Week 1

Week 1

Structural Members Images: Onesteel.com, (2014). OneSteel Limited – Mining and Materials Group. [online] Available at: http://www.onesteel.com/home.asp [Accessed 31 Mar. 2014].

Week 2

1 2 3

Structural systems

Solid

Early building periods e.g. Egypt

Stone, brick, mud

Compression main structure

Shell/Surface

Planer structure

Frame/Skeletal

Efficient at transferring loads down

Membrane

Uncommon

Cheap

Structural Joints

1. Roller joint

2. Pin joint

3. Fixed joint

Load in one

direction

Allows two modes of actions

May result in bending

Embodied Energy: total energy used during all stages of materials life

Environmental Sustainable Design Strategies

Local materials

Reduces emissions from transport

Material efficiency

Reducing waste

Thermal mass

Ability to retain heat

Night air purging

Expels hot air at the end of the day

Wind energy

Cross ventilation

Air enters one side of building and out the other

Smart sun design

Utilises or protects from sun for warming/cooling

Insulation

Protects from outside temperatures

Water harvesting

Collection of rainwater for use by building

Fig 2. Council house showing ESDs

Figure 2: Council House 2. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.yourbuilding.org/library/Case%20study%20figure%205.jpg [Accessed 15 Apr. 2014

Week 2

Life cycle: begins with extraction of raw materials from the Earth and ends with the disposal of waste products back to Earth or Recycled.

Figure 3:

Fig 3: Life cycle of the design process

Week 3

Figure 5: Gcse.com, (2014). GCSE PHYSICS: Moments. [online] Available at: http://www.gcse.com/fm/moments2.htm [Accessed 17 Apr. 2014].

Mass Materials

Modular

Clay brick

Handmade

Machine moulded (pressed)

Extracted and wire cut

Iron in clay determines colour

Concrete block

390x90x190

Two hand to place

Hollow for insulation and reinforcement

Mud bricks

Non modular

Concrete

Monolithic

Rammed earth

Masonry

Brick, Stone, Earth, Concrete

Building with units of various natural or manufactured products , with use of mortar as bonding agent.

Properties of the unit are to a degree applicable to the build ele-ment. Units together act as a monolith.

Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as bonding

Vertical elements

Walls (See fig 6)

1. Stretcher course

2. Header course

3. Brick on edge course

4. Soldier course

Columns/piers

Horizontal and curved spanning

Beams/lintels

Arches

Spanning/enclosing

Vaults

Domes

Concrete blocks shrink over time

Cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates

Water is lost to atmosphere

Clay bricks expand over time

Absorbed moisture from atmosphere

Both require movement joints

Equilibrium is the state of balance

For an object to be in equilibrium, any applied forces must be resisted by equal and opposite forces

If the object or system is not moving up or down, then the sum of the vertical forces must be equal to zero.

If the object or system is not moving side to side, then the sum of the horizontal forces must be equal to zero.

f the object is not rotating, then the sum of the moments must be equal to zero. ∑ M = 0

Moment of a force is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate

Measured by the product of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of the action of the force and the point

Moments also have magnitude and sense. Since moments are the product of force and distance, the units are expressed in Newton-meter (Nm) or Kilonewton-meter (kNm).

Mo = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance)

1

2

3

4

Course is a Horizontal row of masonry units Bond is the pattern or arrangement of units

Fig 6:Various types of brick bonds

Fig 4:Brick dimensions and faces

Fig 5:Moment of a force shown on a scale

Gang plates

SHS

Joist

Week 3

Joint Types :

Week 4

Span is the distance between 2 structural supports

Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements

Beam is a horizontal structural element that carries load along length

Cantilever is created when a structural element is supported at only one end.

Cantilevers carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support

Concrete system

Slabs span between support

Thickness is span / 30

Steel system

Steel frame

Girders, joists

Timber Systems

Joists support floor

Bearers support joints

Cantilever and span between two supports

Parallel Flange Channel

Connection from steel beam to

concrete wall allows for sturdy

resistance against force from beam

Starter bars formed into concrete to allow continuation of next story

Clamps holding the polysty-rene together.

Walls comprised mainly of in situ concrete surrounded by polystyrene to provide insulation and noise reduction.

