lok nayak jai prakash institute of technology, chapra

LOK NAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, CHAPRA

COURSE FILE

OF

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING I

(PCC-CE304)

Faculty Name:

ADITYA RAJ ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Govt. of Bihar Department of Science and Technology

LOKNAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHAPPRA


CONTENTS

1. Cover Page & Content

2. Vision of the Department

3. Mission of the department

4. PEOs and POs

5. Course objectives &course outcomes (COs)

6. Mapping of COs with POs

7. Course Syllabus and GATE Syllabus

8. Time table

9. Student list

10. Course Handout

11. Lecture Plan

12. Assignment sheets

13. Sessional Question Papers

14. Mid Term Question Paper Mapping

15. Old End Semester Exam (Final Exam) Question Papers

16. Question Bank

17. Power Point Presentations

18. Lecture Notes

19. Result and Analysis




Vision

To inculcate knowledge and impart excellence of global importance among our students of Civil

Engineering and Technology, preparing them to be ethically responsible models of the future

technology of our nation in its progress.

Mission

1. To create skilled civil engineers, with respect to technical and ethical aspects, to offer the

society and nation.

2. To strengthen the department a centre of excellence in the field of civil engineering and allied

research.

3. To provide comprehensive base and consultancy services to the society in all areas of civil

engineering.

4. To encourage innovative and novel thinking in the minds of prospective engineers to face the

provocation of future.




Civil Engineering Program Educational Objectives

Program educational objectives are the attributes of graduating civil engineer in the society are as

follows:

A B. Tech graduate (Civil Engineering) will be trained to

1. To analyze and design feasible civil engineering systems, which include the application of good

civil engineering skills, and satisfactory solution to the demands of society

2. To demonstrate professionalism and ethics, combining good communication skills with competent

personality traits.

3. To promote higher education and employ them in the process of lifelong learning to be

competitive and enterprising in their respective areas of interest.

Civil Engineering Program Specific Objectives

After completing B.Tech (Civil Engineering) , the student will be able to

PSO 1: Plan, design, construct and analyze, Civil Engineering projects of varying moderate

complexities.

PSO 2: Apply the knowledge in the subject creatively for life-long learning in the field of Civil

Engineering with a perspective to pursue higher studies including research in their respective areas of

interest.

PSO 3: Exhibit his/her technical excellence in professional and industrial areas

Course Description

The course has been designed to introduce the subject of soil mechanics and provide the basics

of geotechnical engineering to all civil engineering students. In this course, students will

understand the basics of soils through hands on experience in the soil laboratory. Some of the

important topics that students will learn during the course: soil structure and grain size;

identification and classification of soils for engineering purposes; physical and engineering

properties of soils; fundamental behavior of soils subjected to various forces; groundwater and

seepage through soils; compaction; consolidation.

Course Objective

To provide students with basic understanding of physical and mechanical properties of

soil, together with knowledge of basic engineering procedures to identify factors

controlling soil behavior and methods to determine soil properties. Students will acquire

basic knowledge in engineering design of geotechnical systems

Course Outcomes

1. Ability to understand the fundamental soil properties and to apply basic mathematics and

mechanics knowledge to derive different relationships.

2. Ability to understand and analyze the behavior of soil with different engineering

properties.

3. Investigation of the soil at site in group and analysis of result using computer.

4. Recognize and be able to apply fundamental soil mechanics principles and solve

geotechnical problems. A few specific examples here would be: (1) computing the time-

dependent settlement of a soil deposit after a given load is applied to it; (2) computing the

rate of groundwater seepage into a constructed excavation.

5. Present a technical concept both written and oral.




CO-PO MAPPING

GEOOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING I

Sr. No. Course Outcome (CO)

1. Ability to understand the fundamental soil properties and to apply basic mathematics

and mechanics knowledge to derive different relationships


properties



geotechnical problems. A few specific examples here would be: (1) computing the

time-dependent settlement of a soil deposit after a given load is applied to it; (2)

computing the rate of groundwater seepage into a constructed excavation;


Civil Engineering Department Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Plan, design, construct and analyze Civil Engineering projects of varying moderate

complexities.

PSO 2: Apply the knowledge in the subject creatively for life-long learning in the field of Civil

Engineering with a perspective to pursue higher studies including research in their respective areas of

interest.

PSO 3: Exhibit his/her technical excellence in professional and industrial areas

Course Outcomes

PO1

PO2

PO3

PO4

PO5

PO6

PO7

PO8

PO9

PO10

PO11

PO12

PSO

1

PSO

2

PSO

3

CO1 3 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CO2 3 3 3 1 - - - - - - - - - - -

CO3 1 - - 3 1 - 2 - - - - - - 2 1

CO4 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - - - 2 - -

CO5 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - -

Mean 2.5 2.6 3 2 1 2 1 1 - 2 2 1




B. Tech. Vth Semester (Civil) CE 01 1509 Geotechnical Engineering I

L T P/D Total Max Marks: 100

3-0-2 / 4 Final Exam: 70 Marks

Sessional: 20 Marks

Internals: 10 Marks.

Module-I

Introduction–Types of soils, their formation and deposition, Definitions: soil mechanics, soil

engineering, rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering. Scope of soil engineering. Comparison and

difference between soil and rock. Basic Definitions and Relationships-Soil as three-phase system in

terms of weight, volume, voids ratio, and porosity. Definitions: moisture content, unit weights,

degree of saturation, voids ratio, porosity, specific gravity, mass specific gravity, etc. Relationship

between volume weight, voids ratio- moisture content, unit weight- percent air voids, saturation-

moisture content, moisture content- specific gravity etc. Determination of various parameters such

as: Moisture content by oven dry method, pycnometer, sand bath method, torsional balance

method,nuclear method, alcohol method and sensors. Specific gravity by density bottle method,

pycnometer method, measuring flask method. Unit weight by water displacement method,

submerged weight method, core-cutter method, sand-replacement method.

