long live pavement australia
DESCRIPTION
materi ini adalah mengenai materi perkerasan jalan dengan umur layan yang long life atau panjang, dan mungkin melebihi umur rencana yang biasanya kita pakai untuk perencanaan perkerasan jalan. dalam materi ini dibahas mengenai cara desain dan alat yang digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah jalan tersebut long life atau tidakTRANSCRIPT
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research | consulting | technology
www.arrb.com.au Advancing safety and efficiency in transport through knowledge
Australian Long Life Pavements
Presented byGeoff Jameson ARRB Group
Institute of Road Engineering
6h November 2012
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design period 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method (staged construction,
fatigue endurance limit)
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Australian context
• Large continent
• Wide range of climates
• each Australian state government has a pavement
design manual based on Austroads Guide
• tailored to local materials, performance, climates,
loadings, specifications
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Austroads Guide
(www.austroads.com.au)
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State road agencies have supplements
the Guide
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Road agency design rules,
specifications, contracts
• Design inputs tailored to local climate
– Specifications
– Condition of Contract (warranties)
– Test methods
– Availability/ quality of materials
– Maintenance practices
– Past performance
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Definition of long life pavements
• Pavements where no significant deterioration will
develop in the foundation or the road base layers over
a 40 year period provided that correct surface
maintenance is carried out
• Commonly called heavy-duty pavements in Australia
• Design periods
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In Australia these heavy duty pavements
would be designed with a project reliability of
95% to 97.5%
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Factors affecting performance
• Presentation discusses limited to pavement design issues
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Foundation design
• Project delivered by design and construct contracts
• Contractors responsibility to design and construct the
foundation to carry the construction traffic
• In terms of providing a foundation for long term
performance, road agencies design Manuals provide
minimum foundation structures
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Example : Roads and Maritime Services New
South Wales design manual
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method (staged construction,
fatigue endurance limit)
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Asphalt surfacing types and thickness
• Open graded asphalt (OGA)
• Dense graded asphalt (DGA)
• DGA Intersection mixes
• SMA – emerging
• Use of polymer modified PMB for high
stresses/loadings
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Open graded asphalt
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Road users benefits of open graded asphalt
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Open graded asphalt
10mm
SAMI
Dense
graded
asphalt
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Dense graded asphalt, size 14 mm
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Nominal size and thickness of dense
graded asphalts
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Nominal size and thickness of dense
graded asphalts
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Guide to selection of binder types
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Thickness design using mechanistic
approach in use of over 20 years
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Elements of mechanistic design
method
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Subgrade
Base Course/
Subbase Course
Asphalt
80 kN
Standard Axle
Nkb
=ε
(
Design Traffic (SAR)
Allowable load repetitions to distress
n
N
critical strain, ε
Damage =
Response
Model
Performance
Relationship:RF )
Mechanistic Design
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Strains calculated under a 80 kN Standard Axle
Uniform stress
(equal to tyre
pressure)
1 Tensile strain at bottom of asphalt - asphalt fatigue
2 Tensile strain at bottom of cemented material - cement mat fatigue
3 Compressive strain at top of subgrade - rutting & shape loss
Denotes likely locations of critical strains due to applied loading
3 Subgrade
1 Asphalt
2 Cemented Material
Spacing of Dual Wheels – Full Axle Configuration
330mm
Crushed Rock
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Features of pavement response model
