looking at salamanders at the species level. kindom: animalia phylum: chordata subphylum: vertebrata...
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![Page 1: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Looking at Salamanders at the
Species Level
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Kindom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata
Subphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: Tetrapoda
Class: AmphibiaSubclass: Lissamphibia
Order: CaudataFamilies: Cryptobranchidae, Proteidae, Salamandridae,
Ambystomatidae & Plethodontidae
![Page 3: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis
• Family: Cryptobranchidae• “Hidden Gills”• Eastern Hellbender• Largest salamander• Big skin folds
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Necturus m. maculosus
• Family: Proteidae• “Swimming”• Common Mudpuppy• Bushy gills• 4 – 4 (1 of 2 WV salamanders
w/ this toe characteristic)
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Notophthalmus v. viridescens
• Family: Salamandridae• “Eyes on back”• Red-spotted Newt / Eft• Black bordered red spots on back & side• Longitudinal crests on head
![Page 6: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Family: Ambystomatidae
• “Cup-shaped mouth”• The Mole Salamanders • Costal grooves• Ambystoma jeffersonianum • Ambystoma maculatum • Ambystoma opacum• Ambystoma barbouri• Ambystoma texanum
![Page 7: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ambystoma jeffersonianum
• Jefferson Salamander• EXTREMELY long toes• Small bluish flecks on body • Light belly• 14 costal grooves
![Page 8: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ambystoma maculatum• Spotted
Salamander• 2 irregular rows
of yellow spots on the dorsum that extend from the head to the tail
• Dark belly• 12 costal
grooves
![Page 9: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ambystoma opacum
• Marbled Salamander• Alternating light & dark crossbands on the
dorsal side that form an hourglass shape• Dark belly • 12 costal grooves
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Ambystoma texanumAmbystoma barbouri
• Smallmouth Salamander & Streamside Salamander
• Sibling species (look at distribution map)• Numerous bluish/ grey or silvery/gray
markings along the sides of the body• Small head & mouth• 14 costal
grooves
![Page 11: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. texanum/barbouri Distribution Map
![Page 12: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Family: Plethodontidae
• “Lots of teeth”
• Largest & most diverse group of salamanders
• Lungless, respire through skin
• Nasolabial groove is present
• WV has 7 genera & 25 species
![Page 13: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Genus: Desmognathus
• “Band on jaws” (lower jaw held in place via ligaments connected to the upper backbone) = VERY strong jaws
• Robust
• Larger hind legs
• 5 species in WV
![Page 14: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
5 Desmognathus species
• D. ochrophaeus• D. fuscus• D. monticola• D. quadramaculatus• D. welteri• Note: These are in increasing
order of water affinity so it will be helpful to look at the keel of the tail in each species
![Page 15: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cross Sections of Desmognathus Tails
![Page 16: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Desmognathus ochrophaeus
• Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander• Chevron markings• 14 costal grooves• Most terrestrial so there is NO KEEL IN THE
TAIL
![Page 17: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Desmognathus fuscus
• Northern Dusky Salamander• Dorsally, there is usually a reddish
stripe (may be broken up) w/ wavy borders
• Mottled belly• DORSAL KEEL
![Page 18: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Desmognathus m. monticola
• Appalachian Seal Salamander• Dorsally, there are worm-like markings
scattered all over• Immaculate belly• 14 costal grooves• Stronger keel
![Page 19: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Desmognathus quadramaculatus
• Black-bellied Salamander• Dark in color a row of brownish/gold
specks along each side of the body• Head is usually brownish• Dark belly and body (except for the
chocolate head)• 14 costal grooves• STRONGLY KEELED TAIL
![Page 20: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Desmognathus welteri
• Black Mountain Dusky Salamander
• Most terrestrial• Biggest keeled tail
![Page 21: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Genus: Gyrinophilus
• The Spring Salamanders
• “Tadpole loving”
• Gyrinophilus p. porphyriticus
• Gyrinophilus p. duryi
• Gyrinophilus subterraneous
• Sibling species (Look at the map)
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Genus: Gyrinophilus
• Robust• Pink/Red/Brown• Free tongue• Keeled tail• Canthas rostralis
![Page 23: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Genus: Gyrinophilus Distribution Map
![Page 24: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Genus: Pseudotriton
• The Red Salamanders
• “False newt”
• Richly colored with black dots
• Robust
• Keeled tail
• Pseudotriton montanus diastictus
• Pseudotriton r. ruber
