Steam turbines for Power Plants: creation experience and

development prospects

Alexander Tsvetkov

Power Machines, Russia

Power-Gen Europe 2005, Milan, 28-30.06.2005

INTRODUCTION

Power generating plants of Russia are mostly provided by the equipment of Russian make.

The largest Russian manufacturer of steam turbines is LMZ which occupies one of the leading

positions in the world. It contributes 75% of the installed capacity in the states of the former USSR

and 9% of the world’s power generation.

Several years ago LMZ together with the leading Russian manufacturer of power

generators (Electrosila), minor steam turbines (KTZ), turbine blades (ZTL), Central-Research

Institute (CKTI) and sales company (Energomachexport) formed united power building

engineering consortium which at present well known as OJSC “Power Machines”. This

consolidation helped LMZ not only to survive during difficult times of economic depression but

also face the 21st century with new ideas and developments.

APPLICATIONS OF LMZ STEAM TURBINES

There are more than 50 types and modifications of LMZ make steam turbines with output

range from 30 up to 1200 MW (Figure 1). All turbines may be divided into three groups:

The first group includes steam turbines for fossil-fired power stations:

§ condensing, district heating and back-pressure turbines of 50 to 110 MW for 90 (130) bar, 530-

540 oC without reheat for cogeneration and district heating.

§ condensing and district heating reheat turbines for sub-critical steam conditions of 130 (170)

bar, 540/540 oC of 180 to 500 MW;

§ turbines for supercritical steam conditions 240 bar, 540/540 oC of 300, 500, 800 and 1200 MW.

The second group covers steam turbines for nuclear power plants and consists of a tandem-

compound high-speed turbine of 1000 MW output for 60 bar saturated steam.

The third group covers 100 -150 MW turbines for combined cycle plants. The district

heating versions of the turbines provide heat load to 320 MW with heating of district water from

70 to 150 oC. LPC grid-type diaphragms are used in this versions.

CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES

Beginning from 1940 up to recent time LMZ turbine design concept is based on the use of a

relatively small number of turbine cylinders. HP, IP, and LP cylinders are designed for a certain

range of steam flow and parameters in such a way that the required output range and initial steam

conditions will be met by combinations of cylinders. For example, 300, 500, and 800 MW turbines

presently manufactured by LMZ are based on an LP cylinders with 1200 mm titanium moving

blade instead of 960 mm stainless steel blade formerly employed (Figure 2).

The major features of LMZ turbines are the following:

§ All turbines are tandem-compound and operate at 50 cycles.

§ Governing valves with partial arc admission are used in all turbines up to 800 MW.

§ LPC last stage is equipped with stainless steel and titanium blades, including heat monitoring

system (Figure 3).

§ Impulse type blades, diaphragm-disk design of steam path, optimum positive value of reaction

in root section with increasing level of reaction towards the blade periphery.

§ All moving blades have covering shrouds or integrally milled shrouds. In IP and LP cylinders

integrally milled shrouds improve steam path efficiency and provide damping by friction

created in them (Figure 4).

§ Integrally forged flexible rotors in combination with impulse blading, reduce parasitic steam

leakage.

§ Moving blades with fork roots are secured by rivets. Blades with T-shaped roots are used for

less stressed stages. The last stage moving blades have a side entry fir-tree root.

§ Use of internal grid-type diaphragms for control of district heating / cogeneration turbines

(Figure 5).

§ Multiple system of interchannel moisture separation and moisture removal in the interrow gap

(Figure 6).

There is no denying the fact that by now most TPP equipment in Russia is old (Figure 7, 9)

and needs considerable upgrading. A significant part of the equipment operates with natural gas

which is a very valuable raw material for the chemical and a very important export article at that.

In any case considerable consumption of high quality fuel is not efficient as far as power is

generated on the obsolete and worn out equipment (Figure 8).

Utilization of natural gas in combined cycle plants is the most contemporary way which is

followed by Russia too. Besides nuclear power engineering is also considered as a perspective one

in Russia and in some world regions with high developing economics.

