lng fpso topside lng fpso topside 공정공정개요개요 · 2018. 11. 8. · lpg production...
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LNG FPSO Topside LNG FPSO Topside 공정공정 개요개요
November 01 2012November 01 2012November 01, 2012November 01, 2012
Process Engineering TeamProcess Engineering TeamSams ng Hea Ind stries Co LtdSams ng Hea Ind stries Co LtdSamsung Heavy Industries, Co., Ltd.Samsung Heavy Industries, Co., Ltd.
Offshore Production Offshore Production 개요개요Offshore Production Offshore Production 개요개요
LNG FPSO LNG FPSO 개요개요LNG FPSO LNG FPSO 개요개요
LNG FPSO Topside Process LNG FPSO Topside Process 개요개요LNG FPSO Topside Process LNG FPSO Topside Process 개요개요
Offshore ProductionOffshore Production개요개요Offshore ProductionOffshore Production개요개요
Increasing Reliance on Offshore ProductionIncreasing Reliance on Offshore Production
Offshore oilOffshore oil
25% of production in 1990, 31% in 2000, 33% in 2010, 34% by 202025% of production in 1990, 31% in 2000, 33% in 2010, 34% by 2020
Deep waterDeep water
0% of production in 1990, 2% in 2000, 9% in 2010, 13% by 20200% of production in 1990, 2% in 2000, 9% in 2010, 13% by 2020
After 2015, deep water is the only sector to continue to growAfter 2015, deep water is the only sector to continue to grow
Outline of Offshore ProjectOutline of Offshore Project
Upstream & Downstream ProcessUpstream & Downstream Process
UPSTREAM TRANSPORTATION & RECEIVING DOWNSTREAM
Upstream ProcessUpstream Process : Well: Well로부터로부터원유나원유나가스를가스를시추하고시추하고분리분리, , 정제하는정제하는공정공정
Downstream ProcessDownstream Process : : 분리분리, , 정제되어진정제되어진원유나원유나가스로부터가스로부터부가가치에부가가치에이용이용가능한가능한생산물을생산물을만드는만드는공정공정
Offshore Solutions for Concept SelectionOffshore Solutions for Concept Selection
40 ~ 1350 ft~ 6000 ea
1000 ~ 1750 ft4ea
1950 ~ 5610 ft17 ea
482 – 4674 ft22 ea
262 – 7920 ft45 ea
66 – 4796 ft159 ea
대상대상WellWell의의수심에수심에따라따라상부의상부의플랜트를플랜트를지지하기지지하기위한위한구조물의구조물의형태가형태가다름다름대상대상 의의수 에수 에따라따라상부의상부의플 를플 를지지하기지지하기위위 구 물의구 물의형태가형태가다다
Topside Topside 공정은공정은위와위와같이같이수심에수심에따라따라다양한다양한구조물구조물위에위에설치설치
수심이수심이낮은낮은쪽으로쪽으로갈수록갈수록가스를가스를분리하고분리하고정제하는정제하는공정들만공정들만두고두고파이프라인으로파이프라인으로육상으로육상으로
이송해서이송해서생산하고생산하고저장하는저장하는것이것이경제성에서경제성에서유리유리이송해서이송해서생산하고생산하고저장하는저장하는것이것이경제성에서경제성에서유리유리
수심이수심이깊은깊은쪽으로쪽으로갈수록갈수록가스가스분리분리, , 정제정제, , 생산생산및및저장설비를저장설비를설치하는설치하는것이것이경제성에서경제성에서유리유리
Total Life Cycle CostTotal Life Cycle Cost
New Trend of Subsea PlantNew Trend of Subsea Plant
Typical Offshore ConceptTypical Offshore Concept New Offshore ConceptNew Offshore Concept
LNG FPSO LNG FPSO 개요개요LNG FPSO LNG FPSO 개요개요
Strong Points of Natural GasStrong Points of Natural Gas
Attractive price according to the development of new technologyAttractive price according to the development of new technology
G i l b fiG i l b fi L i i fL i i f NONO SOSO d COd COGreater environmental benefits Greater environmental benefits Lower emission of Lower emission of NOxNOx, , SOxSOx and COand CO22
Higher calorific value and availabilityHigher calorific value and availability
Less price volatilityLess price volatilityLess price volatilityLess price volatility
Source : Fearnley Consultants, 2007Source : Fearnley Consultants, 2007Source : BP, 2005Source : BP, 2005
Long term demand : Gas vs. OilLong term demand : Gas vs. Oil LNG production plant forecastLNG production plant forecast
Natural Gas SolutionsNatural Gas Solutions
FUTURE
PRESENT
FLARINGCNG
LNG/LPG‐FPSO
MeOH‐FPSO
DMEDME
GTL‐FPSO DME‐FPSO
CapacityCapacity--Distance DiagramDistance Diagram