• response to load is calculated using the linear
elastic theory and specifically the computer
program CIRCLY
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Performance relationships relate
strains to allowable traffic loading
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Summary of design process
• Step 1: select a trial pavement, desired project
reliability
• Step 2: elastic characterisation of materials
• Step 3: calculation of critical strains
• Step 4: calculation of allowable loadings
• Step 5: calculation of design traffic
• Step 6: compare allowable loading with design traffic
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Types of heavy duty flexible pavements
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Asphalt mix design performance tests
• Indirect tensile modulus
• Beam fatigue tests
• Rut resistance using small Wheel tracker
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Cemented treated crushed rock
• 3-4% cement commonly used
• stiff working platform on which to construct asphalt layers
• 150 mm to 200 mm thick single layer
• common practice to assume it will fatigue crack early in
pavement life
• hence a post-cracked modulus of 500 MPa is used
• Unconfined compressive strength commonly specified,
ARRB has recently developed fatigue test
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Lean concrete subbase
• composition
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Aggregate size (nominal maximum)
Approximate proportion (by mass) of mix(1)
20 mm aggregate 31%
14 mm aggregate 6%
10 mm aggregate 6%
7 mm aggregate 6%
5 mm screened fines 2%
High fines - sand 37%
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Lean concrete subbase
• placed wet and screeded as per concrete
• thicknesses min 150 mm to 230 mm
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Lean concrete subbase
• 90 day flexural strength >2 MPa
• Design modulus 10 000 MPa
• Design to inhibit fatigue cracking
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Need to inhibit cracking of lean mix
reflecting to pavement surface
• Overlying asphalt thickness ≥ 175 mm to inhibit reflection
cracking
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Can use mechanistic approach to develop
design charts for routine use
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Concrete pavement terminology
Lean concrete subbase
Capping/ select fill
Concrete base
Subgrade
• plain concrete
• jointed reinforced
• CRCP
debonding
layer
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Concrete pavement types commonly
used
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Plain concrete pavements (no dowels
at transverse joints)
concrete base
lean concrete subbase
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Plain Concrete Pavements (PCP)
• Placed using slip form paver
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tiebars
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Longitudinal texture using hessian
dragged behind slip form paver
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hessian
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Transverse texture by tyning
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Jointed reinforced concrete pavements
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Continuously reinforced concrete
pavementReinforcing bars
subbase
base
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Continuously reinforced concrete
pavement
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Lean concrete (wet) subbase
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Lean concrete subbase
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Curing and debonding of concrete base and
subbase
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Tied shoulders used
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
– Structural design method
• Example designs
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Two distress types considered in flexible
pavement thickness design
• fatigue of cracking of concrete base
• erosion of fines of the subbase/subgrade arising from
repeated deflections at joints and planned cracks
Erosion
at joints
Fatigue
cracking
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Thickness design based on simple prediction
models developed from finite element modelling
• critical stresses/displacement are determined under each
anticipated axle group type and axle group load
• not calculated directly in Austroads Guide,
stresses/displacement embedded in performance
relationships
103.0
3F2
4
SFe2 9.0)
35.41
10
F 4.45
PL,0max( 77.6 14.52 )N (F log
−
−=
Erosion predicted from slab corner displacements
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Thickness design
• select a trial concrete base thickness