In view of the above at present main efforts of LMZ are aimed at:

§ development of efficient steam turbines for Combined Cycle Units.

§ development of turbines for supercritical steam parameters for coal fired TPS.

§ development of steam turbines for Nuclear Power Plants of new generation.

§ upgrading of old steam turbines

High reliability and efficiency of modern LMZ turbines is provided by the following factors:

§ modern cycle arrangements.

§ up-to-date methods of profiles, including three-D mathematic simulation (Figure 10).

§ application of reactive type-blading in HP and IP cylinders.

§ application of the developed shrouding and sealings.

§ aerodynamic testing of the steam path components.

§ LPC testing on a unique full-scale investigation facility at LMZ factory providing fundamental

wide-range research work.

§ reasonable choice of the materials and manufacture technologies.

§ quality inspection at all stages of manufacture.

§ final bench tests.

STEAM TURBINES FOR COMBINED CYCLE UNITS

LMZ condensing steam turbine for combined cycle (CCP “Banhida” in Hungary) has been

designed for operating in a wide range of initial steam conditions, up to pressure of 130 bar and

temperature of 565 oC. Both reheat and non-reheat cycles are supported.

The turbine has a throttle-type steam distribution. This unit features a high/ intermediate

pressure double casing cylinder and a single flow low pressure cylinder (Figure 11). The HP and

IP steam paths are arranged in an opposed flow configuration to balance opposing thrust loads. The

left flow has 19 stages with reactive type blading and the left one – 8 impulse stages. IP exhaust is

used as the connection point for admitting steam from the HPSG low pressure line into the turbine.

HP/IP cylinders are designed with two casings, rotor diameter is decreased, reactive type blades of

HP steam path are used, aerodynamic reaction level is increased, twisted stationary and moving

blades airfoils for all stages are used and total HP/IP cylinder efficiency is increased. The effect is

about 29 kCal/kWh improvement in steam turbine heat rate in comparison with other existing LMZ

designs.

LP cylinder of steam turbine of this type may be provided with single or double flow LP

sections featuring 755 mm, 960 mm or 1200 mm last stage blades. The design is based on

condenser back pressure and site conditions. LP stationary blades are assembled tangentially. Inner

and outer HPC casings are cast from molybdenum-vanadium steel. HP rotor is solid-forged, steel

grade – 25X1M1? ? . LPC is welded, made of carbon steel. LP rotor is solid-forged made of steel

26XM3M2? ? . Spray cooling system is provided for LPC at low flow modes.

TURBINES FOR SUPERCRITICAL STEAM PARAMETERS

FOR COAL FIRED TPS

The main parameters and longitudinal section of steam turbine K-350-290 (TPP

“Novocherkaskaya” in Russia) for supercritical steam conditions are shown in Figure 12. The

turbine design is single-shaft with HP, IP and LP cylinders. The reheat line is placed between HPC

and IPC. HPC has a throttle-type steam distribution, with two casings – inner and outer and has 14

active stages. Steam flow turn to 180o is provided for inner casing and steam admission area

cooling. IPC is single flow with 15 active stages. LPC is double flow with 4 stages in each flow

with the last stage blades of 1200 mm effective length from titanium alloy. All LPC stationary

blades are tangentially assembled.

Rotors of all cylinders are solid-forged.

Spherical, self-adjusted thrust-journal bearing is located between HPC and IPC.

Applied materials for the turbine components for supercritical conditions are shown in

Figure 13. Steel grade 15X11M? ?? is applied for high-temperature cast casing components. For

valves components high-resistant alloy made on the basis of ferrous-nickel ? ? -612 is used. For

rotors manufacture steel grade P2MA (25X1M? ? ) is used together with the arranged rotor forced

cooling. Steel grade like 18X11MH? ? with the content of 12% chrome has the most heat

resistance. For rotor components manufacture steel grade Z11MHA? ? is used.