Source : Gudmundsson and Mork (2001)Source : Gudmundsson and Mork (2001)
PipePipe LNGLNG33‐‐5 MTPA 5 MTPA LNG FPSOLNG FPSOPipePipe LNGLNGLNG FPSOLNG FPSO
GTWGTW Uneconomic wellUneconomic wellCNG, GTW, NGHCNG, GTW, NGH GTLGTL11‐‐2 MTPA 2 MTPA LNG FPSOLNG FPSOLNG FPSOLNG FPSO
GTW: Gas to WireGTW: Gas to Wire
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas CarrierCNG: Compressed Natural Gas Carrierpp
NGH: Natural Gas HydrateNGH: Natural Gas Hydrate
GTL: Gas to LiquidGTL: Gas to Liquid
MTPA: Million ton per annumMTPA: Million ton per annum
Change of LNG Value ChainChange of LNG Value Chain
Exploration &Exploration &ProductionProduction LiquefactionLiquefaction ShippingShipping
Storage &Storage &RegasificationRegasification
LNG FPSOLNG FPSO LNG FSRULNG FSRUMoving LNG Plant to OffshoreMoving LNG Plant to Offshoreo g G a t to O s o eo g G a t to O s o e
Monetizing stranded gas & associated gas Monetizing stranded gas & associated gas Avoid flaring & reinjectionAvoid flaring & reinjectionLower CAPEXLower CAPEXEnabling Technology Enabling Technology Continuing growth in consumptionContinuing growth in consumption
Indicative CostIndicative Cost
Target of Generic LNGTarget of Generic LNG--FPSOFPSO
Large Size (above 3 MTPA)Large Size (above 3 MTPA)
Business ApproachTCF: Trillion Cubic FeetTCF: Trillion Cubic FeetMT: Million TonsMT: Million Tons1 TCF 1 TCF ≒≒ 20 MT20 MT
Oil major projectOil major project
ITB competitionITB competition
Huge plant Huge plant
Onshore proven systemOnshore proven system
Shell, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Woodside
Mid Size (2~3 MTPA)Mid Size (2~3 MTPA)
Their own technologyTheir own technology
or Major licensorsor Major licensors
High entry barrierHigh entry barrier
Source : InfieldSource : Infield
Mid Size (2 3 MTPA)Mid Size (2 3 MTPA)
National Oil Company/LNGC National Oil Company/LNGC
Flex, SBM, Leif Hoegh
Small Size (1 MTPA)Small Size (1 MTPA)
companiescompanies
Exclusive or Design Exclusive or Design competitioncompetition
Compact plant Compact plant
New application systemNew application system
Rookie licensorsRookie licensors
Challenge and high riskChallenge and high risk
Source : PFC EnergySource : PFC Energy
FLNG ProjectsFLNG Projects
Owned14 9
Leased14.9 MTPA
11.5 MTPA
Constituents of Natural GasConstituents of Natural Gas
Methane is the dominant component in natural gasMethane is the dominant component in natural gas
E h d h i h d b d d i hE h d h i h d b d d i hEthane and heavier hydrocarbon compounds are grouped in the category, Ethane and heavier hydrocarbon compounds are grouped in the category,
“Natural Gas Liquids” (NGL)“Natural Gas Liquids” (NGL)
A sub category of NGL is the LPG mixture of propane and butaneA sub category of NGL is the LPG mixture of propane and butaneA sub category of NGL is the LPG mixture of propane and butaneA sub category of NGL is the LPG mixture of propane and butane
Example of LNG Plant Feed Gas PropertiesExample of LNG Plant Feed Gas Properties
Compositional AnalysisCompositional Analysis
Main Main
ComponentsComponentsmole %mole %
Aromatics (in C6+)Aromatics (in C6+) Mol% (in feed gas)Mol% (in feed gas)
BenzeneBenzene 0.0700.070HH22OO
NN22
COCO22
HH SS
1.291.29
3.323.32
1.751.75
0 530 53
TolueneToluene
XyleneXylene
0.0150.015
0.0050.005
HH22SS
CC11CC22CC33
0.530.53
81.3481.34
5.195.19
1.931.93
Sulfur CompoundsSulfur CompoundsConcentration Concentration
(ppm vol.)(ppm vol.)
