  existing  targeting  strategies  or  want  to  understand  how  effectively  a  client  has  aligned  their  marketing  and  partnering  strategies  with  the  behavior  of  key  customer  segments.    Setting  up  filters  and  rerunning  group  and  bridge  analysis  helps  isolate  and  identify  the  websites  in  groups  and  bridges  that  differentiate  one  market  segment  from  another.      

   

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Generating  Insights  on  Path  to  Purchase  Analysis    There  are  a  number  of  key  points  to  remember  when  using  the  approach  outlined  in  this  article  to  analyze  path  to  purchase.  First,  groups  of  websites  require  close  individual  inspection  before  making  generalizations.  This  means  balancing  the  visualization  of  the  relationship  of  groups  to  key  websites,  with  metrics  that  give  a  deeper  understanding  of  the  nature  of  individual  website  relationships.  Second,  it  is  important  to  focus  on  finding  the  right  intermediary  websites.  Delving  into  a  cluster  of  websites  that  form  a  bridge  is  a  critical  first  step.  This  needs  to  be  followed  up  with  a  closer  inspection  of  individual  websites  and  how  they  connect  with  multiple  sites  –  what  makes  them  a  key  touchpoint  on  a  journey.    Filtering  is  the  final  point  to  remember  when  analyzing  any  path.  While  overall  digital  activity  provides  a  generalized  sense  of  a  digital  eco-­‐system,  it  is  the  details  about  specific  paths  that  are  going  to  be  the  leavening  used  for  both  strategy  and  tactical  recommendations.  In  other  words,  look  at  journeys  from  multiple  perspectives.  This  means  focusing  on  activity  that  is  more  easily  linked  to  the  shopping  category  under  investigation.  Using  filters  is  also  critical  to  ensure  that  variation  in  journeys  for  different  customer  segments  can  be  used  to  identify  misalignment  in  existing  marketing  and  campaigns.  In  summary,  applying  network  analysis  and  similar  techniques  provides  unique  value  in  decoding  complex  consumer  behaviors  along  the  journey  to  a  purchase  decision.  Luth  Research  not  only  offers  an  unparalleled  digital  behavior  data  collection  platform,  but  also  leads  in  developing  advanced  analytical  frameworks  to  enable  marketers  to  make  sense  of  the  ever-­‐changing  data  with  ease  and  rigor.