lob module 2 individual behaviour
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Module 2
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Foundations of Individual
Behavior
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After studying this chapter,you should be able to:
1. Define the key biographical
characteristics.
2. Identify different types of abilities.
3. Concept of learning and behavior
modification.LE
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Foundations of Individual Behavior
Companies who are looking for employees lookfor individual characteristics that will improve thechances of success
Individual differences exist due to Biographical characteristics
Abilities
Personality
Perception
Attitudes
Emotions Moods
Each interacts with the other and with the task toimpact the way the employee does the job.
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What are the biographical characteristics
that affect the behavior of an individual?
Biographical Characteristics
Personal characteristicssuch as age, gender ,educationabilities, marital status, no of dependant, length of
service with an organization that are objective and
easily obtained from personnel records.
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How Biographical Characteristics
affect Organization?
Age :Relation between Age factor and other variables likeproductivity, absenteeism and Job Satisfaction.
Gender :Equal access to resources and opportunities for men
and women increase productivity. Gender has a strong effecton emerging leadership.
Marital Status :married employees have fewer absences reporthigh job satisfaction. Work-family conflict also affects OB.
Tenure :Tenure or duration of service in the organization refersemployees with more experience is likely to be more productivity.
There is relationship between commitment, satisfaction and tenure.
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ABILITY
Physical ability
Intellectual or mental ability -MultipleIntelligence
Social Intelligence Emotional Intelligence
Cultural Intelligence
Companies measure these and use the results tohelp with the hiring decisions
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MARS Model of Individual Behavior
Individual
behavior and
results
Situational
factors
Values
Personality
Perceptions
Emotions
Attitudes
Stress Role
perceptions
Motivation
Ability
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Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence
Define AbilityAn individuals capacity to perform thevarious tasks in a job.
Intellectual Ability
The capacity to do mental activities.
Define Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
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Types of Ability
1.Intellectual Abilities -IQ ,EQ.
2.Physical AbilitiesStamina, dexterity,(ease in using hands)strength.
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Intelligence can be sub-divided into four sub-
parts
Cognitive
Social
Emotional
cultural
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Cognitive intelligence -
It means includes the attitudes which has been since
long used by traditional intelligence testSocial intelligence
includes a persons ability to relate effectively toothers.
Emotional intelligenceIt is the ability to identify, understand, and manageemotions
Cultural intelligence
It is the awareness of cross cultural differences and theability to function successfully in cross culturalsituations
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Assessing Competencies at EMCWhen EMC was about to
dramatically expand its work
force, an executive team at the
enterprise storage products firm
developed an Employee SuccessProfile. This list of generic
competencies represented the
traits of successful employees,
such as goal-orientation and
integrity. Courtesy of EMC Corp.
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Number aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed (the ability to quickly and accurately
compare letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns)
Inductive reasoning(is a type of reasoning that involves
moving from a set of specific facts to a general
Ex:This ice is cold. (Or: All ice I have ever seen
has been cold.So all ice is cold)
Dimensions of
Intellectual Ability
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Deductive reasoning(an argument is deductive when
its conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises)All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, (Therefore ,) Socrates
is mortal .
Spatial Visualization- the ability to mentally manipulate
2-dimensional (length and width) and 3-dimensional
figures.(length, width, and depth)
Memory
Dimensions of
Intellectual Ability
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Other Factors
7. Body coordination
8. Balance
9. stamina
Nine Physical Abilities
Strength Factors
1. Dynamic strength
2. Trunk strength
3. Static strength
4. Explosive strength Flexibility Factors
5. Extent flexibility
6. Dynamic flexibility
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Multiple Intelligence
The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by HowardGardner in 1983 . According to multiple intelligence theory,
there are nine basic types of intelligence.
Visual-spatial
Verbal-linguisticLogical-mathematical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Musical-rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential
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MULTI SMART
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Social Intelligence
How well we get along with each other.
Dimensions central to the concept of SocialIntelligence Understands peoples thoughts, feelings and intentions
well
Is good at dealing with people Has extensive knowledge of rules and norms in human
relations
Is good at taking the perspective of other people
Adapts well in social situations
Is warm and caring
Is open to new experiences, ideas and values (Kosmitzkiand John, 1993)
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Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to manage moods and emotions in self and
others.
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Cultural Intelligence
The ability to function in a cultural
environment that is different than your own.
The ability to recognize cultures different than
your own and adjust your behavior
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Learning
Companies look for employees who has thecapabilities to do the job company needs
them to do .
But nobody comes with everything that is
needed.
What is missing has to be learned
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LearningDefinition and components
Components of Learning
Involves changeonly change in behavior
Learning itself is not observable.
Is relatively permanent (timid person became brave
At a crisis situation not a permanent change.
Is acquired through experience(a lifelong process)
LearningAny relatively permanent change in behavior that occursas a result of experience.
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Theories of Learning
Theories of learning explains how learning occurs and how
patterns of behavior is shaped.
1.Classical Conditioning
2.Operant Conditioning
3.Cognitive Learning4.Social Learning
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Learning by associationA Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov, studied salivation in dogs as part
of his research programme. Normally, dogs will salivate at the time whenfood is presented, but Pavlov was interested why the dogs had started to
salivate when the saw the people that usually fed them (they also
responded to the sound of the dishes being used for their meals).
Pavlov set up an experiment to find out if the dogs could be trained tosalivate at other stimuli such as the sound of a bell or a light. At feeding
times, Pavlov would ring a bell and the amount of saliva produced by the
dog was measured. After several 'trials' Pavlov rang the bell without
presenting the food and found that the dogs salivated in the same way as if
food was being presented.
