logic - three mental operations
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The Three Mental Operations
Exploring the Epistemic Foundations of the Science of Correct
Reasoning
The need…1. Studying logic entails the understanding of how the mind
works.
- Reasoning as a mental procedure needs to be shown, in a framework coming from the originary Organon - Aristotle.
2. These mental operations practically presents the Course Plantilla in Formal Logic.
- Familiarity allows one to understand the procedure and the necessity of undergoing each step so as to achieve the ends of reasoning.
3. Eventual realization of the limits of logic as a tool to truth and validity.
he Acts of the MindTSimple Apprehension
A PROCEDURE WHERE THE MIND GRASPS A THING WITHOUT AFFIRMING OR DENYING
IT.
qualitiesSENSE EXPERIENCE
external
internalCOMMON SENSE, MEMORY, IMAGINATION, ESTIMATIVE FACULTY
he Acts of the MindTSimple Apprehension
IDEA – internal productIDEOGENESIS – birth of an idea
q1
q2
q3
External sense
Internal sense
ABSTRACTIONStripping off accidents to arrive at being.
- Physical, Mathematical, Metaphysical
Idea
TERM – expressed product
Term
TREE
COCONUT
Tree
Coconut
ideas
Terms Material sign
Formal sign
Intellectual image/representation of an essence; the building blocks knowledge.
Word; sensible conventional signs expressive of an idea.
he Acts of the MindTJudgment
THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE TWO APPREHENDED TERMS ARE JOINED THEN AFFIRMED OR DENIED.
Materially expressed: spoken/written
IDENTITYNON-IDENTITY
Coconut Tree
COCONUTS ARE TREES.
MENTAL SENTENCE – internal product
PROPOSITION – EXTERNAL PRODUCT
-A statement or a component, standing as one, and is capable of expressing truth/falsity.
-A plausible premise.
he Acts of the MindTReasoning
THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE WE DRAW A CONCLUSION FROM A GIVEN SET OF VALIDLY
DRAWN PREMISES.
THE MIND PROCEEDS TO CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE BY WAY OF INFERENCE.
ALL TREES ARE TALL
ALL COCONUTS ARE TREES
Ergo: ALL COCONUTS ARE
TALL.
ARGUMENTATION – internal product
- ARGUMENT: group of statements that is claimed to provide support one of the others.
SYLLOGISM – expressed product.
- Premises: statements setting forth reason/evidence
- Conclusion: statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.
A, B, C ideas
A is B. proposition
A is B.
C is A.
: C is B.
syllogism
1ST ACT 2ND ACT 3RD ACT
NAME Simple Apprehension Judgment Reasoning
MENTAL PRODUCT Concept Mental Sentence Argument
LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION
Term Declarative Sentences Paragraph
EXAMPLES “Man”, “Mortal” Socrates is a man. All men are mortal.Socrates is a man.Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
STRUCTURAL PARTS None, unitary Subject Term, Predicate Term
Premises, Conclusion
QUESTION ANSWERED
What it is. Whether it is. Why it is.
ASPECT OF REALITY Essence Existence Cause
GOOD WHEN Clear True Valid
HOW TO ACHIEVE Definition of terms No one way. Rules of Logic
BAD WHEN Unclear False Invalid, Fallacious
QUESTION TO HABITUALLY ASK
What do you mean? (Define your terms)
What is your point? (State your conclusion.)
Why? (Prove it)
The Acts of the Mind and their Features