looking at the whole landscape and assessing the function ... · planning for rain – looking at...
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Planning for Rain –
Looking at the Whole Landscape and
Assessing the Function of Soil
Soil Health Conference
May 30, 2012
Marilyn Mroz, P.E. Cushetunk Technical Services, Inc.
Clinton, New Jersey
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“What will I do differently?”
Photo Source: “Elements”, March 2009, Berks County Conservation District, PA
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http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/factpub/aib326.html
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What is Soil?
A dynamic,
natural system
Weathered
geologic parent
material
Ongoing
biological,
chemical, and
physical
processes
Unconsolidated
material
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Soil Profile
New Jersey State Soil
Downer sandy loam
A
B
C
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The Landscape - A Soil Catena
Loess
Sandstone
http://soils.usda.gov/education/training/job_aids.html#graphics
Top of Slope
Toe of Slope
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The Five Factors of Soil Formation
Parent Material
Red shale, marine sands, glauconite, etc.
Landscape Position
Upslope, midslope, toe of slope
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The Five Factors of Soil Formation
Parent Material Red shale, marine sands, glauconite, etc.
Landscape Position Upslope, midslope, toe of slope
Biota Vegetation, microorganisms
Climate Mesic, arid, tropic, etc.
Time
http://www.blm.gov/nstc/soil/bacteria/
M.Mroz
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What is the Function of Soil?
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What is the Function of Soil?
Building foundations
Bearing strength
Absence of water
Road subgrade
Frost-heave potential Well-drained
Drainage medium Gradation analysis
Earth embankments
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What is the Function of Soil?
Plant growth
Water movement
Nutrient supply
Phytoremediation
Erosion control
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What do we consider?
Soil Physical Properties Texture, structure, etc.
Soil Chemical Properties pH, type of clay, fertility
Soil-forming Processes Transformation
Translocation
Additions
losses
Macropores, Micropores
Capillarity, Gravity
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Loamy Sand Sandy Loam Sand
Downer
Hammonton
Consider a Sample Landscape
Sand
Evesboro
http://soils.usda.gov/education/training/job_aids.html#graphics
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High-glauconite-content sediments
Low-glauconite-content sediments
Colts Neck
Freehold
Marlton
Cresson
Tube
Permeameter Test
Example
http://soils.usda.gov/education/training/job_aids.html#graphics
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sheds water
Slope: Concave or Convex?
collects water
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Applications
Stormwater Management
Hydrologic Soil Group
Numerical Modeling
Groundwater Recharge
Construction
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Stormwater Management
The success of infiltration is directly related to the macropores in the surface soil.
Macropores particle size and/or humus
Good Soil Structure
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Infiltration Basins
Causes of Failure
Clogging by sediments
Inadequate Maintenance
High Groundwater
Hydraulic Overloading
Compaction
Photo Source: “Elements”, March 2009, Berks County Conservation District, PA
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“A”- low runoff potential, typically >90% sand
Originally based on measured rainfall, runoff, and infiltrometer data (Musgrave, 1955)
Sat. hydr. Cond. >5.6 iph
Depth to impermeable layer, 20 to 40 in.
Depth to high water table, 24 to 40 in.
Hydrologic Soil Groups – A, B, C, and D
Ref.: NRCS, National Engineering Handbook, Part 630, Chapter 7
A D
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Trying to put numbers to Nature Soil horizons On-site permeability test data Water table – where is capillary fringe?
Numerical Modeling
2 ft –
K.Patel
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Groundwater Recharge “Default” Soil Series: Fort Mott (A), Nixon (B), Venango (C), Any (D)
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“Don’t work the soil when it’s wet.”
Proctor density curve – moisture matters
Counteract smearing by scarifying when soil is drier
Minimize compaction
Construction
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What will you do differently?...
Check soil characteristics - Web Soil Survey
On-site testing
– Re-consider which soil permeability test to use
– Re-consider the number of permeability tests
Construction and installation
– Timing: “Don’t work the soil when it’s wet”
– Avoid compaction
– Scarify
Soil amendments: organic matter
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Thank you.
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Nmnmnm http://www.treehugger.com/clean-technology/an-explanation-of-the-water-cycle-with-pictures-and
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