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ProcessStage 1Before conditioning -meatsalivation ( UCS-UCR)
stage 2 -bell-no salivation (no response)
stage 3 -ring bell along with meat -salivation(repeated)
( UCS-UCR)
REPEAT THE PROCESS
stage 4 -bell-salivation (CS-CR)
Dog is conditioned .In this example Pavlov showed how a reflex(salivation,a natural
bodily response) could become conditioned to an external
stimulus(the bell)thereby creating a conditioned reflex.
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Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of conditioning
in which an individual responds to stimulus
not in a normal way but a conditional way. Ex:
Advertisements shape attitudes. Fair andlovely cream advertise that if you use fair and
lovely, you will be fair in 7 days. Listening to
these advertisements on a continuous basis,consumers feel like trying the product.
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Exercise
Prepare a skit about the following scenarios
using classical conditioning:
Apply classical conditioning
1. To treat conditions such as alcoholism,chain smoking.
2. drug addiction
3. Procrastination4. Advertisement for a fairness cream,deo.
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Operant-Harward Psychologist
B.F.Skinner
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desiredvoluntary behavior leads to a reward orprevents a punishment.
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Operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary
behavior" or operant behavior.
Behavior is a function of its consequences.People learn to behave to get something or to avoid something.
Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast
to reflex behaviour.The tendency to repeat such behavior depends
on the reinforcement or lack of it ,Reinforcement strengthens the
behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated.
3 strategiesReinforcement,punishment,extinction.
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The cognitive paradigm essentially argues that the black box ofthe mind should be opened and understood.
People are not programmed animals that merely respond to
environmental stimuli; people are rational beings that require
active participation in order to learn, and whose actions are a
consequence of thinking.
Changes in behavior are observed, but only as an indication of
what is occurring in the learners head.
Cognitive uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: informationcomes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes.
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Learning from
observation
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Social learning approach to personality development
What is the influence of others behavior during
development?
Albert Bandura, Stanford
University
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Theories of Learning (contd)
Social-Learning Theory or Observationallearning (also known as vicarious learning
or modeling)
People can learn through observation and directexperience. people learn through observing othersbehavior, attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social
Learning is a type of learning that occurs as a function of
observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior
executed by others.
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social learning theory
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effective than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed andpermanence.
Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.
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Principles of social learning theoryProcess -4
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
ReinforcementTypes of ReinforcementFOUR
Positive reinforcement
Negative ReinforcementPunishment
Extinction
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Albert Banduracalled the process of social learning modelingand gave four
conditions required for a person to successfully model the behavior of
someone else:
Attention People learn from a model only when they payattention. We get influenced with models that are attractive,
repeatedly available, important to us and similar to us in our
estimation.
Retention remembering what you paid attention to when themodel is not available. Includes mental images, cognitive
organization.
Motor Reproduction reproducing the image. The observer must
have the motor skills to reproduce the action.
Reinforcement Process When positive incentive are provided to
the new modeled behaviour,individuals will be motivated to exhibit
the behavior more and more
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bandura -
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Types of Reinforcement -FOUR Positive reinforcement
Providing a rewardto strengthen a desired behavior (Bike whenyou come first in exam)
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired
behavior occurs.(You got just pass marks so that you do not fail) Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable
behavior. (If you copy in exam, you will be debarred from writing
exams.)
Extinction
Avoiding an undesired behavior -Ignoring the mischief maker in
the class.
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Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement- after every
behavior good for starting behaviors
drastic fall of after some time
Fixed Fixed interval- after set amount of time
Fixed ratio- based on a set # of behaviors
Variable
Variable interval- average time, but no pattern
Variable ratio- average number of behaviors, nopattern
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Bobo Doll experiment of
social learning
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll
experiment is widely cited in
psychology as a demonstration of
observational learning and
demonstrated that children are more
likely to engage in violent play with a
life size rebounding doll after
watching an adult do the same.
However, it may be noted that
children will only reproduce a model's
behavior if it has been reinforced.
This may be the problem with
television because it was found, by
Otto Larson and his coworkers (1968),
that 56% of the time children's
television characters achieve their
goals through violent acts.
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Behavior Modification
Five Step Problem-Solving Model
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and apply intervention
5. Evaluate performance improvement
Sometimes behavior needs to be altered to maximize
positive and minimize adverse consequences.
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Consequences
What happens
After behavior
Employee
receivesattendance
bonus
Example
A-B-Cs of OB Modification
Behavior
What person
says or does
Employee
attendsscheduled
work
Antecedents
What happens
before behavior
Attendancebonus system
is announced
B h i MOD O i i l
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Behaviour MOD Organizational
Applications
Well Pay versus Sick Pay Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
Employee Discipline
The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs
OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-management
Reduces the need for external management control.
Behavior Modification Techniques in the Business Environment
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Behavior Modification Techniques in the Business Environment
Operant Conditioning-an employer implementing a reward reinforcement
program delivered in various intervals could modify the behavior of his employeesin line with the company's agenda.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
A variable-ratio schedule is based on the architecture of reward reinforcement
Implementing Ceremonies
implement ceremonies and activities involving an employee's physical-emotional
involvement.
Setting Goals to Guide Behavior
As soon as an employee simply attempts to accomplish a goal designed by a
manager; then the employee's behavior has been instantly modified specific to the
business's agenda.
Continuously
observe our behavior
get Clarity on role expectations
Positive feedback motivates future behavior