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Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and diverse research efforts towards meeting the water and sanitation needs of different areas of eThekwini Municipality. Chris Buckley University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa [email protected] ASSAf Leopoldina Technology Innovations for a Low Carbon Society Conference 8 – 9 October 2012

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Page 1: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a

Local Level A set of creative and diverse research efforts towards meeting the water and sanitation needs of different areas of

eThekwini Municipality.

Chris Buckley University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa [email protected]

ASSAf Leopoldina Technology Innovations for a Low Carbon Society Conference 8 – 9 October

2012

Page 2: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Durban to eThekwini Municipality

• old Metro – 1 366 km2

– population 2.5 mill • Unicity

– 2 297 km2

– population 3.5 mill

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Rural Durban

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Typical Rural Household

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But some are not so fortunate …

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… leading to open defecation

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Sewers Failing …

Page 8: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

and VIP toilets need emptying

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Informal settlements spring up overnight

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Cholera Cases (2000 – 2001)

Page 11: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Composition of Excreta Indicator Units Wet Dry

faeces L/y.p 50 11

urine L/y.p 500 21

water borne L/d.p 20 to 250

nil

tons/y.p 18 0.03

nitrogen in urine % 88

phosphorous in urine

% 67

Page 12: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Backdrop

• MDG targets • rigid discharge standards • increasing water stress • energy interruptions • poverty • sewage as a problem • internet communications

now

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Backdrop

• MDG targets • rigid discharge standards • increasing water stress • energy interruptions • poverty • sewage as a problem • internet communications

• sustainability targets • risk based approach • water conservation • high energy costs • food security • excreta as a resource • smart cities

now future

Page 14: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage

Page 15: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Top Ten Reasons for Treating Sewage

• public health • public health • public health • public health • public health

• public health • public health • public health • public health • public health

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Public Health for Suvival

• faeces contain pathogens • urine contains nutrients • eliminate contact between people and

excreta (pathogens) • piped systems faeces • treatment + pathogen reduction →

environment

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History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source)

• urbanisation and great plagues and fires • city-wide planning • disease theory – air borne vapours • dispersal in water removes disease

(vapours) • flushing toilets • combined sewers and storm water • diameter of sewer pipes

Page 18: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

History of Western Excreta Management (1 - source)

• urbanisation and great plagues and fires • city-wide planning • disease theory – air borne vapours • dispersal in water removes disease

(vapours) • flushing toilets • combined sewers and storm water • diameter of sewer pipes

Page 19: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body)

• water discharge to rivers • oxygen sag

– odours – anaerobic conditions – fish kills – NH3 (ammonia)

• COD (or BOD) removal – aeration • eutrophication

– nitrogen removal – phosphorous removal

• endocrine disrupting compounds – advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents – wetlands

Page 20: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

History of Western Excreta Management (2 - receiving body)

• water discharge to rivers • oxygen sag

– odours – anaerobic conditions – fish kills – NH3 (ammonia)

• COD (or BOD) removal – aeration • eutrophication

– nitrogen removal – phosphorous removal

• endocrine disrupting compounds – advanced oxidation, membranes, adsorbents – wetlands

Page 21: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..

Wastewater Treatment

Page 22: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..

history

Wastewater Treatment

Page 23: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

The historic method of wastewater treatment will become …..

history the challenges provided by meeting the

needs of developing countries will set the new standards

Wastewater Treatment

Page 24: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Water Supply limited to capacity of plot

• free basic water – 300 L/d/household (was 200 L/d/hh) – delivered to formal houses (urban and rural) – informal areas standpipes around periphery

• rising block tariff – 3 blocks (free; > 9 kL/mth; > 30 kL/mth) – full pressure and low pressure systems

• full cost recovery for an efficient service • sanctions for water theft and non-payment

– strategies to create well behaved customers

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Development of a Sanitation Policy for Unserved

• urine diversion toilets in place of VIP latrines • water supply depends on evapotranspiration

area • community ablution blocks in informal

settlements • decentralised systems for isolated

communities • school sanitation support • trials using anaerobic systems and urban

agriculture

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Sanitation Backlog (2007)

Page 27: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Rural Areas - UDDT

• dry on-site • free toilet • free basic water • two chambers • urine to soak-a-

way • householder

maintenance

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Rural Household

Page 29: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

UD toilet contents can be useful

Page 30: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

VIP Toilets peri urban and urban

Page 31: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Even VIP Toilets Need Emptying

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Pit Emptying Tools

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Deep Row Entrenchment

Page 34: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Latrine Dehydration and Pasteurisation (LaDePa)

Page 35: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Interim Services for informal settlements

• communal ablution blocks • basic road network footpaths • electricity connections • standpipes • sustainable livelihoods

Page 36: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Community Ablution Blocks external view

Page 37: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Community Ablution Blocks internal view - female

Page 38: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Smarter Design and Construction

Page 39: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Informal Settlement

Page 40: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Magabheni Pond Effluent

Durban, 30.11.2009 Sandra Hildbrand, Wolf Raber

40

Page 41: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Newlands –Mashu DEWATS Plant technical evaluation plant

• development nodes remote from sewers • decentralised piped system • urine diversion pour flush / low flush toilets • anaerobic baffled reactor • anaerobic filter • constructed wetlands • immersed membranes • agricultural reuse

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Dewats Technical Evaluation Plant

Page 43: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Horizontal Flow Planted Gravel Filter

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Vertical Flow Planted Gravel Filter

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Newlands –Mashu DEWATS Plant AMU Centre of Excellence

Page 46: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Wastewater and Agriculture

Page 47: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

formal low-cost housing

Page 48: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sanitation Programme

• USD 65 mill in 2013 • game changing initiatives • Reinvent The Toilet Challenge

– targeted to bottom 2.6 billion people • but applicable to the top of the pyramid

– off grid – produces potable water + fertiliser + energy – costs less than USD 0.05 /person/d

Page 49: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

right now on-site sanitation is one of the most exciting fields of technical development …

Page 50: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

Water is life

Sanitation is dignity

Page 51: Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level Presentations/Low Carbon Citie… · Low-cost Innovation in Water and Sanitation at a Local Level A set of creative and

If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together. African Proverb


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