![Page 25: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pseudotriton montanus diastictus
• Midland Mud Salamander
• Red w/ few black spots
• 17 costal grooves
![Page 26: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pseudotriton r. ruber
• Northern Red Salamander
• Red w/ numerous small black dots scattered over body
• 16-17 costal grooves
![Page 27: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aneides aeneus
• The climbing salamanders
• “Shapeless”• Green Salamander• Flattened body• Squared-off toe
pads (for climbing)• Dark w/ bright green
patches over body• 14 – 15 costal
grooves
![Page 28: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Genus: EuryceaThe Brook Salamanders
• “Wide”• The Brook Salamanders• Free tongue• Eurycea lucifuga• Eurycea l. longicauda • * Eurycea cirrigera • * Eurycea b. bislineata • * Denotes sibling species
![Page 29: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Eurycea lucifuga
• Cave Salamander• Tail > half of the body• Orange – Red w/ numerous black dots over
body• Flattened head w/ well developed eyes• 14 – 15 costal grooves
![Page 30: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Eurycea l. longicauda
• Long-tailed Salamander
• Tail > half the body
• Slender• Herringbone
style on tail• Black speckles
over body• 13 – 14 costal
grooves
![Page 31: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Eurycea bislineataEurycea cirrigera
• Northern Two-lined Salamander & Southern Two-lined Salamander
• Light, median dorsal stripe bordered on each side by dark lines which originate at the eyes and extend the length of the body
• 15 – 16 costal grooves
• Sibling species (know your distribution map)
![Page 32: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eurycea bislineataEurycea cirrigeraDistribution Map
![Page 33: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hemidactylium scutatum
• “Half finger”• Four-toed
Salamander• 4 – 4• Brown back• Salt & pepper
belly• Constriction at
base of tail
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Genus: PlethodonFamily: Plethodontidae
• Woodland salamanders are divided into small & large size classes
• Completely terrestrial & nocturnal
• Entire larval stage is spent in the egg
• 4 Complexes (DISTRIBUTION MAPS)
![Page 35: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
small Woodland Salamanders
• Plethodon cinereus
• Plethodon richmondi
• Plethodon electromorphus
• Plethodon hoffmani
• Plethodon virginia
• Plethodon nettingi
![Page 36: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
LARGE Woodland Salamanders
• Plethodon punctatus
• Plethodon wehrlei
• Plethodon kentucki
• Plethodon cylindraceus
• Plethodon glutinosus
![Page 37: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Plethedon cinereus(small)
• Eastern Red-backed Salamander• Straight-edged stripe down the back that
usually extends to the tail (color varies due to different phases)
• Belly sprinkled w/ black & white• 18 – 19 costal grooves
![Page 38: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Plethodon richmondi & Plethodon electromorphus
(small)• Southern Ravine
Salamander & Northern Ravine Salamander
• Sibling species (refer to map)
• Long & slender• Dark back w/ lots of
gold/silver flecks & sometimes white specks on side
• In NRS, the belly and throat are more white
• Costal groove numbers overlap
![Page 39: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Plethodon richmondi & Plethodon electromorphus
Distribution Map
![Page 40: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Plethodon hoffmani & Plethodon virginia
(small)• Valley & Ridge Salamander &
Shenandoah Mountain Salamander• Sibling species (map)• Morphologically similar to the ravine
salamanders
![Page 41: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Plethodon nettingi(small)
• Cheat Mountain Salamander• Federally protected species endemic to WV
(Pendleton, Grant, Tucker, Randolph & Pocahontas Counties)
• Dark back w/ metallic-like speckles • Dark belly and throat• 17 – 19 costal grooves
![Page 42: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Plethodon glutinosus &Plethodon cylindraceus &
Plethodon kentucki(LARGE)
• Northern Slimy Salamander & White-spotted Slimy Salamander & Cumberland Plateau Salamander
• Sibling Species (map)
• Grey belly• Dorsally black &
covered w/ many white speckles
• 16 costal grooves
![Page 43: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Plethodon glutinosus &Plethodon cylindraceus &
Plethodon kentuckiDistribution Map
![Page 44: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Plethodon wehrlei & Plethodon punctatus (LARGE)
• Wehrle’s Salamander & Cow Knob Salamander
• Sibling Species• More charcoal than black• In PW, back feet are partially webbed & red
flecks are present usually on sides• In CK, dark back w/ yellow spots all over
![Page 45: Looking at Salamanders at the Species Level. Kindom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia Subclass: Lissamphibia](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649e8a5503460f94b8fca6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Plethodon wehrlei & Plethodon punctatus
Distribution Map