lo safety management (final)

7/31/2019 Lo Safety Management (Final)

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Safety Management

Lo, Paul Anthony K. May 10, 2011

BS-ME 200912788 TTH 12-1:30

Fire Protection

Fire Protection- is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects offires. It involves the

study of the behavior, compartmentalization, suppression and investigation offire and its related

emergencies, as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of

mitigating systems.

Causes of Fire

Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed

components

Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection

Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks

Candles

Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, etc.)

Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible materials

Flammable liquids

Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned

Fire Triangle

The Fire Triangle is a representation of four elements that must be for a fire to exist. There

must be oxygen to sustain combustion. Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature. Fuel to

support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three elements. Remove any

one of the four elements to extinguish the fire.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candles


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Classification of Fire

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) classifies fires into five general categories

(U.S.):

Class A fires are ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.

Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and

common organic solvents used in the laboratory.

Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel

boxes, power tools, hot plates and stirrers. Water can be a dangerous extinguishing medium

for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist

extinguisher is used.

Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and

sodium as well as pyrophoricorganometallic reagents such as alkyllithiums, Grignards and

diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will react violently with water,

air, and/or other chemicals. Handle with care!!

Class Kfires are kitchen fires. This class was added to the NFPA portable extinguishers

Standard 10 in 1998.

Goals

Fire protection has three major goals:

Continuity of operations - on a public scale, this is intended to prevent the interruption of

critical services necessary for the public welfare (e.g., a 911 emergency call center).
http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/nfpa.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/flammable.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/combustible.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/organic.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/solvent.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/inorganic/glassware/heatsources.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/alkalimetal.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/alkalimetal.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/pyrophoric.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/organomet/index.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/waterreactive.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/nfpa.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/flammable.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/combustible.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/organic.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/solvent.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/inorganic/glassware/heatsources.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/alkalimetal.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/alkalimetal.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/pyrophoric.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/organomet/index.htmlhttp://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/waterreactive.html


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Property protection - on a public scale, this is intended to prevent area wide

conflagrations. At an individual building level, this is typically an insurance consideration

(e.g., a requirement for financing), or a regulatory requirement.

Life safety - the minimum standard used in fire and building codes

Components of Fire Protection

Structural fire protection (in land-based buildings, offshore construction or onboardships) is

typically achieved via three means:

Passive fire protection (use of integral, fire-resistance rated wall and floor assemblies that

are used to form fire compartments intended to limit the spread offire, or occupancy

separations, orfirewalls, to keep fires, high temperatures and flue gases within the fire

compartment of origin, thus enabling firefighting and evacuation)

Active fire protection (manual and automatic detection and suppression of fires, as in

using and installing aFire Sprinklersystem or finding the fire (Fire alarm) and/or

extinguishing it)

Education (ensuring that building owners and operators have copies and a working

understanding of the applicable building and fire codes, having a purpose-designed fire

safety plan and ensuring that building occupants, operators and emergency personnel know

thebuilding, its means ofActive fire protection and Passive fire protection, its weak spots

and strengths to ensure the highest possible level of safety)

Basic Fire Protective Equipment

Fire Extinguisher -is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small

fires, often in emergency situations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Sprinklerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Sprinklerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(construction)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Sprinklerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protection


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Safety Guidelines in using Fire Extinguisher


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Parts of Fire Extinguisher

Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher

Fire Extinguishers must be maintained annually. Ensure that:

The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects that could

interfere with access in an emergency.

The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped with a gauge

that means the needle should be in the green zone - not too high and not too low.

The nozzle or other parts are not obstructed.

The pin and tamper seal (if it has one) are intact.

There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and other signs of abuse/wear.

Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc. that may have landed on the

extinguisher.

Some manufacturers recommend shaking your dry chemical extinguishers once a

month to prevent the powder from settling/packing.

Fire extinguishers should be pressure tested (a process called hydrostatic testing)

after a number of years to ensure that the cylinder is safe to use. Consult your


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owner's manual, extinguisher label or the manufacturer to see when yours may need

such testing.

Sprinkler System

Fire Sprinkler System - is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply

system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto

which fire sprinklers are connected.

Usage of Sprinkler Systems

Sprinklers have been in use in the United States since 1874, and were used in factory

applications where fires at the turn of the century were often catastrophic in terms of both human

and property losses. In the US, sprinklers are today required in all new high rise and underground

buildings generally 75 feet (23 m) above or below fire department access, where the ability

offirefighters to provide adequate hose streams to fires is limited.