COSCOS 33CC33ii‐‐CC44nn‐‐CC44ii‐‐CC55
1.931.93
0.410.41
0.700.70
0.290.29
Methyl MercaptanMethyl Mercaptan
Ethyl MercaptanEthyl Mercaptan
Propyl MercaptanPropyl Mercaptan
2525
213213
119119
nn‐‐CC55nn‐‐CC66CC66++
0.290.29
0.240.24
2.722.72
Buthyl MercaptanButhyl Mercaptan 107107
MercuryMercury Max. 500 ng/smMax. 500 ng/sm33
TotalTotal 100.00100.00
Natural Gas Typical Contaminants & Required TreatmentsNatural Gas Typical Contaminants & Required Treatments
Especially, Benzene shall be carefully checkedEspecially, Benzene shall be carefully checked
Natural Gas ProcessingNatural Gas Processing
PrePre‐‐
COCO22 Amine System, Adsorption System (TSA or PSA)Amine System, Adsorption System (TSA or PSA)
HH22SS Amine System, Sulfinol SystemAmine System, Sulfinol SystemPrePre‐‐
treatmenttreatment
22 y , yy , y
HH22OO Molecular sieve dryer (adsorption system), MEG dehydrationMolecular sieve dryer (adsorption system), MEG dehydration
HgHg Mercury adsorber (activated carbon)Mercury adsorber (activated carbon)HgHg Mercury adsorber (activated carbon)Mercury adsorber (activated carbon)
CC55+ / BTEX+ / BTEX G/L SeparationG/L Separation CondensateCondensate
CC3 3 ~ C~ C55PrePre‐‐coolingcoolingFractionationFractionation
LPGLPG
LiquefactionLiquefaction
CC1 1 ~ C~ C44 LNG LiquefactionLNG Liquefaction LNGLNG
NN22 N2 RejectionN2 Rejection N2N2
General Arrangement of LNG ProcessGeneral Arrangement of LNG Process
F dF d
Acid Gas (COAcid Gas (CO22/H/H22S)S) Fuel GasFuel Gas Fuel GasFuel Gas
Gas/Liq Gas/Liq Gas/Liq Gas/Liq FeedFeedGasGas
SweetSweetGasGas
Sweet/DrySweet/DryGasGas
Gas toGas toLiquefactionLiquefaction
MercuryMercuryRemovalRemovalMercuryMercuryRemovalRemoval
Gas Gas SweeteningSweetening
Gas Gas SweeteningSweetening
Gas Gas DehydrationDehydration
Gas Gas DehydrationDehydration
/ q/ qSeparationSeparation
(Field Specific)(Field Specific)
/ q/ qSeparationSeparation
(Field Specific)(Field Specific)
WaterWaterCOCO22: < 100 : < 100 ppmvppmv
HH22S: < 4 S: < 4 ppmvppmvHH22O: < 1 O: < 1 ppmvppmv Hg: < 10 ng/SmHg: < 10 ng/Sm33
CondensateCondensate
PrePre‐‐treatment Processtreatment Process
Liquefaction ProcessLiquefaction ProcessCC66+ < 10 ppmv+ < 10 ppmv
BTEX < 2 ppmvBTEX < 2 ppmv
NN22
NN22 < 1 mol%< 1 mol%
Gas fromGas fromPrePre‐‐treatmenttreatment
LNG LNG LiquefactionLiquefaction
LNG LNG LiquefactionLiquefaction
LNGLNGCC11 ~ C~ C44 NN22 RejectionRejectionNN22 RejectionRejectionFractionationFractionation(HHC Removal)(HHC Removal)FractionationFractionation(HHC Removal)(HHC Removal)
PrePre‐‐coolingcooling
LPGLPGProductionProduction
LPGLPGProductionProduction
RefrigerationRefrigeration
LPGLPGProductionProductionProductionProduction
CondensateCondensate
Schematic Diagram of LNGSchematic Diagram of LNG--FPSO PlantFPSO Plant
Gas Disposal & Safety System
Liquefaction PartLiquefaction Part
Gas/LiquidSeparation
Acid Gas RemovalLiquefaction
System
Field Specific PartField Specific Part PrePre--treatment Systemtreatment System
Slug Catcher pDehydration
Mercury Removal
System
Stabilization Fractionation
PowerCooling HeatingCondensateCondensate LPGLPG LNGLNG
Inert GasSupply
