location, pattern, and structure of cities - quia pattern, and structure of cities • ranking urban...
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![Page 1: Location, Pattern, and Structure of Cities - Quia Pattern, and Structure of Cities • Ranking Urban Centers: classified by service offerings (not size)](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030423/5aaad7e07f8b9a81188e85aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Location, Pattern, and
Structure of Cities
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• Ranking Urban Centers: classified by
service offerings (not size)
– Hamlet: few services
– Village: dozens w/ more specialization
– Town: more services & specialization w/ a
hinterland (a.k.a. market area, or
surrounding service area)
– City: more specialization, larger hinterland,
greater centrality, has a CBD (central
business district, “downtown” or core)
– Megalopolis – where large metropolitan
areas have grown together (Bosnywash,
DFW)
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• Situation and Site
– Situation: position relative to travel routes,
farmlands, manufacturing complexes,
towns, cities (near & distant surroundings);
subject to change: Chicago, Shenzhen
(favorable), “Rust Belt” (unfavorable)
– Site: physical qualities of a place; valley,
coastal plain, plateau, island,… Paris (first
established on the Seine River), Singapore
(separation from Malaysia)
• Central Places
– All urban centers have a certain economic
reach (range) and centrality
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When Hong Kong became a Special Economic
Zone in China, Shenzhen became the fastest
growing city in the world.
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• Central Place Theory
– Walter Christaller (1933); wanted to show
how & where urban areas would be
functionally & spatially distributed
– Assumptions: flat area, no barriers, even
soil fertility, even distribution of pop. and
purchasing power, uniform trans. network,
constant range of sale
– Central goods and services = provided only
at a central place, or city (available to
consumers in a surrounding region)
– Threshold – min. market needed to keep a
central place in business
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• Range of sale = max. distance
people will travel for good or
service (economic reach)
• Complementary region =
exclusive hinterland w/ a
monopoly
• Hexagons – logically, the
complementary region would be
circular, but problems arise
(unserved or overlapping areas);
hexagons fit perfectly
• Nesting pattern (region-w/in-
region); relates to scale
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Christaller’s Hierarchy of
Settlements & Service Areas
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• John Borchert (1967): analyzed
urbanization in North America (4 epochs);
based on impact of transportation &
communication
– 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
– 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-
powered locomotive
– 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact
of Ind. Rev., hinterlands expand
– 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-
powered internal combustion engine
– 5) High Technology Epoch? (1970-); service
& information
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• Models of Internal City
Structure – based on
competition among land
uses
• Concentric Zone Model
• Ernest Burgess (1920s);
Chicago: 1) CBD, 2) Zone
of transition (res.
deterioration & light ind.),
3) Blue-collar workers, 4)
Middle-class, 5) Suburban
ring
• Dynamic: city grows; inner
rings affect outer ones
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Chicago in the 1920s
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• Sector Model
• Homer Hoyt (1939);
criticized Burgess Model
as too simple & inaccurate
• Growth creates a pie-
shaped urban structure
• Low-rent areas could
extend from the CBD to
the outer edge (3)
• The same is true w/ high-
rent, transportation, and
industry
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• Multiple Nuclei Model
• Chauncy Harris & Edward
Ullman (1945); neither of two
models are accurate
• CBD was losing its dominant
position as the nucleus of
the urban area
• Separate nuclei become
specialized and
differentiated, not located in
relation to any distance
attribute
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– Urban Realms Model– Urban realms – parts of
giant conurbations; self-sufficient suburban sectors (focused on their own independent CBD)
– Edge cities (Garreau) –outer realms; third wave: 1) suburbanization after WWII, 2) malling of US (moving marketplace to suburbs in 1960s & 70s), 3) edge cities (moving jobs to suburbs in 1980s & 90s)
– Edge cities have extensive office & retail space, few residential buildings (not cities 30 years ago)
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Urban Realms (and Edge Cities) of Los
Angeles
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Global Urbanization
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Europe is the most urban continent, while Africa is urbanizing most quickly.
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• Combines radial sectors & conc. zones, growing rapidly
• CBD – market & high-rise sectors
• Commercial spine –extension of CBD; surrounded by elite res.
• Mall = edge city; suburban node
• Zone of Maturity –middle class
• In Situ Accretion – more modest housing
Griffin-Ford Model
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• Outer-ring = poverty; dense pop.
• Periférico – squatter settlements; homes from discarded materials; unskilled & impoverished
• Disamenity sector –tenement apartment housing; also extremely poor; drug lords often “run the show”
• Gentrification zone –rehabilitation of inner-city; historic buildings may be preserved
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Cuzco, Peru
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La Paz, Bolivia
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• SE Asian City; T.G. McGee Model
• Hybrid of sectors & zones, growing rapidly
• Old colonial port zone & commercial district are city’s focus
• No formal CBD; separate clusters: gov’t zone, West. comm. zone (practically a CBD in itself), alien comm. zone (mostly Chinese), and mixed land-use zone (misc. economic activities, including light industry)
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• Market gardening zone – along periphery
• New industrial park (estate) – farther out
• Residential areas tend to get poorer away from the port zone (similar to Latin-American city)
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Singapore
Shanghai
Bangkok
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tokyo New
York
Mexico
City
Mumbai Lagos
1975
2000
2015
The World’s Largest Metropolitan Areas
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• Megacities – primarily in LDCs; Mumbai, India; Lagos,
Nigeria; Dhaka, Bang.; Karachi, Pak.,… Tokyo, Japan
(MDC; 26)
• Africa is urbanizing the fastest, followed by S. Asia, E.
Asia, then S. and Cent. America
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• Many LDCs lack enforceable zoning laws, residents are crowded together into overpopulated tenements & slums
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• Cities in the Developing World– Squatter settlements & shantytowns
encircling megacities (e.g. Lagos, Mumbai, Cape Town,…) may appear homogeneous, but have their own ethnic neighborhoods
– City govt’s lack resources for adequate education, housing, police, or medical facilities
– Informal economy – work not taxed or calculated by govt’s (urban immigrants in shantytowns)
– Remittances – part of a person’s income sent back home, becomes a mainstay for those left behind
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• Urbanization: Pro & Con
– Pro: 1)fewer people in rural areas – better for forests, soil, wildlife,…,
2)lower family sizes, better education, better health
3) Economies in more urban countries tend to be more developed
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– Con:1) Hazards of Site – outlying areas more susceptible to landslides, floods, storms, earthquakes,…
2) Loss of Land – farmland lost (US = 1 million acres/yr.; China = 3x as much)
3) Changed Land Cover – natural landscape becomes cultural (pavement, buildings,…); less rainfall, more pollutants
4) Impact of Pollution – growing volumes of contaminants (in air, water, and soil); Mexico City, Delhi, Bangkok are most smog-ridden
5) Production of Waste – lack of sewer facilities (>3 million w/o in Mexico City); burning garbage heaps
6) Larger Demand for Water – much higher than in rural areas; riverfront cities create pollution as well
7) Changing Consumption Habits – urban dwellers use more energy, change diets (meat), dress, and recreation habits
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The ratio of urban to rural dwellers is steadily increasing. By 2015
more than half of the world's population will be urban. The number
of people living in mega-cities—those containing more than 10
million inhabitants—will double to more than 400 million.