Fire Alarm Systems

Fire Alarm System - is designed to detect the unwanted presence offire by monitoringenvironmental changes associated with combustion.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinklerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinklerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion


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Initiating Device of Fire Alarm System

Manually actuated devices; Break glass stations, Buttons andmanual pull station are

constructed to be readily located (near the exits), identified, and operated.

Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any number of

detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy; heat detector,

products of combustion;smoke detector, radiant energy;flame detector, combustion

gasses;carbon monoxide detectorand release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector.

The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible

effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection

methods.

Smoke Detector

Smoke Detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while

household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible and/or visual

alarm from the detector itself.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_pull_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_pull_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_pull_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm


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Fire Safety Construction

Refers to design and installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress,

etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life

from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is evacuated. These features are also designed

to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed from

smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or floor of origin and delay their

spread to other parts of the building by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and

floors

Important Symbols of Fire Safety Construction

Implementing Agencies for Fire Protection

International

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA, established in 1896, is to reduce the

worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating

consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education.
http://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=124&URL=Codes%20and%20Standardshttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=15&URL=Research%20&%20Reportshttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=1263&URL=Learning/Training%20and%20professional%20developmenthttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=1491&URL=Learning/Public%20educationhttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=124&URL=Codes%20and%20Standardshttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=15&URL=Research%20&%20Reportshttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=1263&URL=Learning/Training%20and%20professional%20developmenthttp://www.nfpa.org/categoryList.asp?categoryID=1491&URL=Learning/Public%20education


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Local

Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)

BFP is responsible for ensuring public safety through prevention and/or suppression of alldestructive fires on buildings, houses, and other similar structure, forests, and land transportation

vehicles and equipment, ships/vessels docked at piers, wharves or anchored at major seaports,

petroleum industry installations. It is also responsible for the enforcement of the Fire Code of the

Philippines (PD 1185) and other related laws, conduct investigations involving fire incidents and

causes thereof including the filing of appropriate complaints/cases

Implementing Laws for Fire Protection

International

Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 is astatutory instrument which places the

onus on individuals within an organization to carry out risk assessments to identify, manage and

reduce the risk of fire.

Its full title is: Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 1541 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety)Order 2005. It became law on 1 October 2006, and only applies to England and Wales.

Guidance from Communities is available in the form of12 Government Published

documents each pertaining specifically to a particular type of premises.

Guides available include:

-Office & Shops

-Factories & Warehouses

-Sleeping Accommodation

-Residential Care Premises

-Educational Premises
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrumenthttp://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/firesafety/firesafetylaw/aboutguides/http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/firesafety/firesafetylaw/aboutguides/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrumenthttp://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/firesafety/firesafetylaw/aboutguides/http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/firesafety/firesafetylaw/aboutguides/


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-Small & Medium Places of Assembly

-Large Places of Assembly

-Theatres & Cinemas

-Open Air Events & Venues

-Healthcare Premises

-Transport Premises & Facilities

-Means of Escape for Disabled People

Local

Republic Act No. 9514 (Approved by PGMA on December 19, 2008)

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES,

REPEALING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1185 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress

assembled:

Section 1. This Act shall be known as the "Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008".

Section 2. It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety and promote economic development

through the prevention and suppression of all kinds of destructive fires and promote the

professionalization of the fire service as a profession. Towards this end, the State shall enforce all

laws, rules and regulations to ensure adherence to standard fire prevention and safety measures,

and promote accountability for fire safety in the fire protection service and prevention service.

Some Incidents that involves lack of Fire Protection

International

Wuwang Club fire


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It is a fire incident that occurred in Shenzhen,People's Republic of China on September 21,

2008.

A fire broke out just before midnight on September 21 at the packed "King of the Dancers

Club" according to an official with the Shenzhen Work Safety Bureau. The nightclub was

operating without a building license and was not built according to building codes, because of

government corruption. The fire was started by a floorshow stunt involving fireworks that ignited

the ceiling, plunging the club into darkness and causing the club-goers to panic and stampede

towards the exits. The windows were boarded up and there was only one exit that was not

displayed with a lit exit sign. There were 308 people present in the club. Most of the deaths were

caused by the crush of the stampede. Among the casualties there are 5 people from Hong Kong, a

40-year old man who works in mainland China and 4 18-year old teenagers. The latter were going

to celebrate the birthday of one of them.

Guangdong's provincial governor, Huang Huahua, blamed poor ventilation for the deaths

citing something wrong with the architectural design. According to Hong Kong's RTHK13 people

were detained. Six people, including Wang Jing, president of the club, Zhang Wei, ex-husband of

Wang and co-founder of the club, and four others of the club's management group, were charged

with negligence and violation of safety rules. Another six people have been charged with harboring

criminals, according to police.