PowerGeneration
N2Supply
CoolingSystem
HeatingSystem
AirSupply
Utility PartUtility Part
Gas wellGas wellGas wellGas wellOffloading
SystemCargo
ContainmentMooringSystem Thruster Living
QuarterHull PartHull Part
yy
Main System CargoCargoUtility System Hull System
LNG FPSO Topside Process LNG FPSO Topside Process 개요개요LNG FPSO Topside Process LNG FPSO Topside Process 개요개요
Acid Gas Removal Acid Gas Removal –– GeneralGeneral
Definition of Acid GasDefinition of Acid GasDefinition of Acid GasDefinition of Acid GasAcid gases are the gaseous contaminations found in feed natural gas streams, Acid gases are the gaseous contaminations found in feed natural gas streams,
which are capable of which are capable of forming weak acids or weakly acidic solutionsforming weak acids or weakly acidic solutions when contacted with free water.when contacted with free water.
Those acids / acidic solutions Those acids / acidic solutions corrode the downstream processing facilities.corrode the downstream processing facilities.
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide : : HH22O + COO + CO22 HH22COCO33 (Carbonic acid)(Carbonic acid)
H d S lfidH d S lfid HH S HS H OO F idi l tiF idi l tiHydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide : : HH22S + HS + H22O O Forms acidic aqueous solutionForms acidic aqueous solution
Why to Remove Acid GasesWhy to Remove Acid GasesWhy to Remove Acid GasesWhy to Remove Acid Gases1)1) Formation of Solids at Cryogenic TemperaturesFormation of Solids at Cryogenic Temperatures
Freezing point of acid gases are much higher than Freezing point of acid gases are much higher than ‐‐161 degC of LNG liquefaction 161 degC of LNG liquefaction
temperature.temperature.
Form solids in liquefaction exchangers and cryogenic pipelines.Form solids in liquefaction exchangers and cryogenic pipelines.
COCO22 Sublimation atSublimation at ‐‐78 5 degC and 1 atm78 5 degC and 1 atm Forms Dry IceForms Dry IceCOCO22 Sublimation at Sublimation at 78.5 degC and 1 atm 78.5 degC and 1 atm Forms Dry IceForms Dry Ice
HH22S S Precipitation at Precipitation at ‐‐85.5 degC and 1 atm 85.5 degC and 1 atm SolidsSolids
Lead to plugging, equipment damage and decrease of liquefaction efficiency.Lead to plugging, equipment damage and decrease of liquefaction efficiency.
2)2) Acid Gas corrosionAcid Gas corrosion
: H: H22S and COS and CO22 are corrosive to all processing equipments, transfer pipelines, etc.are corrosive to all processing equipments, transfer pipelines, etc.
Acid Gas Removal Acid Gas Removal –– Gas/Liquid Absorption ProcessGas/Liquid Absorption Process
Solvent Treatment TechnologySolvent Treatment Technology Apply wellApply well‐‐proven and optimized processes proven and optimized processes
Many Technology Developing Companies (Licensors): Formulate their proprietary commercial Many Technology Developing Companies (Licensors): Formulate their proprietary commercial
solvents.solvents.
It is the outcome of prolonged research work and years of processing experience.It is the outcome of prolonged research work and years of processing experience.