Module-II

Plasticity Characteristics of Soil - Introduction to definitions of: plasticity of soil, consistency limits-

liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, plasticity, liquidity and consistency indices, flow &

toughness indices, definitions of activity and sensitivity. Determination of: liquid limit, plastic limit

and shrinkage limit. Use of consistency limits. Classification of Soils-Introduction of soil

classification: particle size classification, textural classification, unified soil classification system,

Indian standard soil classification system.

Module-III

Permeability of Soil - Darcy’s law, validity of Darcy’s law. Determination of coefficient of

permeability: Laboratory method: constant-head method, falling-head method. Field method:

pumping- in test, pumping- out test. Permeability aspects: permeability of stratified soils, factors

affecting permeability of soil. Seepage Analysis- Introduction, stream and potential functions,

characteristics of flow nets, graphical method to plot flow nets.

Module-IV

Effective Stress Principle - Introduction, effective stress principle, nature of effective stress, effect of

water table. Fluctuations of effective stress, effective stress in soils saturated by capillary action,

seepage pressure, quick sand condition.



Module- V

Compaction of Soil-Introduction, theory of compaction, laboratory determination of optimum

moisture content and maximum dry density. Compaction in field, compaction specifications and field

control.

Module- VI

Stresses in soils – Introduction, stresses due to point load, line load, strip load, uniformly loaded

circular area, rectangular loaded area. Influence factors, Isobars, Boussinesq’s equation, Newmark’s

Influence Chart. Contact pressure under rigid and flexible area, computation of displacements from

elastic theory.




GATE SYLLABUS

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING I

Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and

interrelationships, permeability &seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction



Department of Civil Engineering

TIME TABLE 5th Semester (CE)

Day/ time 10:00-10:50 10:50- 11:40 11:40-12:30 12:30-1:20 1:20-2:00 2:00-5:00 MON GEOE (AR) GEOE (AR) R GEOE (AR) Group B

TUE GEOE (AR) E

WED C GEOE (AR) Group B

THU E

FRI S

SAT S




Subject: Geotechnical Engineering I Semester: 5th Session: July- Dec 2020

Student List

S. No. Name Registration No.

1 SHASHIKANT KUMAR 18101117001

2 MANISH KUMAR 18101117002

3 RAJ KUMAR 18101117003

4 VIKASH KUMAR 18101117004

5 YUVRAJ KUMAR 18101117005

6 MD.SHAMS PARWEZ 18101117006

7 SUMIT KUMAR RAI 18101117007

8 AVINASH KUMAR 18101117008

9 RISHIKESH RANJAN 18101117009

10 SHEYASH 18101117010

11 AYUSH RAJ 18101117011

12 SUNIL KUMAR 18101117012


14 VIDYANAND VIDHYARTHI 18101117014

15 ATHARVA DEV 18101117015

16 PRINCE KUMAR 18101117016

17 MUKESH KUMAR 18101117017

18 SHUBHAM KUMAR 18101117018

19 MAYUR MAHESHWARI 18101117019

20 RAJNISH KUMAR 18101117020

21 AMRIT ANAND KUMAR 18101117021

22 ASHUTOSH KUMAR 18101117022

23 SHIVANSHU PATEL 18101117023

24 HIMANSHU KUMAR 18101117024

25 CHANDAN KUMAR 18101117025

26 ABHISHEK KUMAR 18101117026

27 SHANKY KUMAR 18101117027

28 PRIYANSHU PRIYA 18101117028

29 SHIVAM KR. GIRI 18101117029

30 SANOJ PASWAN 18101117030

31 RAVI PRAKASH 18101117031

32 SACHIN KUMAR 18101117032

33 ROHIT KUMAR 18101117033

34 PREM RAJ 18101117034

35 ROHIT RAJ 18101117035



36 CHANDRAMOHAN KR. 18101117036

37 KARAN KUMAR 18101117037

38 SATISH KUMAR 18101117038

39 ASHUTOSH GANESH 18101117039

40 AVINASH KR. CHAUDHARY 18101117040

41 VINAY KUMAR MISHRA 18101117041

42 MUKUL DEV 18101117042

43 HARISH KUMAR 18101117043

44 ABHISHEK KUMAR 18101117044

45 ASHUTOSH RANJAN 18101117045

46 NISAHA KR. BHARTI 18101117046

47 NISHIKA RAJ 18101117047


49 RAVI KUMAR 18101117049

50 BRAJESH KUMAR 18101117050


52 ABDUL AHAD 18101117052

53 NEBHAY KUMAR 18101117053

54 KUNDAN SAH 18101117054

55 AVI SINGH 18101117055

56 BIBHUTI KUMAR 18101117056

57 HARENDRA KUMAR AZAD(YB) 18101117057

58 SATYAM KUMAR 19101117901

59 SHASHI SHEKHAR 19101117902

60 AMAN RAJ 19101117903


62 SACHIN KUMAR MISHRA 19101117905

63 PRADYUMN KR BHARTI 19101117906

64 RAHUL KUMAR 19101117907

65 ANISH KUMAR 19101117908

66 NIRAJ KUMAR 19101117909

67 GULSHAN RAJ 19101117910

1. Scope and Objectives of the Course

The course has been designed to introduce the subject of soil mechanics and provide the basics

of geotechnical engineering to all civil engineering students. In this course, students will

understand the basics of soils through hands on experience in the soil laboratory. Some of the

important topics that students will learn during the course: soil structure and grain size;

identification and classification of soils for engineering purposes; physical and engineering

properties of soils; fundamental behavior of soils subjected to various forces; groundwater and

seepage through soils; compaction; consolidation. The objective of the course is to provide

students with basic understanding of physical and mechanical properties of soil, together with

knowledge of basic engineering procedures to identify factors controlling soil behavior and

methods to determine soil properties. Students will acquire basic knowledge in engineering

design of geotechnical systems.

