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Load and Energy Profiles

Geoff Stapleton

creating sustainable change through education, communication and leadership © 2010 GSES P/L creating sustainable change through education, communication and leadership © 2010 GSES P/L

Electrical Basics

• What is the difference between Power and Energy?


Instantaneous—doing something at one moment in time.

The unit of electric power is the Watt (W).

Power (Watts) = Volts x Amperes

So it is written: P = V x I

Power


• Energy = ?

Question


• Operating a device that uses 60 watts of power for 2 hrs

,how much energy used?

Question


Energy is the capacity to do work.

Energy (Wh) = Power (W) x time (hrs)

It is written E = P x t

Energy


In the Solar world

• Same confusion

• Solar energy and solar power often mixed up in how they

are applied.

• Solar Power-Irradiance

• Solar energy –Irradiation

• But sometime radiation term is used and it covers both!!!!

7


Back to Basics

When designing a small off-grid system for owner—might

be simple home

• Need to determine all the electrical energy requirements.

• Can some be supplied by other means and if so how

they are going to be supplied?

• What is the maximum or peak demand?

• What is the maximum surge demand?


Energy Service Energy Source Comments

Water Heating

Space Heating

Space Cooling

Refrigeration

Lighting

Cooking

Cleaning, entertainment,

kitchen appliances, office

equipment

Power Tools

Water Pumping

Water and Waste Treatment

Energy Source and Energy Source Selection (AS4509.2 Table B1)

AS/NZS4509

creating sustainable change through education, communication and leadership © 2010 GSES P/L Energy Source and Energy Source Selection (AS4509.2 Table B1)

AS/NZS4509

(1) (2) (3) (4a) (5a) (4b) (5b) (6) (7) (8) (9a) (9b) Comment

s Applia

nce

No. Powe

r

Dry season Wet season Power

Factor

Contributio

n to max

demand

Surge

Factor

Contribution to surge

demand

Usage

Time

Energy Usage

Time

Energy Potential Design

W h Wh h Wh VA VA VA

Daily Load Energy A.C

Loads (Wh)

(AC10a) (AC10b)

maximum demand (VA) (AC11)

Surge demand (VA) (AC12)


Appliance

No.

Power

W

Winter or dry season

Summer or wet season

p.f.

Contribution to max. demand

VA

Surge factor

Contribution to surge demand

Usage

time

h

Energy

Wh

Usage

time

h

Energy

Wh

(potential) (design)

VA

Kitchen 1 6.5 6 39 3 19.5 0.8 8.13

1 8.13 8.13

Kitchen Exhaust Fan

1 50 0.5 25 0.5 25 0.8 62.50

3 187.50 187.50

Kitchen: Mixmaster

1 400 0.3 120 0.2 80 0.8 4

Toaster 0 1200 0.15 0 0.1 0 1 0.00

1 0.00 0.00

Kettle 0 2400 0.3 0 0.3 0 1 0.00

1 0.00 0.00

Lounge Room Lights

2 15 4 120 3 90 0.9 33.33

1 33.33 33.33

Bedroom 1Lights

1 15 2 30 1 15 0.9 16.67

1 16.67 16.67

Bedroom 2 Lights

1 15 2 30 1 15 0.9 16.67

1 16.67 16.67


Bathroom Lights

1 15 1 15 1 15 0.8 18.75 1 18.75 18.75

Plasma TV and Entertainment System

1

225

6

1350

6

1350

0.8

281.25

1

281.25

281.25

Fridge 1 150 10 1500 14 2100 0.9 166.67 4 666.67 666.67

Freezer 1 150 8 1200 10 1500 0.9 166.67 4 666.67 666.67

Old Computer and Monitor

0

450

6

0

6

0

0.8

0.00

4

0.00

0.00

Laptop Computer

1 250 2 500 2 500 0.9 277.78 1 277.78 277.78

Vacuum Cleaner

1 2400 0.28 672 0.28 672 0.7 3428.57 2 6857.14 6857.14

Iron 1 1200 0.14 168 0.14 168 1 1 1200.00 0.00

Water Pump 1 450 0.5 225 1 450 0.7 642.86 5 3214.29 642.86

Washing Machine

1 600 0.75 450 0.75 450 0.8 4

Microwave 1 1600 0.2 320 0.2 320 0.8 1

Drill 1 600 1 600 0.2 120 0.8 2

Daily Load Energy – a.c Loads (Wh)

AC10a 7364 (AC10b) 7889.5

maximum demand – (VA) (AC11)

5119.85

Surge demand – (VA) (AC12)

13444.85 9673.42


Larger Systems

• Doing the load assessment is not practical.

• If existing generator based system need to data log and

get the load profile.

• The idea is to obtain the average power each hour and

hence have the hourly energy and also to measure the

peak and maximum demand.