Primary Beam Secondary Beam Tertiary Beam

Chipboard flooring

Week 4

Concrete finishes:

Week 5

Figure 7.Cavity Walls. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.maconline.org/tech/design/cavitywalls/cavitywalls.html [Accessed 3 May. 2014].

Figure 8. Sliding Brick Veneer. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.nachi.org/forum/f23/sliding-brick-veneer-55093/ [Accessed 4 May. 2014].

Walls, grids and columns

Structural frames

Concrete frames

Grid of columns with concrete beams

Steel Frames

Grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams

Timber frames

Grid of timber Posts/polls con-nected to timber beams

Bracing of members between bays or at corners of post/beam junc-tion required

Load bearing walls

Concrete

Spandrel panels

Link into other structural elements e.g slabs, roof

Reinforced Masonry

Hollow concrete blocks filled

Solid Masonry

50mm

Flashing

Cavity masonry

Brick and Brick

Brick and concrete

Provides better thermal performance and water-proofing

Brick Veneer

Brick and frame wall

Non structural

Stud walls

Light gauge steel framing

Timber Framing

Fail by crushing

Columns are vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads

Short columns

Shorter in length and thicker

Ratio of effective column length to cross section is less than 12:1

Will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross section doe not exceed the compressive strength of material

Compressive strength (Pa) = Load (N) / Area (mm2)

Become shorter under compressive load

Long columns

Taller and slimmer

Ratio of effective column length to cross section is more than 12:1

Become unstable and fail by buckling

Fig 8. Brick Veneer

Fig 7. Brick Cavity

Retaining wall

Stud

Nogging

Stud Nogging

Bottom plate Cross Bracing

Top plate

Week 5

Quarter Saw

Back Saw

Radial Saw

Week 6

Figure 9 Figure 10: Galvanic Series. (2014). [image] Available at: http://bwsailing.com/cc/2012/01/25/how-to-save-your-sailboat-from-being-eaten-alive/ [Accessed 2 May. 2014].

Spanning and enclosing spaces

Roof systems

Flat

1-3 degrees

Not flat for drainage

Pitch/sloping

More than 3 degrees

Concrete roofs

Flat plates of reinforced concrete

Structural steel framed roofs

1. Flat

2. Sloping

3. Portal frames

Trussed roof

Open web type steel or timber

Space frames

3d trusses

Light framed roofs

Gable roofs are vertical triangular section of wall at one end or both

Consists of common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists

Made from timber or CF Steel

Hip roof are vertical triangular section of a wall at one end or both ends

Consists of common rafters, hip rafters, valet rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists

Made from timber or CF Steel

Property development

Make money

Create Space

Profit/loss

Knowledge of product and market

Achieve goals

Working around others

Sharing development rights

Metals act with other metals by giving up/taking another metal’s ions

Fig 9: Structural steel framed roofs

1

2

3

Fig 10. Galvanic series

In situ concrete Bracing

Compress fibre cement for wet area

Week 6

Week 7 Plastic

Made from

Carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride combined by chemical reaction into monomers

Monomers combine to form polymers

Polymers are long chains that make up plastic

Types/Uses

Thermoplastics

Mouldable when heated to become solid

Polythene

Perspex's, acrylic

PVS, vinyl

Polycarbonate

Thermosetting

Only be shaped once

Laminex—finishing surfaces

Polystyrene—Insulation

Elastomers/ Rubber

Used

Seals

Gaskets

Flooring

Insulation

Hosing

Synthetic

EPDM—Used n gaskets and control joints

Neoprene—Control joints

Silicone—Seals

Considerations

Lost properties when exposed to weather

Avoid exposure

Weather related damage

Degrade when exposed to weather

Protection

Avoid exposure

Paints

Liquid until applied and solidifying when in contact with air

Protects and colours elements

Cleat paints are lacquers or vanishes

Components

Binder

Film forming component

Diluents

Dissolves paint and adjusts its viscosity

Pigment

Give it its colour and opacity

Can be natural or synthetic

Types and uses

Oil based

Used prior to Plastic paints (water based)

Very good high gloss finishes can be achieved

Not water soluble

Water based

Most common today

Durable and flexible

Tools and brushes cleaned with water

Properties

Colour consistency

Should resist fading

Durability

Resist chipping, cracking and peeling

Resist rain, air pollution and UV light

Gloss

Range from Matte to Gloss

Flexibility

Waster based more flexible

Fig 12 Moisture detailing techniques

Figure 11&12

Fig 11 Gutter shapes

Sketch showing detailing strategies

Week 7

Figure 13&14.