The course outcomes are:

1. Ability to understand the fundamental soil properties and to apply basic mathematics and

mechanics knowledge to derive different relationships.


properties.



geotechnical problems. A few specific examples here would be: (1) computing the time-

dependent settlement of a soil deposit after a given load is applied to it; (2) computing the

rate of groundwater seepage into a constructed excavation.


2. Textbooks

TB1: Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering by K. R. Arora, Standard Pub. and Dist.,

Delhi

TB2: Basic and applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan and A. S. R. Rao, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,

New Delhi.

TB3: Geotechnical Engineering by S. K. Gulati et. al., TMH Publication Co. Ltd., New Delhi

Institute / College Name : LOKNAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Program Name B.TECH CIVIL

Course Code PCC CE 304

Course Name GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING I

Lecture/Tutorial(per week): 3/0 Course Credits 4

Course Coordinator Name ADITYA RAJ

TB4: A Text Book of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering by V.N.S. Murthy, Saikripa

Technical consultants, Bangalore.

3.Reference Books

RB1:Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice by Terzaghi and Pech, John Wiley and Sons

IncNew York.

RB2:Soil Mechanics by Lamb and Whitman, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

RB3:Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics by Taylor, John Wiley and Sons Inc New Delhi.

Other readings and relevant websites

S.No. Link of Journals, Magazines, websites and Research Papers

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103097/

Course Plan:

Lecture

Number

Date of

Lecture

Topics Web Links for

video lectures

Text Book

/

Reference

Book /

Other

reading

material

Page

numbers

of Text

Book(s)

1 Introduction to the subject,

syllabus, course outcomes,

Importance of Soil Mechanics

in the field of Civil

Engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i--51DBtOGU&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=1

2 Origin of Soil: Definition of

soil, Soil Mechanics, Rock

Mechanics, Soil Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering,

Scope of Soil Engineering,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGNlKoE8Nn8

TB1 1-10

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105103097/














Origin of soil, Residual soil,

Transported soil, Formation of

soil, Transportation of soil,

Major soil deposits of India,

Terminology of different types

of soil

3 Volumetric Relationships: 3-

phase diagram, 2-phase

diagram, void ratio, porosity,

degree of saturation, air

content, percentage air voids,

water content, Bulk mass

density, dry mass density,

saturated mass density,

submersed mass density, mass

density of solids, (unit weight),

specific gravity of solids, mass

specific gravity, absolute

specific gravity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HumrDHJ-myU&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9SQAw60qq8&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=5

TB 1 13-20

4 3 phase diagram in terms of

void ratio(also in terms of unit

weight), 3 phase diagram in

terms of porosity, Relationship

between void ratio and water

content, Expression of mass

density in terms of water

content (also in terms of unit

weight), Relationship between

dry mass density and

percentage air voids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Evzbx6XFPUc&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=11

TB1 20-26

5 Tests for determination of

water content: oven dry

method, Pycnometer method,

sand bath method, alcohol

method, calcium carbide

method, radiation method,

Pycnometer method for

determination of specific

gravity, Determination of unit

weight: core cutter method,

sand replacement method,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZ9qgQ9SbSM&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=12

TB1 26-36

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HumrDHJ-myU&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=3









https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9SQAw60qq8&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=5



























water displacement method

6 Numerical based on volumetric

relationship

7 Index Properties of soil:

Engineering properties, index

properties, classification test,

Particle size analysis, sieve

analysis, dry and wet sieve

analysis, computation of

percentage finer, stoke’s law,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoM5EGCbuKI&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=18

TB1 45-49

8 Sedimentation analysis,

hydrometer method,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6qnDuZ0xn0&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=24

TB1 49-56

9 Relation between percentage

finer and hydrometer reading, TB1 49-56

10 Particle size distribution curve,

Shape of particles, Relative

density

TB1 57-62

11 Numerical based on index

properties

12 Plasticity characteristics of

soil: Plasticity of soils,

consistency limits, plastic

limit, liquid limit

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHqMqBOSWzs&list=PLHKzkbxyS9dYJQ2kCbnIWmJPiyzToiiMW&index=29

TB1 69-74

13 Plasticity index, liquidity

index, consistency index, flow

index, toughness index,

sensitivity, thixotropy, activity

of soil, uses of consistency

limits,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM-w_cvk1nA

TB1 76-83

14 Shrinkage limit, Numerical

based on plasticity of soil,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Di

TB1 74-76
































https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Di0JrFMm8g



0JrFMm8g

15 Soil Classification TB1 98-101

16 Clay Mineralogy and soil

structure, Capillary Water

TB1 107-118,

120-122

Assignment I

17 Class Test I

18 Permeability of soils

Definition , hydraulic head,

Darcy’s Law, validity of

Darcy’s Law, Determination of

Coefficient of permeability:

constant head permeability

test, variable head permeability

test

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfAj5zSWGzM

TB1 134-139

19 Seepage velocity, Factors

affecting permeability of soils,

Permeability of stratified soil

deposits: flow parallel to

planes of stratification and

flow normal to plane of

stratification

TB1 140-141,

143-145,

20 Pumping out tests, Dupit’s

assumptions, Wells, Steady

flow in a confined well, Steady

flow in unconfined well

TB1 146-147,

154-156

21 Numerical based on

permeability of soil

TB1

22 Effective Stress Principle

Definition, Effect of water

table fluctuations on effective

stress, Effective stress in a soil

mass under hydrostatic

conditions, Increase in

effective stress due to

surcharge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbo6HckLkJk

TB1 189-195

23 Effective stresses in soils

saturated by capillary action,

seepage pressure, Effective

stresses under steady seepage

conditions

TB1 195-198,

200-201

24 Quick sand condition, Piping,

Numerical based on effective

stresses

TB1 201-202,

204-206

25 Numerical based on effective










stresses

Assignment II

26 Class Test II

27 Compaction of soils:

Definition, difference between

compaction and consolidation,

standard proctor test, Modified

proctor test

TB1 357-361

28 Factors affecting compaction,

Relative compaction,

compaction control

TB1 362,

368-369

29 Numerical based on

compaction of soils

TB1

Assignment III

30 Class Test III

31 Vertical Stresses:

Vertical stresses due to

concentrated load,

Boussinesqinfluence

coefficient, isobar diagram

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvXOBD3qPjQ

TB1 221-

222,225

32 Vertical stresses due to line

load, strip load, Vertical

stresses under circular area

TB1 227-234

33 Westergard’s solution,

Newmark’s chart

TB1 237, 243

34 Numerical based on vertical

stresses

35 Seepage Analysis:

Introduction, Laplace’s

equation, characteristics of

flow net,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGftucBW588

TB1 163-168

36 Flow net in earth dams with

and without filter

TB1 173-178

37 Flow net in earth dams with

and without filter

TB1 173-178

38 Uses of flow net, Numerical TB1 178-180

39 Numerical

Assignment IV

40 Class Test IV









Evaluation Scheme:

Component 1* Sessional Test (ST)* 20

Component 2 Assignment Evaluation 10

Component 3** End Term Examination** 70

Total 100

Course approved by:

Designation Name Signature

Course Coordinator Aditya Raj

H.O.D Vivek Kumar Tiwari

Principal Dr. SN Sharma

Date

Evaluation and Examination Blue Print:

Internal assessment is done through quiz tests, presentations, assignments and project work. Two sets

of question papers are asked from each faculty and out of these two, without the knowledge of faculty,

one question paper is chosen for the concerned examination. The components of evaluations alongwith

their weightage followed by the University is given below

Sessional Test 20%

Internals 10%

End term examination 70%

of 3

LECTURE PLAN

Topics Lecture

Number

Date on

which the

Lecture was

taken Introduction to the subject, syllabus, course outcomes, Importance of Soil

Mechanics in the field of Civil Engineering 1

Origin of Soil: Definition of soil, Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, Soil

Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Scope of Soil Engineering, Origin

of soil, Residual soil, Transported soil, Formation of soil, Transportation of

soil, Major soil deposits of India, Terminology of different types of soil

2

Volumetric Relationships: 3- phase diagram, 2-phase diagram, void ratio,

porosity, degree of saturation, air content, percentage air voids, water

content, Bulk mass density, dry mass density, saturated mass density,

submersed mass density, mass density of solids, (unit weight), specific

gravity of solids, mass specific gravity, absolute specific gravity

3

3 phase diagram in terms of void ratio(also in terms of unit weight), 3 phase

diagram in terms of porosity, Relationship between void ratio and water

content, Expression of mass density in terms of water content (also in terms

of unit weight), Relationship between dry mass density and percentage air

voids

4

Tests for determination of water content: oven dry method, Pycnometer

method, sand bath method, alcohol method, calcium carbide method,

radiation method,

Pycnometer method for determination of specific gravity, Determination of

unit weight: core cutter method, sand replacement method, water

displacement method

5

Numerical based on volumetric relationship 6

Index Properties of soil: Engineering properties, index properties,

classification test, Particle size analysis, sieve analysis, dry and wet sieve

analysis, computation of percentage finer, stoke’s law,

7

Sedimentation analysis, hydrometer method, 8

Institute / School Name : LOK NAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

Program Name B. Tech CIVIL

Course Code PCC CE304

Course Name GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING - I

Lecture / Tutorial (per

week):

3/0 Course Credits 4

Course Coordinator Name ADITYA RAJ

of 3

Relation between percentage finer and hydrometer reading, 9

Particle size distribution curve, Shape of particles, Relative density 10

Numerical based on index properties 11

Plasticity characteristics of soil: Plasticity of soils, consistency limits,

plastic limit, liquid limit

12

Plasticity index, liquidity index, consistency index, flow index, toughness

index, sensitivity, thixotropy, activity of soil, uses of consistency limits,

13

Shrinkage limit, Numerical based on plasticity of soil, 14

Soil Classification 15

Clay Mineralogy and soil structure, Capillary Water 16

Class Test I 17

Permeability of soils

Definition , hydraulic head, Darcy’s Law, validity of Darcy’s Law,

Determination of Coefficient of permeability: constant head permeability

test, variable head permeability test

18

Seepage velocity, Factors affecting permeability of soils, Permeability of

stratified soil deposits: flow parallel to planes of stratification and flow

normal to plane of stratification

19

Pumping out tests, Dupit’s assumptions, Wells, Steady flow in a confined

well, Steady flow in unconfined well

20

Numerical based on permeability of soil 21

Effective Stress Principle

Definition, Effect of water table fluctuations on effective stress, Effective

stress in a soil mass under hydrostatic conditions, Increase in effective

stress due to surcharge

22

Effective stresses in soils saturated by capillary action, seepage pressure,

Effective stresses under steady seepage conditions

23

Quick sand condition, Piping, Numerical based on effective stresses 24

Numerical based on effective stresses 25

Class Test II 26

Compaction of soils:

Definition, difference between compaction and consolidation, standard

27

of 3

proctor test, Modified proctor test

Factors affecting compaction, Relative compaction, compaction control 28

Numerical based on compaction of soils 29

Class Test III 30

Vertical Stresses:

Vertical stresses due to concentrated load, Boussinesq influence coefficient,

isobar diagram

31

Vertical stresses due to line load, strip load, Vertical stresses under circular

area

32

Westergard’s solution, Newmark’s chart 33

Numerical based on vertical stresses 34

Seepage Analysis:

Introduction, Laplace’s equation, characteristics of flow net,

35

Flow net in earth dams with and without filter 36

Flow net in earth dams with and without filter 37

Uses of flow net, Numerical 38

Soil Stabilization 39

Class Test IV 40

Govt. of Bihar

Department of Science and Technology

LOKNAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHAPRA


Geotechnical Engineering I (PCC CE 304)

Assignment 1

1. Derive from fundamentals the relationship between dry unit weight of soil, specific

gravity of solids, water content and percentage air voids.