Local

Ozone Disco Club Fire

It is a fire incident occurred in Quezon City, Philippines broke out shortly after

midnight, Philippine Standard Time, March 18, 1996.

Six people involved with Westwood Entertainment were tried before the courts for criminal

charges of "reckless imprudence resulting in multiple homicide and multiple serious injuries".On

March 16, 2001, the president of Westwood Entertainment, Hermilo Ocampo, and the

corporation's treasurer, Ramon Ng, were found guilty by a Quezon City trial court and sentenced to

a four-year prison term, and fined 25 millionpesos each. They and their co-accused (who were

acquitted) were also ordered to indemnify the families of the deceased 150,000 pesos, and 100,000

pesos to the injured. The trial court concluded that Ocampo and Ng failed to provide fire exits and
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sprinklers inside the establishment, that the fire extinguishers they placed were defective, and that

the lone exit was through a small door that swung inward and did not meet the standard set by the

building code.In November 2001, twelve officials of the Quezon City government were charged before

the Sandiganbayan for reckless imprudence resulting in multiple homicides and multiple serious

injuries. They were accused of allowing Ozone Disco to secure a certificate of annual inspection in

1995 "despite the inadequacy, insufficiency and impropriety of the documents submitted by the

owners."In 2007, one of the twelve the former city engineer and building official of QuezonCity, Alfredo Macapugay was discharged from criminal and civil liability after the

Sandiganbayan concluded that he had no hand in the issuance of the necessary permits to Ozone

Disco management.

Fire Prevention

The goal of fire prevention is to educate the public to take precautions to prevent fires, and be

educated about surviving them. It is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and

the damage caused by them.

Lessons of Fire Prevention

If your clothes or your friend's clothes catch fire:

Stop - Stay absolutely still. Do not try to run.

Drop Drop to the ground

Roll - Flames need oxygen to keep them burning. Rolling on the ground will stop them

from getting any oxygen and help put the flames out.

Wrap - something like a woolen blanket, floor rug or clothing around the person to smother

the flames as they roll on the floor.

Cool - cool the burnt skin with cold water (a shower is good if there is one), and keep it

under the water until help arrives.

Get out and stay out

Each year, many people are injured or killed because they reenter their burning homes. If

you are lucky enough to have escaped, stay out.
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Firefighters are your friends

One of the most critical jobs of a firefighter is search and rescue. For young children, it is

important that firefighters are seen as people they can follow and trust. A firefighter in firefighting

gearbreathing out of an air tankcan be scary. One way a child can get use to or trust a firefighter is

seeing a firefighter dress up step by step seeing that it is a person inside. Also being able to walk

up and touch him can reassure them that he is a real person.

Dont Play with Fire

Playing with fires causes unnecessary emergencies, hurts and kills many people.

Develop Escape Plan

Develop and memorize escape route.

Keys must be easily accessible.

Choose meeting place outside home.

Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year.

Generalization

Planning - Organize a fire prevention plan to reduce the causes of fire, prevent loss of life

and property by fire, and to comply with Bureau of Fire Protection. It provides employees with

information and guidelines that will assist them in recognizing, reporting, and controlling fire

hazards.

This Fire Prevention Plan serves to reduce the risk of fire by:

A. Provides training to employees with regards to fire hazards which they may be

exposed.

B. Identifies materials that are potential fire hazards and their proper handling and storage

procedures.

C. Identifies persons responsible for maintaining the equipment and systems installed to

prevent or control ignition of fires.
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Implementation It is required in any organization to conduct fire drills at regular interval

throughout the year. It is also the responsibility of the organization to have enough safety training

for the employees in order to assess their preparedness when the accident happens.

Checking Checking and monitoring all the fire protective equipment by using theGeneral Fire Prevention Checklist. This Checklist ensures fire prevention measures conform by the

Bureau of Fire Protection requirements.

Improving Review the Fire Prevention Plan and improve if there are some necessary

changes. Achieve a higher goal in order to be more proficient/ effective in preventing fire accident.

References:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire protection

www.nfpa.org

http://www.philippine-builder.com/home/laws/fire-code/153-fire-code-of-the-philippines.html

http://www.michigan.gov/documents/CIS_WSH_part18cRev_41901_7.pdf

http://www.architectureboard.ph/uploads/1234414677-RA%20No.%209514.pdf

http://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/fire/fireprog.html

http://www.safetyinfo.com/guests/Program%20-%20Fire%20Prevention.htm

http://www.bfpresponse.gov.ph/history.html

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