Table form Monitoring Load Max Demand

Hour Wh W

1 14075 21330

2 14114 19805

3 13383 18160

4 15226 18275

5 14375 20175

6 17023 19965

7 15837 24245

8 17749 19125

9 20337 25090

10 21256 24430

11 22861 27215

12 23233 27530

13 24098 28565

14 25056 29240

15 25349 28675

16 25264 29065

17 24701 30400

18 22481 26240

19 22326 26740

20 21247 23300

21 18955 21650

22 17884 20840

23 17241 21245

24 16251 17875

Totals 470322

Peak 30400


Larger Grids

• Hopefully all this data is available through the power

station.

• However I have come across many sites where it is all

recorded


Chuuk Data

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1

17

33

49

65

81

97

11

3

12

9

14

5

16

1

17

7

19

3

20

9

22

5

24

1

25

7

27

3

28

9

30

5

32

1

33

7

35

3

36

9

38

5

40

1

41

7

43

3

44

9

46

5

48

1

49

7

51

3

52

9

54

5

56

1

57

7

59

3

60

9

62

5

64

1

65

7

67

3

68

9

70

5

72

1

73

7

CPUC Power Generation Profile - July 2017

DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5 CSHS PV Airport SPV Total Profile


Chuuk Data

DATE TIME DG1 DG2 DG3 DG4 DG5

30/06/2017 11:00:00 P 1581912 1740632 31437 59736 25631 DG 1 DG 2 DG 3 DG 4 DG 5 Total Diesel

7/1/17 12:00:00 A 1582767 1741487 31437 59736 25631 609 1050 0 0 0 1659 1/07/2017 01:00:00 A 1583376 1742537 31437 59736 25631 0 1604 0 0 0 1604 1/07/2017 02:00:00 A 1583376 1744141 31437 59736 25631 0 1576 0 0 0 1576 1/07/2017 03:00:00 A 1583376 1745717 31437 59736 25631 0 1571 0 0 0 1571 1/07/2017 04:00:00 A 1583376 1747288 31437 59736 25631 0 1551 0 0 0 1551 1/07/2017 05:00:00 A 1583376 1748839 31437 59736 25631 0 1509 0 0 0 1509 1/07/2017 06:00:00 A 1583376 1750348 31437 59736 25631 0 1516 0 0 0 1516 1/07/2017 07:00:00 A 1583376 1751864 31437 59736 25631 9 1597 0 0 0 1606 1/07/2017 08:00:00 A 1583385 1753461 31437 59736 25631 896 899 0 0 0 1795 1/07/2017 09:00:00 A 1584281 1754360 31437 59736 25631 945 945 0 0 0 1890 1/07/2017 10:00:00 A 1585226 1755305 31437 59736 25631 1011 1011 0 0 0 2022 1/07/2017 11:00:00 A 1586237 1756316 31437 59736 25631 1029 1029 0 0 0 2058 1/07/2017 12:00:00 P 1587266 1757345 31437 59736 25631 1037 1037 0 0 0 2074 1/07/2017 01:00:00 P 1588303 1758382 31437 59736 25631 1015 1014 0 0 0 2029 1/07/2017 02:00:00 P 1589318 1759396 31437 59736 25631 1056 1057 0 0 0 2113 1/07/2017 03:00:00 P 1590374 1760453 31437 59736 25631 1053 1053 0 0 0 2106 1/07/2017 04:00:00 P 1591427 1761506 31437 59736 25631 1022 1022 0 0 0 2044 1/07/2017 05:00:00 P 1592449 1762528 31437 59736 25631 981 981 0 0 0 1962 1/07/2017 06:00:00 P 1593430 1763509 31437 59736 25631 1009 1009 0 3 0 2021 1/07/2017 07:00:00 P 1594439 1764518 31437 59739 25631 1028 1028 0 502 0 2558 1/07/2017 08:00:00 P 1595467 1765546 31437 60241 25631 971 970 0 168 0 2109 1/07/2017 09:00:00 P 1596438 1766516 31437 60409 25631 943 943 0 0 0 1886 1/07/2017 10:00:00 P 1597381 1767459 31437 60409 25631 909 909 0 0 0 1818 1/07/2017 11:00:00 P 1598290 1768368 31437 60409 25631 862 862 0 0 0 1724


Chuuk Data

Gen. Kwh

Dg 1 Dg 2 Dg 3 Dg 4 Dg 5

7/1/17 12:00:00 A 1582767 1741487 31437 60409 25631

16385 27743 0 0 0

2/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1599152 1769230 31437 60409 25631

11111 29119 0 0 0

3/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1610263 1798349 31437 60409 25631

18560 28118 0 0 0

4/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1628823 1826467 31437 60409 25631

17541 28597 0 0 0

5/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1646364 1855064 31437 60409 25631

29386 17552 0 0 0

6/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1675750 1872616 31437 60409 25631

18173 27626 0 0 0

7/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1693923 1900242 31437 60409 25631

17156 28616 0 0 0

8/07/2017 12:00:00 A 1711079 1928858 31437 60409 25631


Example of effect on Solar on

Energy Profile

• Source IEA PVPS task 14 Report – Carnavon Report

19 Australian high PV penetration case

studies


20 Australian high PV penetration case

studies

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