STEAM TURBINES FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS

The turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 (NPP “Kudankulam” in India) is intended for operation in

conjunction with water-cooled and water-moderated reactor rated 3000 MWth.

The steam turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 rated 1000MW is a single-shaft, high-speed

condensing unit (3000 rpm), four-cylinder (HPC+3 LPC), with an external steam separation loop

and steam reheat (Figure 14).

Steam parameters of the turbine are shown in Figure 15.

The turbine is characterized by the following features:

§ low mass and overall dimension of the turbine components achieved due to the high rotational

speed of 3000 rpm. This results in decrease of construction and operation expenses.

§ application of the unique moving blades for LPC last stage with an effective length of 1200mm

made of titanium alloy BT-6 with further implantation process of nitrogen ions and titanium

nitride.

§ application of solid-forged rotors with semi-couplings. LP solid-forged rotors with speed of

3000 r/m without central opening, made of ingot blanks of 235 tons which finally have pure

mass of 75 tons. Such rotors are a novelty in the world power industry which makes it possible

to increase operational reliability in comparison with those made by welding as well as reduce

man hour while manufacturing.

§ application of moving blades in all stages with integrally milled shrouds.

§ damping of moving blades achieved by the created friction in the shrouds makes it possible to

avoid the necessity of damping wire installation in the turbine flow path. This provides high

vibration reliability and blading efficiency.

§ installation of stop and governing valves both at HPC and LPC inlets. Availability of both

types of valves at LPC inlet provides reliability of turbine protection from speed-up which is

very important taking into account considerable amounts of steam and moisture in separator-

reheater.

§ due to the fact that HPC casing and components are made of stainless steel the problem of

inter-row gap erosion requiring much maintenance and expenses becomes solved.

§ HPC shrouds of blades are designed to have an inclined inner surface that stabilizes film

moisture flow and helps to remove it out of the turbine with the extracted steam.

§ LPC last stage has an increased heat drop, axial clearances and inner channel moisture removal.

Due to the increased heat drop steam pressure becomes more before the last stage. As a result

less size of moisture drops in the flow path reduces erosion of the last stage blades surface.

§ tangentially assembled stationary blades of two last HPC stages and of all LPC last stages are

applied in order to even distribute steam flow speed all along the blade length and reduce the

power losses.

§ one of the main features that distinguishes the turbine for NPP “Kudankulam” from LMZ

model unit K-1000-60/3000 (Figure 16) lies in the difference of cooling water temperature -

31oC and 20 oC relatively. The reduced quantity of LPC that is from 4 to 3 decreases capital

expenses and as a result layout changes – 3 LPCs are located one after another on one side from

HPC.

Applied materials for the major components K-1000-60/3000 turbine are shown in

Figure 17.

UPGRADING OF OLD STEAM TURBINES

Eight steam turbines of LMZ make K-300-240 (TPP “Kostromskaya” in Russia) are subject

for upgrading.

Turbine plant No No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5 No 6 No 7 No 8

Hours in operation, thousands of hours

227 222 218 233 205 211 206 210

Park service life (determined by LMZ), thousands of hours

220

Most components located in HPC and operated under creep conditions at temperature more

than 450 oC and at pressure 90 bar take the most wear redoubled by the phenomenon known as

metal fatigue (rotor, inner cylinder, etc). As a result they appear to be the first to expire their actual

service life.

In this case upgrading is made by means of HPC components replacement saving HPC

outer casing (Figure 18). This upgrading is aimed at considerable reliability and efficiency

improvement of 300 MW power units and increase of their rated power up to 320 MW.

HPC design is based on modern methods of steam path calculation in 3-D model and

accumulated experience as a result of actual research tests for 300 MW turbine cylinders at the

power plants.

The main features of new HPC design are as follows:

§ reactive type blading is used instead of impulse one.

§ stationary blades are tangentially assembled and special designing of the root area leakages

optimal directed.

§ more efficient airfoils of stationary and moving blades.

§ moving blades with integrally milled shrouds, providing more efficient sealing-ten teeth instead

of two, efficient diaphragm and end sealings (Figure 19).