Week 8

Doors and windows

Door frame terminology

Head

Jamb

Gap covered by archi-trave

Stop

Door leaf

Top rail, Stile, Feature panel, Mid rail, Bottom rail

Handle, latch and lock

Sill

Window terminology

Head, Sill, Jamb, Lintel, Frame

Workshop report

Safety Briefing

Introduction into tools

Wood saw

Drill

Hammer

Explanation of materials strengths and weaknesses

Wider side more stable

Ply wood good for bracing

Be cautious of nails weakening wood

Using grain to advantage

Objective: Construct a beam with limit materials

2x Timber

2x sheets ply wood

Chose to put timber knots face up as they will be un-der compression and will be less likely to split

Chose nails over screws due to width and potential split point

Ply wood on side of beam to restrict warping as ply-wood is a good bracer

Lack of nails caused plywood to warp and allow for beam to split

Side view of beam

Brainstorming sketch

Final Design

Pressure testing of beam

Fig 13 Door Frame

Fig 14. Window Frame

Week 8

Composite Materials

Monolithic

Single material

Materials combines so that components are indistin-guishable

Composite

Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable

Composite

Combination of a material which differ in composition or form

Remain bonded together

Retain individual identities and properties

Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristic not obtainable by any of the original com-ponents acting alone

Types

Fibrous

Laminar

Particulate

Hybrid

Week 9

Construction detailing

Movement joints

Compressed

As installed

Elongated

Health and safety

Limits material selection

Fire protection

Tumescent coating

Disability code needs ramps

Ageing gracefully

Harsh environments e.g Seaside

Matte ages better than gloss

Glazed maintains gloss

Copper ages develops Patina

Wood greys

Repairable surfaces and resistance to damage

Plasterboard can be patched

Skirting on floor prevents damage

Toe recess under benches

Cleanable surface

Coved edges

Butt cove

Maintenance access

Room for cleaning or maintenance of building

Constructability

Off the shelf items

Detailing to suit construction expertise

Forgiving and easy to assemble

Concrete formwork

Connecting plates

Starter bars

Recreating of heritage

Joists set up for new deck

UB incorporated into old building

Week 9 Material Made of Common forms Common uses Benefit Image

Fibre rein-forced ce-ment (FRC)

Cellulose fibres, Port-land cement, sand and water

Sheet and board products and shaped products such as pipes, roof tiles

Cladding for exterior or interior (wet are) walls, floor panels (under tiles)

Fibre cement building will not burn, are resistant to water and termites, and rot-ting/warping

Fibreglass Glass fibres and epoxy resins

Flat and profiled sheet products and formed/shaped products

Transparent or trans-lucent roof/wall cladding and for preformed shaped products

Fire resistant, weather proof, light weight, strong

Aluminium sheet com-posites

Aluminium and plastic

Plastic core of Phenolic resin lined with two skins of alumin-ium sheet

Cladding material in interior applications

Reduced amounts of alumin-ium are required and lighter weight

Timber composites

Solid timber, engineered timber, gal-vanised pressed steel

Timber top and bottoms chords with gal, steel or eng board/plywood webs

Beams (floor joists and roof rafters) and trusses

Minimum amount of mate-rial for maximum efficiency, cost effective, easy to install

Fibre rein-forced poly-mers

Plastic with timber, glass, carbon fibres

moulded or Pultrusion proc-essed products

Decking, structural elements such as beams and columns for public pedestrian bridges using glass or carbon fibres, carbon fibre reinforced poly-mer rebar

High strength FRP materials with glass provide strength to weight ratio greater than steel. Corrosion resistant

Fiber Reinforced Polymers. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer-Rod_103427680/showimage.html [Accessed 11 May. 2014].

