foundation of individual behaviour
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Foundation of individual behaviorby
Atif AhmedZain Iqbal
Muhammad Rashid Mariam Nadir
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Ability
“An Individual’s capacity to perform various tasks in a job”
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Types of abilities
Intellectual abilities abilities needed to perform
mental activities for thinking reasoning and problem solving.
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“Dimensions of intellectual ability”
Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization
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“Dimensions of intellectual ability”
Memory
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Physical abilities
The capacity to do tasks that demand stamina , dexterity, strength and similar characteristics
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Basic physical abilitiesStrength factors Dynamic strength
Trunk strength
Static strength Explosive strength
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Flexibility factors : Extent flexibility Dynamic
flexibility
Other factors Body coordination Balance
Stamina
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Biographical characteristicsAge • Most of us belief that job performance
declines with age • The older you get the less likely you quit
your job• Age is inversely related to absenteeism
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Gender• Women perform as well as on job as men
do • Women have higher rate of absenteeism
then men • Women are likely to perform double
duties• There is no differences in male and
female regarding problem solving, competitive drive, motivation, stability or learning ability
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Race • People in organization may favor
employees of their own race • On the basis of race people some times
got lower ratings in interview, paid less and promoted less frequently
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Social group• Percentage of seats are reserved for
individuals to specified categories• Preference is given according to person’s
caste and tribes • religion and domicile are also taken in
consideration.
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Other biographical characteristics
Tenure• It is expressed as work experience
and predict employy productivity• It explains turnover • The longer a person is in a job the
less likely he or she will quit
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Religion• Religion is a touchy subject• Often people of different religious
faiths conflicts• In some countries law prohibits
employers from discriminating against employers based on their religion
• Dealing with transgender employees
requires some special consideration• Many employers practice don’t ask
don’t tell military policy
Sexual orientation and gender identity
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Learning“Learning is any relatively permanent change in
behavior occurs as a result of experience”
Direct experience• Something affect you directly • You gone through with any pleasant or unfavorable
situation
Indirect experience• When you are not the direct victim • Someone else gone through with any unfavorable
or pleasant situation and you learn from them
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Theories of learning
1. Classical conditioning2. Operant conditioning3. Social learning
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Operant conditioning
“A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads
to reward or prevents a punishment”
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Classical conditioning “A type of conditioning in which an
individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such
response”
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Social learning
“Learning from observation and direct experience”
Four processes of social learning are;• Attentional processes• Retention process• Motor reproduction processes• Reinforcement processes
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Attentional process• We attract to those models that are
attractive and repeatedly available and important to us
Retention process • Influence depends on how well we
remember model’s action
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Motor reproduction processes• The watching must be converted into
doing• Individual can perform the modeled
activity
Reinforcement processes• Exhibition of modeled behavior on
incentives or reward
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Methods of shaping behavior
Positive reinforcement • Response with something pleasant
Negative reinforcement • response with something unpleasant
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Punishment• Unpleasant condition an attempt to
eliminate an undesirable behavior
Extinction• When the behavior is not reinforced it
tends to be gradually extinguished