assessing and mapping landscape preferences in belgium

Research line 1Research line 1

Assessing and mapping landscape Assessing and mapping landscape preferences in Belgiumpreferences in Belgium

Vincent Vincent VanderheydenVanderheyden

KarolienKarolien PeetersPeeters

�� RL 1RL 1: : RepresentativeRepresentative surveysurvey (photo(photo--questionnaire) in questionnaire) in orderorder to to

understandunderstand the the wayway people valorise people valorise landscapeslandscapes in relation to the in relation to the

location of location of windwind energyenergy parksparks..

�� ResultResult: :

A modelA model thatthat allowsallows the the assessmentassessment of of landscapelandscape qualityquality basedbased on on

measurablemeasurable indicatorsindicators. .

The The ‘‘consensus consensus preferencepreference’’ for for differentdifferent landscapelandscape types (types (withwith

and and withoutwithout visible visible windwind turbines) turbines) willwill bebe mappedmapped..

General Objective

Research planResearch plan

�� AssessmentAssessment of the of the subjectivesubjective landscape landscape attractivityattractivity�� PhotoquestionnairesPhotoquestionnaires: : originaloriginal photosphotos + + samesame photosphotos withwith simulatedsimulated wind wind turbinesturbines

�� ModellingModelling attractivityattractivity basedbased onon significant landscape parameterssignificant landscape parameters�� attractivityattractivity = f(% green, % = f(% green, % urbanisationurbanisation, traditional landscape , traditional landscape elementselements, , disturbingdisturbing elementselements, , topographytopography, water, , water, ……))

�� Map Map subjectivesubjective landscape landscape capacitycapacity byby model model extrapolationextrapolation in GISin GIS

�� SimulationSimulation of of regionalregional impact of wind turbine impact of wind turbine onon landscape landscape attractivityattractivity

PhotoquestionnairesPhotoquestionnaires

�� WidelyWidely usedused as a as a tooltool forfor assessingassessing landscape landscape

preferencespreferences (e.g. (e.g. suburbanisationsuburbanisation, , roadsroads, ,

greenhousesgreenhouses, traditional landscape , traditional landscape elementselements, , ……))

�� ValidityValidity of of photographsphotographs as as surrogatessurrogates forfor landscape landscape

experienceexperience

�� PossiblePossible to to reachreach a a broadbroad publicpublic

�� TripodTripod at at eyeeye levellevel

�� Horizontal Horizontal observationobservation angleangle 120120°° ((AutostichAutostich))

�� 250 250 photographsphotographs taken in different taken in different regionsregions of of FlandersFlanders and and WalloniaWallonia

�� 54 54 photographsphotographs selectedselected fromfrom orginalorginal database (of 250) to database (of 250) to cover a cover a largelarge varietyvariety of of ruralrural landscape types (landscape types (forestedforested, , suburbanisedsuburbanised, , visiblevisible water surfaces, traditional, open, water surfaces, traditional, open, bocagebocage, , ……))



LocationLocation of the 54 of the 54 selectedselected photographsphotographs


�� SimulationSimulation of wind turbines in the landscape of wind turbines in the landscape

((PhotoshopPhotoshop))


number of turbines per picture

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 turbine 2 turbines 3 turbines 4 turbines 5 turbines 6 turbines

number of turbines

nu

mb

er o

f p

ictu

res

placing of turbines per picture

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

solitair line double line cluster arch

placing of turbine

nu

mb

er o

f p

ictu

res

�� VariationVariation in in numbernumber of turbines of turbines visiblevisible and and distancedistance to the to the observerobserver


�� +/+/-- 2000 2000 respondentsrespondents

�� EachEach respondent: 18 respondent: 18 photographsphotographs, 12 without wind turbine, , 12 without wind turbine,

6 6 withwith wind turbinewind turbine


�� EachEach respondent: 18 respondent: 18 photographsphotographs, 12 without wind turbine, , 12 without wind turbine, 6 6 withwith wind turbinewind turbine

�� The 108 (= 54*2) photographs are divided into 18 piles of 6 The 108 (= 54*2) photographs are divided into 18 piles of 6 photographs photographs

�� 9 piles of photographs with wind turbines9 piles of photographs with wind turbines

�� 9 piles of the same photographs without wind turbines 9 piles of the same photographs without wind turbines

�� The compilation of the piles: different landscape characteristicThe compilation of the piles: different landscape characteristics in s in each pileeach pile

�� Combination of the piles in 9 sets of 18 photographsCombination of the piles in 9 sets of 18 photographs

�� The order of the photographs in each set has been determined The order of the photographs in each set has been determined randomly.randomly.