Timber Composite. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.wpcdeckingfloor.com/wpc-decking/what-is-timber-plastic-composite-decking/ [Accessed 9 May. 2014].

Aluminium sheet composites. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Alucobond-Aluminium-Composite-Sheet-PVDF-PET_553022306.html [Accessed 10 May. 2014].

Fibreglass Roofing. (2014). [image] Available at: http://www.roofingoptions.com.au/fibreglass-roofing/ [Accessed 13 May. 2014].

Cellulose fibre reinforced cement sheets. (2014). [image] Available at: http://selector.com/au/products/primabase-cellulose-fibre-reinforced-cement-sheets#img1 [Accessed 7 May. 2014].

Figure 14:

Week 10

Lateral Supports

Wind and earthquake forces have different effects

Wind are function of size of exposed surface area

Earthquake is a function of mass about the structure

Lateral Load resisting systems

Lateral bracing

Moment joints

Sheer walls

Seismic base isolator

Symmetrical building

Soft story— insert bracing to stiffen but keep open

Re-entrant corners—stiffen to resist

Discontinuous columns—need to be linked to foundation

Collapses and failures

Suitability of Material for the application

Exposure

Compatibility

Strength and deflection

Long term performance

Maintenance

Constructing and detailing

Galvanic corrosion

Copper skin is supported by iron skeleton

Copper oxidisation

Starts do dull, then forming a green copper ox-ide patina

Initial connection detail was considered

To stop corrosion, separate two materials with layer of shellac-impregnated cloth

Cloth became porous and hold water

Caused galvanic reaction rusting iron

Swelled too large to the rivet

All iron ribs were removed and replaced with Teflon coasted stainless steel

Still have possibility to corrode

Loads on Buildings

Static loads are applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value

Live loads comprise any moving or movable loads on a structure resulting from capacity

Dead Loads are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure

Settlement loads are imposed on a structure by subsidence of a portion of the supporting soil and the resulting settlement of its foundation

Occupancy loads result from the weight of people, furniture, stored material.

Rain loads result from the accumulation of water on a roof be-cause of its form, deflection, or clogging of its drainage system.

Ground Pressure is the horizontal force a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure

Dynamic loads are applied suddenly to a structure.

Wind loads are the forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air, assumed to come horizontally

Fig 14 The structure, components and cladding of a building must be de-signed to resist wind-induced uplift and overturning

Header coarse along the bottom with stretcher course for aesthetic

Packers reduce gap

Laminated Veneer Timber

Increasing the width of the beam in order to reduce buckling vertically

Week 10

Material Hardness Fragility Ductility Plasticity Porosity Density compared to water

Conductivity Durability Reusability Sustainability Cost

Bricks Medium-high

Medium Very low Very Low Medium-low

Medium (2.5x) Poor Very High (no change or crushed into aggregate)

Locally pro-duced

Low cost but labor intensive

Concrete blocks

Medium-high

Medium Very low Very Low Medium Medium (2.5x) Poor Very Medium (Crushed for aggregate)

Inclusion of recycled and waste prod-ucts from other proc-esses

Low cost but very labor in-tensive

Stone High Medium Very low Very Low Range from very to none

High (3x) Poor Extremely Very High Transport main factor

Labor and scarcity

Concrete High Low Very low Low Medium Medium (2.5x) Poor Very Medium (Crushed for aggregate)

High embod-ied energy, non renew-able, long last-ing

Cost effec-tive

Timber Medium-Low

Medium-low

Low High High Varies Poor Very Very High Very low em-bodied

Cost effec-tive

Metal Varies Low High Medium Imperme-able

High (3x to 19x) Very Good Very High Very high em-bodied en-ergy, Recycla-ble

Cost effec-tive

Rubber Varies Low High High Water-proof

Low (1.5x) Very Poor Very High Varies (Natural, syn-thetic)

Cost effec-tive

Plastics Medium-Low

Low-Medium

High High Water-proof

Low (0.6x-1.5x) Very Poor Very High Varies de-pending on recycled

Cost effec-tive

Glass High High if tem-pered

Very low Very High Water-proof

Medium-High (2.7x) Heat but not electricity

Very Very High High embod-ied energy, but recyclable

Expensive

Week 1

Load Path A path that seismic forces pass through to the foundation of the structure, then tho the foundation/soil

Masonry The building of structures from individual units such as clay, brick or concrete laid in and bound together by mortar

Reaction Force Force that acts in the opposite direction to the action force

Compression Squeezing force exerted, decreasing its volume

Beam Large piece of material, usually wood, concrete or metal used to support vertical forces in construction.