§ optimized profiling of diaphragm stationary blades meridian contour, inlet and outlet

exhausts and extraction branches.

The increase of HPC efficiency using reactive type blading is achieved by the following

factors:

§ the increase of the quantity of stages leads to the increase of heat recovery

§ the decrease of enthalpy drop at a stage reduces the losses in the nozzles and moving blades.

§ reduce of the flow path diameter and increase of the blades length, particularly in the first

stages, that leads to the decrease of additional losses in the blading.

§ the decrease of steam leakages in the turbine stages achieved by the application of the

developed diaphragm sealings and reduce of radial clearances as the rotor structure is more

rigid.

§ considerable decrease of the heat adiabatic drop to the governing stage of 1.5 times,

redistribution of the heat drop to HPC affords to increase pressure in the chamber of the

governing stage and increase of its throughput capacity that enables rise of efficiency.

Owing to the fact that the turbine K-300-240 is applied with boiler units, running both at

constant initial pressure and at sliding one, the new HPC design retains nozzle steam distribution

within the governing stage.

Materials applied for upgraded HPC components are shown in Figure 20.

SUMMARY

Design features and some aspects of efficiency improvement of LMZ turbines are

presented. The progress of turbine development in comparing with preceding design is given.

LMZ design philosophy and proven engineering approaches are able to provide any expected

configuration and performance characteristics of the power plant, operational profile and purchase

contract stipulations.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Main Technical Characteristics of Steam Turbines Produced by LMZ

Figure 2. New Design Arrangement of 350-850 MW Steam Turbines Based on LPC with 1200

mm Titanium Moving Blade

Figure 3. Range of LPC Last Stage Moving Blade

Figure 4. Different Types of Shrouds

Figure 5. LPC Control Grid Diaphragm Before and After Modification

Figure 6. LPC Last Stage with Interchannel Moisture Separation and Film Moisture Removal

Figure 7. TPP equipment in Russia classified in accordance with the operating period (%)

Figure 8. Fuel consumption for TPS in Russia (%)

Figure 9. Exhaustion of park service life for TPS rated (GW)

Figure 10. 3-D Stage Calculation Results

Figure 11. Steam Turbine of 80 MW for CCP “Banhida” in Hangary

Figure 12. Steam Turbine of 350 MW on Supercriticl Conditions for Novocherkasskaya TPP in

Russia

Figure 13. Applied Materials for Turbine Components for Supercritical Conditions

Figure 14. Steam Turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 for NPP “Kudankulam”

Figure 15. Turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 parameters

Figure 16. Steam Turbine K-1000-60/3000 of Standard Model

Figure 17. Chemical Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Main Component Parts of Turbine

Figure 18. Longitudinal Section of modernized HPC K-300-240

Figure 19. New Design of End and Shroud Sealings

Figure 20. Materials Applied and Chemical Composition for Upgraded HPC

Steam conditions Extraction conditions Cooling water power and heat Industrial Unsaturated

steam Intermediate

superheat

Pressure (abs.) kg(f)/cm²

Turbine Nominal (maximal)

electric power value, MW

Maximal steam

disposal on

turbine, t/h

Pressure kg(f)/cm²

(abs.)

Temperat. °C

Pressure kg(f)/cm²

(abs.)

Temperat. °C

The num- ber of regene- rative

bleed-off

Tempe- rature

of feeding water

°C

Discharge, m3/h

Temperature at condencer

inlet °C

Upper Lower

Heat load

Gcal/h

Pressure hg(f)/?m²

(abs.)