Acid Gas free NG Acid Gas free NG to Dehydrationto Dehydration
Gas/LiqGas/LiqCCFeed GasFeed Gas
Acid GasAcid Gas
Lean SolventLean Solvent
Acid Gas to Vent orAcid Gas to Vent or
Acid Gas Compression/Reinjection.Acid Gas Compression/Reinjection.
SolventSolventContactorContactorFeed GasFeed Gas
Acid GasAcid Gas
Solvent Solvent RegenerationRegeneration
ABSORPTIONABSORPTION(High P & Low T)(High P & Low T)
REGENERATION/DESORPTIONREGENERATION/DESORPTION(Low P & High T)(Low P & High T)
Rich SolventRich Solvent
(High P & Low T)(High P & Low T) (Low P & High T)(Low P & High T)
Schematic Diagram of Typical Amine ProcessSchematic Diagram of Typical Amine Process
Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal –– AdsorptionAdsorption
What is Adsorption?What is Adsorption?
Adsorption is the accumulation of atoms or molecules (adsorbates) on the surface of a material Adsorption is the accumulation of atoms or molecules (adsorbates) on the surface of a material
(adsorbent).(adsorbent).
Adsorption efficiency is decided Adsorption efficiency is decided by specific isotherm properties between adsorbent and adsorbatesby specific isotherm properties between adsorbent and adsorbates..
General Adsorption Efficiency: Up to 99.99%General Adsorption Efficiency: Up to 99.99% (c.f., Gas membrane efficiency: 97~99%)(c.f., Gas membrane efficiency: 97~99%)
Physical Adsorption: by a force of Van der Waals (weak), Exothermic (approx. 0.1 kcal/mol)Physical Adsorption: by a force of Van der Waals (weak), Exothermic (approx. 0.1 kcal/mol)
Chemical Adsorption: by covalent bonds (strong) Exothermic (approx 10 kcal/mol)Chemical Adsorption: by covalent bonds (strong) Exothermic (approx 10 kcal/mol)Chemical Adsorption: by covalent bonds (strong), Exothermic (approx. 10 kcal/mol)Chemical Adsorption: by covalent bonds (strong), Exothermic (approx. 10 kcal/mol)
Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal –– GeneralGeneral
Gas DehydrationGas Dehydration
To remove water in feed natural gas stream, since trace water content can form ice and hydrate To remove water in feed natural gas stream, since trace water content can form ice and hydrate
in cryogenic pipelines and equipment at liquefaction conditions.in cryogenic pipelines and equipment at liquefaction conditions.
Lead to plugging, equipment damage and decrease of liquefaction efficiency.Lead to plugging, equipment damage and decrease of liquefaction efficiency.
Feed ConditionFeed Condition WaterWater‐‐Saturated Chilled Gas at 25Saturated Chilled Gas at 25℃℃
< 50 < 50 ppmvppmv COCO22
Product RequirementProduct Requirement < 0.1 < 0.1 ppmvppmv waterwater
< 50 < 50 ppmvppmv COCO22
Adsorbent TypeAdsorbent Type Molecular SieveMolecular Sieve
Regeneration Regeneration
Running TimeRunning Time
Recommended Change Over Time: 12 Hours at 45Recommended Change Over Time: 12 Hours at 45℃℃
Recommended Design Cycle Time: 18 Hours at 45Recommended Design Cycle Time: 18 Hours at 45℃℃
Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal –– GeneralGeneral
Mercury RemovalMercury Removal
Mercury (Hg) reacts with Aluminum of heat exchanger internal material.Mercury (Hg) reacts with Aluminum of heat exchanger internal material.y ( g) gy ( g) g
It results in It results in formation of Amalgamformation of Amalgam which has softness and which has softness and serious damage of heat exchangersserious damage of heat exchangers..
Feed ConditionFeed Condition < 50 ng/Nm< 50 ng/Nm33
Product RequirementProduct Requirement < 10 ng/Nm< 10 ng/Nm33Product RequirementProduct Requirement < 10 ng/Nm< 10 ng/Nm33
Adsorbent TypeAdsorbent Type Activated CarbonActivated Carbon
Adsorbent Life TimeAdsorbent Life Time 5~10 years5~10 years
(Long(Long‐‐term exchange is more economical than term exchange is more economical than regeneration )regeneration )regeneration.)regeneration.)
Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal Gas Dehydration & Mercury Removal –– Process SchematicProcess Schematic
Regeneration Gas Regeneration Gas Aft C lAft C l
Feed GasFeed Gasfrom AGRUfrom AGRU 2828℃℃ 58.0 bar58.0 bar 6060℃℃ 61.0 bar61.0 bar
To Fuel GasTo Fuel Gas
After CoolerAfter Cooler
Regeneration Gas Regeneration Gas CC
240240℃℃ 55.0 bar55.0 bar
4545℃℃ 55.0 bar55.0 bar
To Water Wash To Water Wash Column Column
CompressorCompressor
Water Wash Water Wash Feed PumpFeed Pump
Mercury Mercury Guard BedGuard Bed
DehydrationDehydration
Adsorption Adsorption BedsBeds
2727℃℃ 57.0 bar57.0 bar
To Condensate To Condensate HeaderHeader
To LiquefactionTo Liquefaction
Gas After FilterGas After Filter
Gas Gas Intermediate Intermediate FilterFilter 2626℃℃ 56.0 bar56.0 bar
HeaderHeader
Regeneration Gas Regeneration Gas HeaterHeater
2727℃℃ 57.5 bar57.5 bar
240240℃℃ 56 0 b56 0 b240240℃℃ 56.0 bar56.0 bar
Fractionation System Fractionation System -- GeneralGeneral
Fractionation Unit consists of Fractionation Unit consists of 3 distillation columns3 distillation columns and produces and produces the following the following byproductsbyproducts of the LNG process,of the LNG process,
‐‐EthaneEthane
‐‐PropanePropaneLNGLNG
EthaneEthaneProductProduct
‐‐Butane, and Butane, and
‐‐Condensate. Condensate.
PropanePropaneButaneButane
Useful ByproductsUseful Byproducts
Ethane Ethane –– Fuel gas, RefrigerantFuel gas, Refrigerant
Propane Propane –– Commercial grade productCommercial grade product
Butane Butane –– Commercial grade productCommercial grade product
All the three are used as refrigerants in Mixed Refrigeration.All the three are used as refrigerants in Mixed Refrigeration.
Fractionation System Fractionation System –– Basic SchemeBasic Scheme
Fractionation Unit Fractionation Unit ‐‐ The 3 columns in series to produce Ethane, Propane & Butane The 3 columns in series to produce Ethane, Propane & Butane
Deethaniser. Deethaniser.
DePropaniser. DePropaniser.
Debutaniser.Debutaniser.
LNG LiquefactionLNG Liquefaction
EthaneEthane
Natural gasNatural gasLNG ProductLNG Product
‐‐88.6 88.6 ℃℃
NGL NGL ExtractionExtractionColumnColumn ct
iona
tion
ctiona
tion
PropanePropaneButaneButane
EthaneEthane‐‐42.1 42.1 ℃℃
‐‐ 0.5 0.5 ℃℃
Fra
Fra
CondensateCondensate
Fractionation System Fractionation System –– Schematic Diagram of DeethanizerSchematic Diagram of Deethanizer
DeEthaniserDeEthaniser
CondenserCondenser Reflux drumReflux drum
‐‐2200CC20.9 bara20.9 bara
EthaneEthane
EthaneEthane
DePropaniserDePropaniser
From NGL ExtractionFrom NGL Extraction Refrigeration MakeRefrigeration Make‐‐upup
Fuel gasFuel gasDeethaniserDeethaniser
CC‐‐15021502
Reflux PumpReflux Pump
EthaneEthaneDeButnaiserDeButnaiser
TCTC
gg pp
Liquid Ethane refrigerant StorageLiquid Ethane refrigerant Storage
Ethane ReinjectionEthane ReinjectionEthane + Propane + butane Ethane + Propane + butane + condensate+ condensate