2. A sampling tube of 38 mm internal diameter was used to extract a sample of cohesive soil

from a test pit. The length of the extracted sample was 102 mm and it had a mass of 220

gm and water content of 18%. Compute the void ratio, saturated unit weight, submerged

unit weight, bulk unit weight.

3. Derive a relation between void ratio and porosity for-

i) Dry soil mass

ii) Fully saturated soil mass

4. A soil sample with porosity of 38% has degree of saturation of 50%. Taking G=2.67,

compute dry unit weight, saturated unit weight, submerged unit weight and bulk unit

weight.

5. What is the difference between rock and soil? How are soils formed and what are their

types?

6. A fully saturated clay sample has a mass of 130 gm and has a volume of 64 cm3. The clay

mass is found to be 105 gm after oven drying. Assuming that volume does not change

during drying , determine the following:

i) Specific gravity of soil solids

ii) Void ratio

iii) Porosity

iv) Dry density

7. Define water content, void ratio, degree of saturation and specific gravity.

8. A partially saturated sample from a borrow pit has a natural moisture content of 15 % and

bulk unit weight of 1.9 g/cc. The specific gravity of solids is 2.7. Determine the degree of

saturation and void ratio. What will be the unit weight of the sample on saturation?

9. List any five index properties of soils. Explain them.

10. The in situ bulk density of a sandy stratum is 1.9 gm/cc and it has a water content of 8%.

For determining the density index, dried sand from stratum was first filled loosely in a

300 cc mould and then vibrated to give maximum density. The loose dry weight in the

mould was 478 gm and the dense dry weight at maximum compaction was 572 gm.

Calculate the density index of the stratum. (Take G=2.70)

11. Define liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, liquidity index and

consistency index.

Govt. of Bihar



12. The liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil are 50% and 25% respectively. When the soil

was dried from its state at liquid limit, the decrease in volume was 40% of the volume at

liquid limit. When it was dried from its state at plastic limit, the volume decrease was

20% of the volume of plastic limit. Determine the shrinkage limit and shrinkage ratio.

13. Explain the plasticity chart with neat sketches as per IS:1498(1970) and give the group

symbols of various regions in the chart.

14. With the usual notations, prove that:

Sr = w/[(yw/y)(1+w) – (1/G)]

15. The following results refer to liquid limit test:

No. of blows 33 23 18 11

Water content

41.5 49.5 51.5 55.6

The plastic limit is 23.5%. Determine the plasticity index and toughness index for the

soil.

Govt. of Bihar





Assignment 2

1. What is a silica tetrahedron and an aluminum octahedron? How are silica sheet and

alumina sheet formed? Show their schematic representation.

2. What are building blocks of clay minerals? Explain the three common groups of clay

minerals.

3. Explain briefly the types of soil structure recognized in coarse grained soil deposits and

fine grained soil deposits.

4. What do you mean by soil structure? Briefly describe about single grained, honeycomb,

flocculent, and dispersed structure in soil.

5. State Darcy’s Law and define coefficient of permeability. What are different methods to

determine coefficient of permeability (K) in laboratory? Also derive the expression to

determine k. Discuss briefly their merits and demerits and special applications.

6. What are the main considerations while determining permeability of stratified soil

deposits? Establish the relation between average permeability for flow parallel and that

perpendicular to the bedding plane. Establish that the former is greater than the latter.

7. A falling head permeability test is to be conducted on a soil whose permeability is

estimated to be 3x10-7 cm/sec. What diameter of stand pipe would you use, if the head

had to drop from 27.5 cm to 20 cm, in 5 minutes? Assume cross section of specimen = 15

cm2 and its length = 0.5 cm.

8. State and explain the factors affecting permeability.

9. Describe the falling head method for determination of permeability K of a soil mass. If

during permeability test on soil sample with a falling head permeameter equal time

intervals are noted for drops of head from h1 to h2 and again from h2 to h3, find the

relationship between h1, h2 and h3.

10. In a falling head permeability test on a sample 12.2 cm high and 44.41 cm2 in cross-

sectional area, the water level in a stand pipe of 6.25 mm internal diameter dropped from

a height of 75 cm to 24.7 cm in 15 minutes. Find the coefficient of permeability.

Govt. of Bihar



11. In a saturated soil stratum, water table exists at the surface. The effective stress in the

soil, at a depth of 2m is 20 KN/m3. If the water table rises by 0.50 m during floods, what

will be the change in the effective stress?

12. Explain effective stress in a partially saturated soil.

Govt. of Bihar





Assignment 3

1. A pumping out test was carried out at a level site, where 9m of clay overlies a stratum of

sand 1.5 m thick. The sand stratum is underlain by an impermeable rock stratum. When

steady state was reached the rate of flow was found to be 15 liters/second. The water

level in two observation wells located at radial distance of 6 m and 15 m from axis of

main well were 5 m and 4.5 m below the ground surface. Compute the coefficient of

permeability of sand stratum.

2. A soil profile consists of a surface layer of sand 3.5 m thick with unit weight of 16.5

KN/m3, intermediate layer of clayey sand 2.5m thick with unit weight of 19KN/m3 and

bottom layer of clay 3.5m thick with unit weight of 19.5 KN/m3. The water table is at the

top of intermediate layer. Draw the effective stress, pore pressure and total stress

diagrams for all the three layers.

3. At a subsoil consisting of 8m thick layer of dry sand (G=2.65, e=0.85, D10= 0.14 mm)

which is underlain by a 6m thick clay layer (G=2.75, w=22%), below which there exists a

thick layer of hard strata. Ground water table is located at a depth of 6 m below the

ground level. Calculate and plot the distribution of total, neutral and effective stresses up

to 14 m depth. Assume c=0.5 cm2.