IAAA BA CA DA EA FA GA HA

54 without turbine 54 with turbine

HB IBCB DB EB FB GBBBAB

Set 1ABBACA

Set 2BBAACA

Set 3CBDAFA

Set 4DBGAFA

Set 5EBDAIA

Set 6FBGAHA

Set 7GBAAIA

Set 8HBBAEA

Set 9IBEAHA


�� +/+/-- 2000 2000 respondentsrespondents

�� EachEach respondent: respondent:

�� 2 2 testphotographstestphotographs

�� 1 set of 18 1 set of 18 photographsphotographs (12 without wind turbine, 6 (12 without wind turbine, 6 withwith wind wind

turbine)turbine)

�� Attitude Attitude scalescale: 7: 7--point point LikertLikert--scalescale


�� 2 2 testphotographstestphotographs


�� Additional questionsAdditional questions

�� SES: socioSES: socio--economic indicatorseconomic indicators

�� Questions which help to establish a link with the second Questions which help to establish a link with the second

research line (in depth interview):research line (in depth interview):�� Landscape in environment of respondentsLandscape in environment of respondents

�� Knowledge about nearby projectsKnowledge about nearby projects

Set 3 = reeks Set 3 = reeks CBCB, DA, FA, DA, FA

ramilliesramillies44AAFF

wasseigeswasseiges66AADD

Laakdal_Laakdal_nikenike22AAFF

botrangebotrange11AAFF

brulybruly_4WT_4WT33BBCC

Bertem2mtBertem2mt44BBCC

dinantdinant22AADD

BlankenbergeBlankenberge_Natuurreservaat_Natuurreservaat11AADD

Heuvelland_Blekerijstraat1mtbisHeuvelland_Blekerijstraat1mtbis55BBCC

LommelLommel_Balendijk1mt_Balendijk1mt66BBCC

GooikGooik_Assesteenweg1_Assesteenweg133AADD

StokkemStokkem__SchiervellaanSchiervellaan55AAFF

Geel_Breeven4mtGeel_Breeven4mt11BBCC

LinterLinter__RodestraatRodestraat33AAFF

boisbois--odetodet_1WT_1WT22BBCC

StokkemStokkem_Molenveld4_Molenveld455AADD

VillersVillers--enen--FagneFagne66AAFF

javinguejavingue44AADD


�� Door Door byby door questionnaires (+/door questionnaires (+/--2000)2000)

�� StratifiedStratified sample of 80 sample of 80 formerformer municipalitiesmunicipalities ((FlandersFlanders, Brussels, , Brussels, WalloniaWallonia))

�� 25 25 respondentsrespondents per per municipalitymunicipality (To (To muchmuch?)?)

�� Representative sample for BelgiumRepresentative sample for Belgium

�� n = (1.96n = (1.96²² x N) / (1.96x N) / (1.96²² + margin of error+ margin of error²² x (Nx (N--1))1))

�� For Belgium: N= 10,000,000 For Belgium: N= 10,000,000 –– margin of error 5% = 2.5% above margin of error 5% = 2.5% above

and 2.5% below and 2.5% below –– confidence interval 95% (1.96 standard error)confidence interval 95% (1.96 standard error)

�� 1500 respondents = near to a standard representative sample1500 respondents = near to a standard representative sample

3846001067153624004267Number of respondents

10%8%6%5%4%3%Margin of error


�� StratifiedStratified sample of 80 sample of 80 formerformer municipalitiesmunicipalities ((FlandersFlanders, Brussels, , Brussels, WalloniaWallonia))

First results

�� HeverleeHeverlee en en GelrodeGelrode, 50 interviews, 2 sets (set 1 en set 2), 50 interviews, 2 sets (set 1 en set 2)