LP steamLP steam
919100CC
21.1 bara21.1 bara
ReboilerReboiler
LP steamLP steam
To DepropaniserTo Depropaniser
Propane + butane Propane + butane + condensate+ condensate
Refrigeration Cycle Refrigeration Cycle
Refrigeration Cycle
ExpanderJ/T valve
냉동사이클은냉동사이클은냉각시키려는냉각시키려는대상물질로부터대상물질로부터열을열을냉매냉매 (Refrigerant)(Refrigerant)를를이용해이용해제거하는제거하는공정공정--냉동사이클은냉동사이클은냉각시키려는냉각시키려는대상물질로부터대상물질로부터열을열을냉매냉매 (Refrigerant)(Refrigerant)를를이용해이용해제거하는제거하는공정공정
--액화에액화에필요한필요한열은열은냉매의냉매의일련의일련의압축압축 / / 팽창에팽창에의해의해제공제공 ((JouleJoule--Thompson effectThompson effect) )
--팽창은팽창은 JouleJoule--Thompson valveThompson valve나나 ExpanderExpander를를이용이용
--냉매와냉매와천연가스천연가스온도온도차차, , 대상대상물질의물질의 precooling precooling 방법방법, , 냉매냉매 precooling precooling 방법방법등이등이설계설계인자인자
Natural Gas Liquefaction by Mechanical RefrigerationNatural Gas Liquefaction by Mechanical Refrigeration
Phase Envelope of Natural GasPhase Envelope of Natural Gas
PrePre‐‐coolingcoolingLiquefyingLiquefyingSubSub‐‐coolingcooling
Critical Point
50 isobaric line Feed Gas i l t diti
COLDBOXCOLDBOX
re (b
ara)
50 inlet conditions
VAPOURVAPOUR
+LIQUID
LIQUID
Liquefied Gas
Pressur LIQUIDJJ‐‐T VALVE orT VALVE or
LIQUID EXPANDERLIQUID EXPANDER
LNGLNGAtm
Temperature (degC)‐160 30
Liquefaction Systems for Heat Transfer MechanismLiquefaction Systems for Heat Transfer Mechanism
Single Cycle ProcessSingle Cycle Process
SHI CycleSHI Cycle
Typical NTypical N Expander CycleExpander Cyclegg
LiquefactionLiquefaction
Offshore Small/Medium Scale (1~3 MTPA)Offshore Small/Medium Scale (1~3 MTPA)
ple
ple
w CAPE
Xw CAPE
Xw efficiency
w efficiency
w app
lication
w app
lication
CYCLE 1CYCLE 1NATURALNATURALGASGAS
LNGLNG
Typical NTypical N22 Expander CycleExpander Cycle
Niche Cycle (CB&I Lummus)Niche Cycle (CB&I Lummus)
SMRSMR
Simple Linde CycleSimple Linde CyclePrecoo
ling
Precoo
ling
Subcoo
ling
Subcoo
ling
Sim
Sim
Low
Low
Low
Low
Few
Few
Two Cycle ProcessTwo Cycle Process Offshore Large Scale (3~5 MTPA)Offshore Large Scale (3~5 MTPA)Onshore Small/Medium ScaleOnshore Small/Medium Scale
CYCLE 1CYCLE 1NATURALNATURALGASGAS
LNGLNGCYCLE 2CYCLE 2
All C3MR Variants (APCI)All C3MR Variants (APCI)
DMR (Sakhalin)DMR (Sakhalin)
NN22/C/C11/C/C33 Expander CycleExpander Cycle
PrecoolingPrecooling
SubcoolingSubcooling
LiquefactionLiquefaction
Three Cycle ProcessThree Cycle ProcessOffshore Very Large Scale (above 5 MTPA)Offshore Very Large Scale (above 5 MTPA)
CYCLE 1CYCLE 1NATURALNATURALGASGAS
LNGLNGCYCLE 2CYCLE 2 CYCLE 3CYCLE 3Mixed Fluid Cascade (Snohvit)Mixed Fluid Cascade (Snohvit)
Parallel MR (Shell)Parallel MR (Shell)
Optimized CascadeOptimized Cascade
PrecoolingPrecooling SubcoolingSubcoolingLiquefactionLiquefactionOnshore Large ScaleOnshore Large Scale
plicated
plicated
CAPE
XCA
PEX
efficiency
efficiency
y ap
plications
y ap
plications
Optimized CascadeOptimized Cascade
Cascade (ConocoPhillips)Cascade (ConocoPhillips)
APAP‐‐XXTMTM
Com
Com
High
High
High
High
Man