4. An annular ring footing of external and internal radii of 8m and 4m respectively transmits

a pressure of 100 KN/m2. Compute the vertical stresses at depths 0.5 m, 1m, 2m and 4m

below the centre. Draw the stress distribution curve with depth.

5. A concentrated load of 800 KN acts at the ground surface. Compute the vertical stresses

at 8 m depth for the following conditions:

i) On the axis of the load

ii) 2.0 m away from the axis.

6. Explain the importance of Boussinesq’s equation in determining ultimate settlement of

clay layers due to construction of building.

Govt. of Bihar



7. Derive an expression of vertical stress in a homogeneous soil under uniformly loaded

circular area by Boussinesq analysis.

8. What is the basis of the construction of the Newmark’s chart? How it is used?

9. Prove that the seepage force per unit volume is given by the product of hydraulic gradient

and unit weight of water.

10. A flow net has a total head of 5.0 m, causing flow. The potential drop in each field is 0.5

m. Calculate the hydraulic potential after 4 falls.

11. The discharge through a pervious soil is 216 cc/day. The flow net shows 5 flow channels

and equipotential drops. The head causing the flow is 2.0 m. Calculate the permeability

of soil.

12. What is quick sand phenomenon and in which type of soil, and under what condition may

this occur? Explain critical hydraulic gradient. Derive an expression for it.

13. What is a flow net? What are the properties of flow net? Also explain the uses of flow

net.

14. An earth dam is built on an impervious foundation with a horizontal filter at the base near

the toe. The coefficient of permeability in the horizontal and the vertical directions are

3x10-2 and 1x10-2 mm/s respectively. The full reservoir level is 25 m above the filter. A

flow net constructed from the transformed section of the dam consists of 4 flow channels

and 12 equipotential drops. Estimate the seepage loss per meter length of the dam.

15. What is mechanical stabilization? What are the factors that affect the mechanical stability

of a mixed soil?

16. Discuss the use of lime stabilization of soils. What are the chemical and physical changes

which take place in lime stabilization?

17. Write short notes on:

i) Geotextiles

ii) Soil cement stabilization

iii) Soil stabilization

iv) Lime stabilization

v) Chemical stabilization

Govt. of Bihar



vi) Dewatering of ground soils

vii) Grouting technique for foundation improvement

viii) Sand drains

ix) Vibro floatation and stone columns

x) Sand compaction piles

xi) Newmark’s influence chart

xii) Protective filter

xiii) Specific surface

GOVT. OF BIHAR

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

LOK NAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHAPRA, SARAN (BIHAR)-841302

1

Mid Semester Examination, 5th Semester, Civil Engineering

Soil Mechanics I

CEUG 01 1509

Full Marks: 20 Time Allotted : 2Hours

Instructions:

(i) All questions carry equal marks

(ii) There are six questions in this paper

(iii) Attempt four questions in all

(iv) Question No. 1 is compulsory

1. Choose the most suitable option:

(a) Void ratio is defined as the ratio of:

(i) volume of void to total volume (ii) volume of void to volume of solids

(iii) volume of solids to volume of void (iv) volume of solids to total volume

(b) Particle size limit for Stoke’s law is:

(i) 2.4µ to 0.2mm (ii) 2.4mm to 0.2cm

(iii) 6mm to 10mm (iv) 1cm to 5cm

(c) Casagrande’s apparatus is used to find out:

(i) plastic limit (ii) shrinkage limit

(iii) water content (iv) liquid limit

(d) The unit of time factor (Tv) is:

(i) cm2/sec (ii) sec

(iii) m3/sec (iv) It is unit less

(e) Uniformity coefficient(cu) is defined as:

(i) Cu= D60/D10 (ii) Cu= D60*D10

(iii) Cu= D10/D60 (iv) Cu= (D60*D10)/D30

GOVT. OF BIHAR

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

LOK NAYAK JAI PRAKASH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CHAPRA, SARAN (BIHAR)-841302

2

2. The mass of a moist soil is 20kg, and its volume is 0.011m3. After drying in an oven, the

mass reduces to 16.5kg. Determine the water content, the density of moist soil, the dry

density, void ratio, porosity and the degree of saturation. Take G=2.70

3. Define the following:

(i) Coefficient of consolidation

(ii) Compression index

(iii) Coefficient of compressibility

(iv) Coefficient of volume change

(v) Over Consolidation Ratio

4. What is Compaction and how is it different from consolidation? Explain O.M.C. and plot

a graph between O.M.C and Dry density.

5. Explain Stoke’s law with assumptions. Derive the relationship between velocity and size

of particle.

6. A stratum of clay is 2m thick and has an initial overburden pressure of 50 KN/m2 at its

middle. Determine the final settlement due to an increase in pressure of 40 KN/m2 at the

middle of the clay layer. The clay is over consolidated, with a preconsolidation pressure

of 75 KN/m2. The values of the coefficients of recompression and compression index are

0.05 and 0.25 respectively. Take initial void ratio as 1.40.




Mid-Semster Question Paper (July-Dec 2018)

Time : 90min CEUG 01 1509 Soil Mechanics I Full Marks:20

S.

No.

Answer the following questions: Marks CO’s

1 a. Void ratio is defined as the ratio of:

(i) volume of void to total volume

(ii) volume of void to volume of solids

(iii) volume of solids to volume of void

(iv) volume of solids to total volume

1 CO1

b. Particle size limit for Stoke’s law is:

(i) 2.4µ to 0.2mm

(ii) 2.4mm to 0.2cm

(iii) 6mm to 10mm

(iv) 1cm to 5cm

1 CO1

c. Casagrande’s apparatus is used to find out:

(i) plastic limit

(ii) shrinkage limit

(iii) water content

(iv) liquid limit

1 CO1

d. The unit of time factor (Tv) is:

(i) cm2/sec

(ii) sec

(iii) m3/sec

(iv) It is unit less

1 CO1

e. Uniformity coefficient(cu) is defined as:

(i) Cu= D60/D10

(ii) Cu= D60*D10

(iii) Cu= D10/D60

(iv) Cu= (D60*D10)/D30

1 CO1

2. The mass of a moist soil is 20kg, and its volume is 0.011m3.

After drying in an oven, the mass reduces to 16.5kg.