• calculate percentage damage by dividing expected load
repetitions by allowable repetitions
SINGLE AXLES / DUAL WHEELS (SADT)
Equivalent Stress 1.06Stress Ratio Factor 0.250 Erosion Factor 2.47
Fatigue Analysis Erosion Analysis
Axle Load(kN)
DesignLoad (kN)
ExpectedRepetitions
AllowableRepetitions
Fatigue(%)
AllowableRepetitions
Damage(%)
150 195.0 0 57,500 0.00 69,271 0.00
140 182.0 0 159,117 0.00 104,306 0.00
130 169.0 1,528 601,365 0.25 163,912 0.93
120 156.0 9,168 5,962,495 0.15 272,483 3.36
110 143.0 31,324 UNLIMITED 0.00 489,873 6.39
100 130.0 106,196 UNLIMITED 0.00 991,416 10.71
90 117.0 226,908 UNLIMITED 0.00 2,462,593 9.21
80 104.0 352,968 UNLIMITED 0.00 9,721,111 3.63
70 91.0 496,600 UNLIMITED 0.00 1,373,296,172 0.04
60 78.0 734,204 UNLIMITED 0.00 UNLIMITED 0.00
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Thickness design
• sum damage over all axle group loads and axle group types
• if damage less than 100% for both erosion and fatigue,
pavement acceptable otherwise select another trial
pavement configurationSINGLE AXLES / DUAL WHEELS (SADT)
Equivalent Stress 1.06Stress Ratio Factor 0.250 Erosion Factor 2.47
Fatigue Analysis Erosion Analysis
Axle Load(kN)
DesignLoad (kN)
ExpectedRepetitions
AllowableRepetitions
Fatigue(%)
AllowableRepetitions
Damage(%)
150 195.0 0 57,500 0.00 69,271 0.00
140 182.0 0 159,117 0.00 104,306 0.00
130 169.0 1,528 601,365 0.25 163,912 0.93
120 156.0 9,168 5,962,495 0.15 272,483 3.36
110 143.0 31,324 UNLIMITED 0.00 489,873 6.39
100 130.0 106,196 UNLIMITED 0.00 991,416 10.71
90 117.0 226,908 UNLIMITED 0.00 2,462,593 9.21
80 104.0 352,968 UNLIMITED 0.00 9,721,111 3.63
70 91.0 496,600 UNLIMITED 0.00 1,373,296,172 0.04
60 78.0 734,204 UNLIMITED 0.00 UNLIMITED 0.00
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Joint design
• Thickness design is dominated by traffic-induced
stresses
• Location and design of joints dominated by the need to
control stresses and strains due to changes in
temperature and moisture
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Roads and Maritime Services, New
South Wales (www.rms.nsw.gov.au)
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Need for experienced designers,
detailing critical to performance
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Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Definition of heavily trafficked long life pavement
– Design periods 40 years
• Foundation design
• Flexible pavements
– Surfacing types
– Structural design method (staged construction,
fatigue endurance limit)
– Specifications
• Concrete pavements
• Example designs
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Design examples
• Location: Brisbane
• annual rainfall 1000 mm
• Urban freeway/motorway
• 40 year design traffic 100 MESA
• subgrade design CBR = 5%
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Thick asphalt on crushed rock subbase
30mm Open graded asphalt
50mm DGA14
(SBS polymer modified binder)
290 mm DGA20
Pen 50/65 bitumen
(4.5% - 5% by mass)
150 mm crushed rock subbase
CBR ≥ 30%
150 mm Capping layer CBR ≥ 10%
subgrade material CBR = 5%
seal
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Thick asphalt on cement treated crushed rock
subbase
30mm Open graded asphalt
50mm DGA14 (SBS polymer modified
binder
230 mm DGA20
Pen 50/65 bitumen
(4.5% - 5% by mass)
150 mm 3% cement treated crushed
rock subbase (E=500 MPa, cracked)
150mm Capping layer CBR ≥ 10%
subgrade material CBR = 5%
seal
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Thick asphalt on lean concrete subbase
30mm Open graded asphalt
50mm DGA14 (SBS polymer modified
binder
125 mm DGA20
Pen 50/65 bitumen (4.5% - 5% by mass)
190 mm lean concrete subbase
(E= 10 000 MPa)
150 mm crushed rock subbase
CBR ≥ 30%
150mm Capping layer CBR ≥ 10%
subgrade material CBR = 5%
seal
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Plain concrete on lean concrete subbase
270 mm concrete base
150 mm lean concrete subbase
(E= 10 000 MPa)
150 mm crushed rock subbase
CBR ≥ 30%
150mm Capping layer CBR ≥ 10%
subgrade material CBR = 5%
Debonding
treatment
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Continuously reinforced concrete on lean
concrete subbase
250 mm concrete base
150 mm lean concrete subbase
(E= 10 000 MPa)
150 mm crushed rock subbase
CBR ≥ 30%
150mm Capping layer CBR ≥ 10%
subgrade material CBR = 5%
Debonding
treatment
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Summary
• Summarised Australian pavement design
practice for heavily trafficked long life
pavements
• Austroads guidelines need to be considered in
context of the entire Design System:
– Specifications
– Test method
– Engineering policies
– Construction quality
– In service performance
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Thank you
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