Glossary

Week 2

Structural Joint Building elements meeting without applying a static load from one elements to another

Frame System that supports other components

Stability Resistances or ability to withstand change

Bracing Used to strengthen and support

Tension Pulling force exerted by string, cable, chain ect

Column Element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other elements below

Week 3

Moment The perpendicular distance from a point to a line or a surface

Retaining Wall Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes

Pad footing Thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure

Strip Footing Continuous foundation of which the length considerably exceeds the breadth.

Slab on ground The concrete slab that is to serve as the foundation for the structure is formed from a mold set into the ground.

Substructure Supporting part of a structure

Week 4

Joist Used horizontally as a support for a ceiling or floor. Made from timber, steel or other materials

Girder Large principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, wood, or a combination of these, used to support other structural members at iso-

lated points along its length.

Steel Decking Light-gauge, corrugated metal sheets used in constructing roofs or floors.

Concrete Plank A hollow-core or solid, flat beam used for floor or roof decking. Concrete planks are usually precast and pre-stressed.

Span Distance between two intermediate supports for a structure

Spacing Distance between parallel reinforcing bars, measured center to center.

Glossary

Week 5

Stud Vertical member that support sheathing or concrete forms.

Axial Load Force acting or administered along the lines of an axis of an object.

Nogging Horizontal bracing pieces used between wall studs or floor joists to give rigidity to the wall or floor frames of a building

Buckling Sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less

than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.

Lintel A load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found

over portals, doors, windows, and fireplaces

Seasoned Timber Has a superior dimensional stability to unseasoned hardwood timber and is much less prone to warping and splitting.

Week 6

Rafter Series of sloped structural members (beams) that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, down slope perimeter or eave, and that are de-

signed to support the roof deck and its associated loads

Eave Bottom edge of a roof. The eaves normally project beyond the side of the building forming an overhang to throw water clear of the walls

Purlin Any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof

Alloy Mixture or solid solution composed of a metal and another element

Week 6

Cantilever Beam anchored at only one end

Soffit Underside of any construction element.

Portal Frame Method of building and designing structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete so that the connections between

the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment-resistant

Top Chord Structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes

Glossary

Week 7

Drip Edge of a roof from which rainwater drips into a gutter or away from the structure.

Down pipe Pipe for carrying rainwater from a rain gutter.

Vapour barrier Material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of

buildings and of packaging

Gutter Narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof.

Insulation Majority of insulation in buildings is for regulating thermal purposes, the term also applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insu-

lation

Parapet Barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure

Sealant Viscous material that has little or no flow characteristics and stay where they are applied or thin and runny so as to allow it to penetrate the sub-

strate by means of capillary action Week 8

Window Sash Made of one or more movable panels or "sashes" that form a frame to hold panes of glass

Door Furniture Any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance

Deflection Degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load

Stress Physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other

Moment of Inertia Mass property of a rigid body that defines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about an axis of rotation.

Shear Force Unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction

Week 9

Sandwich Panel Flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core.

Composite Beam Building construction involving multiple dissimilar materials

Bending Behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.

Shadow line Joint Profile of each board partially overlaps that of the board next to it creating a channel that gives shadow line effects, provides excellent weather

protection and allows for dimensional movement

Skirting Covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.

Cornice Horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element— the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice

around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.

Glossary

Week 10

Sheer wall Structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.

Defect Characteristic of a product which hinders its usability for the purpose for which it was designed and manufactured

Soft Story Multi-storey building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places

where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design.

Fascia Architectural term for a frieze or band running horizontally and situated vertically under a roof edge, or which forms the outer surface of a cor-

nice, visible to an observer.

Braced frame Structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces.

Corrosion Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment.

Lifecycle Technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials proc-

essing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling

IEQ Term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occu-

pants

Detail Sketch