Determine the water content, the density of moist soil, the dry

density, void ratio, porosity and the degree of saturation.

Take G=2.70

5 CO4

3. Define the following:

(i) Coefficient of consolidation

(ii) Compression index

5 CO1



(iii) Coefficient of compressibility

(iv) Coefficient of volume change

(v) Over Consolidation Ratio

4. What is Compaction and how is it different from

consolidation? Explain O.M.C. and plot a graph between

O.M.C and Dry density.

5 CO1

5. Explain Stoke’s law with assumptions. Derive the relationship

between velocity and size of particle. 5 CO1

6. A stratum of clay is 2m thick and has an initial overburden

pressure of 50 KN/m2 at its middle. Determine the final

settlement due to an increase in pressure of 40 KN/m2 at the

middle of the clay layer. The clay is over consolidated, with a

preconsolidation pressure of 75 KN/m2. The values of the

coefficients of recompression and compression index are 0.05

and 0.25 respectively. Take initial void ratio as 1.40.

5 CO4




Question Bank

1. A sample of fully saturated soil has a water content of 25% and a bulk unit weight of

20kN/m3. Determine the (i) dry unit weight (ii) void ratio (ii) specific gravity of the soil.

What would be the bulk unit weight of the soil if the soil is compacted for the same void ratio

but with a degree of saturation 90%.

2. A sample weighing 20kN/m3 and has water content of 20%. The specific gravity of soil

particles is 2.68. Determine void ratio and porosity. Derive the equation for calculating void

ratio, e in terms of w, G & γ

3. Explain the terms porosity, void ratio and degree of saturation? 1 m3 of wet soil weighs 20

kN. Its dry weight is 18 kN. Specific Gravity of solids is 2.67. Determine the water content,

porosity, void ratio and degree of saturation. Draw a Phase diagram.

4. A soil has a liquid limit and plastic limit of 47% and 33% respectively. If the volumetric

shrinkage at the liquid limit and plastic limit are 44% and 29%. Determine the shrinkage

limit.

5. An undisturbed sample of soil has a volume 100cm3 and mass 200g. on oven drying for 24

hours, the mass is reduced to 170g. If G= 2.68. Determine the (i) void ratio (ii) water content

and (iii) degree of saturation of soil.

6. A cylindrical specimen of cohesive soil 10cm dia and 20cm length is prepared in a mould. If

the wet weight is 2.25 kg and water content is 15%. Determine the dry unit weight and the

void ratio. If G=2.7 determine the degree of saturation of the sample.

7. The plastic limit of soil is 25% and its plasticity index is 8%. When the soil is dried from its

state at plastic limit, the volume change is 25% of its volume at plastic limit. Similarly the

corresponding volume change for the liquid limit to the dry state is 34% of its volume at

liquid limit. Determine the shrinkage limit and shrinkage ratio.

8. An undisturbed saturated specimen of clay has a volume of 18.9 cm3 and a mass of 30.2g. On

oven drying the mass reduces to 18 g. The volume of dry specimen as determined by

displacement of mercury is 9.9 cm2. Determine the shrinkage limit, volumetric shrinkage,

specific gravity, shrinkage ratio.



9. The moisture content of an undisturbed sample of clay belonging to a volcanic region is

265% under 100% saturation. The specific gravity of the solids is 2.5. The dry unit weight is

21 kN/m3. Determine (i) the saturated unit weight, (ii) the submerged unit weight, and (iii)

void ratio.

10. A sample of soil compacted according to standard proctor test has a unit weight of

20.58kN/m3 at 100% compaction and at optimum water content of 14%. What is the dry unit

weight? What is the dry unit weight at zero air voids? If voids become filled with water what

would be the saturated unit weight? Assume G=2.7

11. The laboratory test on sample of soil gave the following results:

Natural moisture content =24%, liquid limit =62%, plastic limit =28%, percentage of

particles less than 2μ =23%. Determine (a) liquidity index (b) activity number (c) consistency

and nature of soil.

12. The natural moisture content of an excavated soil is 32%. Its liquid limit is 60% and plastic

limit is 27%. Determine the plasticity index of soil and comment about the nature of soil.

13. A sand sample of 35 cm2 cross sectional area and 20 cm long was tested in a constant head

permeameter. Under a head of 60 cm, the discharge was 120 ml in 6 min. The dry weight of

sand used for the test was 1 120 g, and Gs = 2.68. Determine (a) the hydraulic conductivity in

cm/sec, (b) the discharge velocity, and (c) the seepage velocity

14. In a falling head permeameter, the sample used is 20 cm long having a cross-sectional area of

24 cm2. Calculate the time required for a drop of head from 25 to 12 cm if the cross sectional

area of the stand pipe is 2 cm2. The sample of soil is made of three layers. The thickness of

the first layer from the top is 8 cm and has a value of k1 = 2 x 10-4 cm/sec, the second layer

of thickness 8 cm has k2 = 5 x 10-4 cm/sec and the bottom layer of thickness 4 cm has & k3

= 7 x 10-4 cm/sec. Assume that the flow is taking place perpendicular to the layers

15. In a falling head permeability test, head causing flow was initially 500 mm and it drops to 20

mm in 5 minutes. Calculate the time required for the head to fall to 250 mm.