GenderGender

Man code 1Woman code 2

Mean Heverlee: 1,4Mean Gelrode: 1,6Mean set 1: 1,5

Mean Heverlee: 1,6Mean Gelrode: 1,7Mean set 1: 1,6

Set 1 - Verdeling geslacht

manvrouw

Set 2 - Verdeling geslacht

manvrouw

AgeAge

Mean Heverlee: 46Mean Gelrode: 43Mean set 1: 44Minimum: 16Maximum: 81

Mean Heverlee: 41Mean Gelrode: 41Mean set 1: 41Minimum: 13Maximum: 64

Set 1 - Verdeling leeftijd

<20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

>69

Set 2 - Verdeling leeftijd

<20

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

>69

Level of Level of educationeducation

88universityuniversity

11higherhigher educationeducation (long type)(long type)

1010higherhigher educationeducation (short type)(short type)

55higherhigher secondarysecondary educationeducation

11lowerlower secondarysecondary educationeducation

11without diploma/without diploma/elementaryelementary

educationeducation

33universityuniversity

33higherhigher educationeducation (long type)(long type)

66higherhigher educationeducation (short type)(short type)

77higherhigher secondarysecondary educationeducation

11lowerlower secondarysecondary educationeducation

44without diploma/without diploma/elementaryelementary

educationeducation

Set 1 - Verdeling onderwijsniveau

zonder diploma/lageronderwijslager middelbaar

hoger middelbaar

hoger onderwijskorte typehoger onderwijslage typehoger universitaironderwijs

Set 2 - Verdeling onderwijsniveau

zonder diploma/lageronderwijs

lager middelbaar

hoger middelbaar

hoger onderwijskorte type

hoger onderwijs lagetype

hoger universitaironderwijs

CategoryCategory of of respondentsrespondents

1717workerworker

44retiredretired

22housewifehousewife-- oror husbandhusband

11jobjob--seekerseeker

22studentstudent

1212workerworker

44retiredretired

22housewifehousewife-- oror husbandhusband

22jobjob--seekerseeker

44studentstudent

Set 1 - Verdeling personencategorie

leerling of studentwerkzoekendehuisvrouw- of manpensioenwerkende

Set 2 - Verdeling personencategorie

leerling of studentwerkzoekendehuisvrouw- of manpensioenwerkende

AppreciationAppreciation withwith and without wind and without wind

turbineturbine

Gemiddelde waardering

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

landschap

waa

rder

ing

zonder turbine

met turbine

InitiallyInitially lessless appreciatedappreciated landscape: landscape: increaseincrease in in appreciationappreciation

InitiallyInitially betterbetter appreciatedappreciated landscape: landscape: decreasedecrease in in appreciationappreciation

H 8,86C 6,49

E 8,08

J 1,58I 3,9

D 3,45

G 4,8

A 6,84

F 6,08

B 6,36

y = 0,2052x - 0,8123

R2 = 0,5276

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 2 4 6 8 10

aantrekkelijkheid oorspronkelijke foto

del

ta a

antr

ekke

lijkh

eid

Test case Test case --> Hypothese> Hypothese

AppreciationAppreciation withwith and without wind and without wind

turbine (turbine (pilepile A and B)A and B)y = 0.5199x - 2.6387

R2 = 0.3571

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

waardering landschap zonder turbine

del

ta w

aard

erin

g

Series1

Linear (Series1)

Decrease in

appreciation

Increase in

appreciation

DecreaseDecrease in in appreciationappreciation

IncreaseIncrease in in appreciationappreciation

Landscape attractivity maps

�� AttractivityAttractivity = f (landscape variables, wind turbine)= f (landscape variables, wind turbine)

Stedula


�� AttractivityAttractivity = f (landscape variables, wind turbine)= f (landscape variables, wind turbine)


�� Mapping the Mapping the attractivityattractivity of landscapes according to the inhabitants of of landscapes according to the inhabitants of Belgium Belgium

�� ThisThis meansmeans: : linkinglinking visibilityvisibility of indicators of indicators basedbased onon terrerstrialterrerstrialphotographyphotography withwith viewshedviewshed indicators indicators basedbased onon GISGIS--layerslayers ((DEMDEM, , HRHR--landland cover cover mapsmaps) ) �� MScMSc thesis thesis MelisandeMelisande CelisCelis

Agenda

Writing of the report

Link between line 1 and 2

Simulation of regional impact of wind turbine on landscape attractivity

Map subjective landscape capacity bymodel extrapolation in GIS

linking terrestrial photography withviewshed indicators based on GIS-layers(MSc thesis)

modelling attractivity

digitalisation of photographs

questionnaires

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assessing and mapping landscape preferences in belgium

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