Man
Expander ProcessExpander Process
Isentropic Expansion by ExpanderIsentropic Expansion by Expander Temperature DropTemperature Drop
All gas phase refrigerants (NAll gas phase refrigerants (N22, CH, CH44 or Process gases)or Process gases)
Brazed aluminum plate fin type heat exchanger (BAHX)Brazed aluminum plate fin type heat exchanger (BAHX)
BOOSTERBOOSTERCOMPRESSORCOMPRESSOR
TURBOTURBOCOMPRESSORCOMPRESSOR
EXPANSIONEXPANSIONENGINEENGINE
AFTERAFTERCOOLERCOOLER
AFTERAFTERCOOLERCOOLER
SHAFTSHAFT
NATURAL GASNATURAL GASFEEDFEED
LNGLNG
BAHXBAHX
Modified Reverse Brayton Cycle (1 Expander)Modified Reverse Brayton Cycle (1 Expander)
Liquefaction ProcessLiquefaction Process
PropanePropane cyclecycle(Pre(Pre‐‐cooling)cooling)
LNGLNG1 atm1 atm‐‐160160°°CC
FeedFeed gasgas50 Bar50 Bar
Coiled heat exchangerCoiled heat exchangerWith 2With 2‐‐3 bundles3 bundles
Shell and tube exchangersShell and tube exchangersoor r PPlate heat exchangerlate heat exchanger
MR CycleMR Cycle(N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8)(N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8)
SMR (Si l Mi d R f i t )SMR (Si l Mi d R f i t ) C3C3 MRMRSMR (Single Mixed Refrigerants)SMR (Single Mixed Refrigerants) C3C3‐‐MRMR
Propane(Pre‐cooling)
Etylene/Ethane(Li f i )
CH4‐richgas
Methane(Sub‐cooling)
50 bar
‐35 oC‐87 oC
‐161 oC1 bar
(Liquefying)
DMR (Dual Mixed Refrigerants)DMR (Dual Mixed Refrigerants) Optimized CascadeOptimized Cascade
Liquefaction Process SelectionLiquefaction Process Selection
ProcessProcess SMRSMR CascadeCascade DMRDMR C3C3‐‐MRMR APAP‐‐XX N2 ExpansionN2 Expansion
Th l Effi iTh l Effi i ○○ ○○ ◎◎ ◎◎ ◎◎ △△Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency ○○ ○○ ◎◎ ◎◎ ◎◎ △△
Specific PowerSpecific Power(kW/(ton LNG/d))(kW/(ton LNG/d))
14.814.8 14.114.1 12.812.8 12.212.2 12.012.0 16.516.5
Core Heat ExchangerCore Heat Exchanger PFHEPFHE PFHEPFHE SWHESWHE SWHESWHE SWHESWHE PFHEPFHE
Equipment CountEquipment Count ○○ ◎◎ ○○ ◎◎ ◎◎ △△
H d bH d bHydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Refrigeration Refrigeration StorageStorage
○○ ◎◎ ○○ ◎◎ ◎◎ XX
CAPEXCAPEX △△ ○○ ○○ ◎◎ ◎◎ △△
CapacityCapacity(mtpa)(mtpa)
Up to 2~2.5Up to 2~2.5 44 55 Up to 5.5Up to 5.5 88 Up to 2Up to 2
KA Li dKA Li dLicensorLicensor BV (Prico), APCIBV (Prico), APCI ConocoPhillipsConocoPhillips Shell, APCIShell, APCI APCIAPCI APCIAPCI
KA, Linde,KA, Linde,Costain, etc.Costain, etc.
Note: Note: ◎◎ (High), (High), ○○ (Medium), (Medium), △△ (Low), X (None)(Low), X (None)
* Source: Global Markets Research * Source: Global Markets Research ‐‐ Floating LNG, Deutsche Bank (2009.7.)Floating LNG, Deutsche Bank (2009.7.)
Layout of FLNGLayout of FLNG
Comparison of Size Comparison of Size
O G l 3 6O G l 3 6SHELL FLNG : 3.5 MTPASHELL FLNG : 3.5 MTPA
Oman LNG Plant : 3.6 MTPAOman LNG Plant : 3.6 MTPA
iliiliUtility : 80 x 250 mUtility : 80 x 250 m Liquefaction : 120x 270 mLiquefaction : 120x 270 m