16. The following details refer to a test to determine the permeability of the soil: Thickness of

specimen =25 mm; diameter of specimen= 75 mm; diameter of standing pipe=10 mm; initial

head at start=1000 mm; water level after 3hrs 20 minutes= 800 mm. Determine the

permeability of the soil. If voids ratio of the sample is 0.75, what is the permeability of the

same soil at a voids ratio of 0.9?

17. Determine the average coefficient of permeability in directions parallel and perpendicular to

the planes of a stratified deposit of soil consisting of 3 layers of total thickness 3 m. The top



and bottom layers are 0.5 m and 0.8 m thick. The values of K for top, middle, and bottom

layers are 2×10-4 cm/s, 3×10-3 cm/s, 1×10-2 cm/s respectively.

18. The water table in a certain area is at a depth of 4m below the ground surface. To a depth of

12m the soil consists of very fine sand having an average void ratio of 0.65. Above the water

table the sand has an average degree of saturation of 50%. Calculate the effective pressure on

a horizontal plane at a depth 10m below the earth surface.

19. The water table in a deposit of sand 8m thick is at a depth of 3m below the surface. Above

the water table the sand is saturated with capillary water. The bulk density of sample is

19.62kN/m3. Calculate the effective pressure at 1m, 3m, 8m below the surface. Hence plot

the variation of total pressure, neutral pressure and effective pressure at the depth of 8m.

20. The hydraulic conductivity of a clayey soil is 3 x 10-7 cm/sec. The viscosity of water at 25oC

is 0.0911 x 10-4 g . sec/cm2. Calculate the absolute permeability of the soil.

21. During a compaction test, a soil attains a maximum dry density o6 18 kN/m3 at a water

content of 12%. Determine the degree of saturation and percent air voids at maximum dry

density. Also find the theoretical maximum dry density corresponding to zero air voids at

OMC. The specific gravity of soils 2.67.

22. The maximum dry density of a sample by the light compaction test is 1.78g/ml at an optimum

water content of 15%. Find the air voids and the degree of saturation. G =2.67 what would be

the corresponding value of dry density on the zero air void line at O.W.C.

23. A sample of soil compacted according to the standard Proctor test has a density of 2.06g/cm3

at 100% compaction and at an optimum water content of 14%. What is the dry unit weight?

What is the dry unit weight at zero air voids? If the voids become filled with water what

would be the saturated unit weight? Assume G=2.67.

24. A concentrated load of 200kN is applied at the ground surface. Determine the vertical stress

at a point P which is 6m directly below the load. Also calculate the vertical stress at a point R

which is at a depth 6m but at a horizontal distance of 5m from the axis of the load.

25. There is a line load of 120kN/m acting on the ground surface along y-axis. Determine the

vertical stress at a point P which has x and z co-ordinates as 2m and 3.5m respectively.

26. A soil sample 20 mm thick takes 20 minutes to reach 20% consolidation. Find the time taken

for a clay layer 6 m thick to reach 40% consolidation. Assuming double drainage in both the

cases.

27. A stratum of normally consolidated clay 7m thick is located at a depth 12m below ground

level. The natural moisture content of the clay is 43% and its liquid limit is 48%. The specific



gravity of the solid particles is 2.76. The water table is at a depth of 5m below ground

surface. The soil is sand above the clay stratum. The submerged unit weight of the sand is

11kN/m3 and 18 kN/m3 above the water table. The average increase in pressure at the centre

of the clay stratum is 120kN/m3 due to the weight of the building that will be constructed on

the sand above the clay stratum. Estimate the expected settlement of the structure.

28. Saturated soil of 5 m thick lies above an impervious stratum and below a pervious stratum. It

has a compression index of 0.25 with k = 3.2×10-10 m/sec. Its void ratio at a stress of 147

kN/m2 is 1.9. Compute (i) The change in voids ratio due to increase of stress to 196 kN/m (ii)

Coefficient of volume compressibility (iii) Coefficient of consolidation (iv) Time required for

50% consolidation.

29. A soil has compression index of 0.28. At a stress of 120 kN/m2 the void ratio is 1.02.

Compute (i) void ratio if the stress on the soil is increased to 180 kN/m2 (ii) total settlement

of the stratum of 6 m thickness.

30. A 10m thick submerged clay layer which is drained at both the upper and lower boundaries is

subjected to a wide surface pressure of 50kN/m2. The water table is coincident with the top

of the clay layer at the ground surface. If the coefficient of consolidation of the clay is 1.16 x

10-2 cm2/sec Determine the pore pressure at the mid depth of the layer 50 days after the

surface pressure was applied. Consider the degree of consolidation= 0.23.

31. A layer of submerged soil 8m thick is drained at its upper surface but is underlain by

impermeable shale. The sol is subjected to a uniform vertical stress which is produced by the

construction of an extensive embankment on the ground surface. If the coefficient of

consolidation for the soil is 2 x 10-3 cm2/sec calculate the times when 50% and 90%

respectively of the final settlement will take place. Consider T50 =0.197

32. A laboratory sample of lay 2cm thick took 15min to attain 60% consolidation under a double

drainage condition. What will be the time required to attain the same degree of consolidation

for a clay layer 3cm thick under the foundation of a building for a similar loading and

drainage condition, What is the value of cv.

33. A stratum of normally consolidated clay of thickness 3m is drained on one side only. It has

the hydraulic conductivity of k= 5x 10-8 cm/s and a coefficient of volume compressibility

mv.

34. A 2.5cm thick sample of clay was taken from the field for predicting the time of settlement

for a proposed building which exerts pressure of 100kN/m2 over the clay stratum. The

sample was loaded to 100kN/m2 and proper drainage allowed from top to bottom. It was seen

that 50% of the total settlement occurred in 3minutes. Find the time required for 50% of the

total settlement of the building, if it is to be constructed on a 6m thick layer of clay which

extends from the ground surface and is underlain by sand.



35. Differentiate between normally consolidated and over consolidated soils. How would you

determine the over consolidation pressure?

lok nayak jai prakash institute of technology, chapra

Documents