Ammount of extracted

steam t/h

I R-50-130(90) 52,7(60) 470 130 555 - - 3 238 - - - - - 7-21 320(415) K-55-90 55(57) 217 90 535 - - 7 226 8000 10 - - - - - T-60-112 55(75) 270 112 530 - - 6 227 7000 5 0.4-2.5 0.3-1.5 105 - - ? ? -65-90/13 64(75) 398 90 535 - - 6 237 8000 20 - 0.7-2.5 68(85) 10-16 155(250) PT-65-130/13 65(75) 396 130 555 _ - 6 237 8000 20 - 0.7-2.5 60(84) 10-16 140(250) ? T-80-130/13 80(100) 470 130 555 - - 6 250 8000 20 0.6-2.5 0.3-1.0 68(100) 10-16 185(300) ? -110-90 110(115) 420 90 535 - - 7 227 16000 10 - - - - -

II T-180/210-130-l 180(210) 670 130 540 25.4 540 7 250 22000 27 0.6-2.0 0.5-1.5 260 - - ? -180/215-130-2 180(215) 670 130 540 25.4 540 7 250 22000 20 0.6-2.0 0.5-1.5 260 - - ? -180/215-130*) 185(215) 670 130 540 26.2 540 7 250 22000 27 0.6-2.0 0.5-1.5 275 - - ? -190/220-170*) 190(220) 670 170 540 27.5 540 7 263 22000 27 0.6-2.0 0.5-1.5 265 - - ? -200-130-7 200(200) 670 130 540 24.5 540 7 248 VCU - - - - - - ? -210-130-8 210(210) 670 130 535 24.6 535 7 247 27500 30 - - - - - ? -200-130-9 200 (200) 670 130 540 24.7 540 7 249 VCU - - - - - - ? -215-130-1(2) 215(220) 670 130 540 24.1 540 7 245 25000 12 - - - - - ? -225-130 225(225) 670 130 540 23.6 540 7 249 27500 - - - - - - ? -200-181 200(220) 655 181 535 22.0 535 7 253 25000 5 - - - - - ? -300-170 310(310) 960 170 540 39.1 540 7 256 26000 22 - - - - - ? -330-170*) 330(330) 1050 170 540 43.0 540 7 259 38000 25 - - - - - ? 450 130 450 1150 130 540 36.6 54 1 65 45000 12 5,0 0,9 100 - -

III ? 300-240-2T 310(310) 1000 240 540 40.1 540 8 276 36000 25 - - - - - ? -300-240-3 300(314) 975 240 540 37.3 540 8 278 36000 12 - - - - - ? -500-160 500(525) 1715 166 530 37.3 535 7 245 68500 24 - - - - - ? -500-240-4 500(535) 1650 240 540 38.3 540 8 276 51480 12 - - - - - ? -800-240-5 800(850) 2650 240 540 34.1 540 8 274 73000 12 - - - - -

IY ? -1000-60/3000**) 1103 6320 60 x-0,995 5,6 250 8 224 170000 20 - - 570 - - ? -1065-60/3000**) 1078 6380 60 x-0.995 6,7 250 6 225 140000 20 - - 912 - -

Y ? -35-6***) 35 230/46 6 x-0,995 - - - - 12500 15 - - - - - ? -150-7,7 170 480+110 75 510 - - 1 65 27500 15 7,0 0,3 170 - - ? -150-7,7 160 480+110 78 510 - - 3 65 27500 15 6,0 1,5 340 - -

NOTES : 1. ? - kondensation; T - with controlled power-and-heat extraction; PI - with controlled industrial and power-ane-heat extraction; R - with back-pressure. 2. Designed for 3000 rpm. 3. In bracket - maximum values. 4 . *) - are being designed at present. 5. **)- for Nuclear PS. 6. ***) - for Geothermal PS.

Figure 1. Main Technical Characteristics of Steam Turbines Produced by LMZ

Figure 2. New Design Arrangement of 350-850 MW Steam Turbines Based on LPC with 1200 mm Titanium Moving Blade

Figure 3. Range of LPC Last Stage Moving Blade

Figure 4. Different Types of Shrouds

Figure 5. LPC Control Grid Diaphragm Before and After Modification

Figure 6. LPC Last Stage with Interchannel Moisture Separation and Film Moisture Removal

Figure 7. TPP equipment in Russia classified in accordance with the operating period (%)

20-30 years

35%

5-20 years

35%

30-50 years

30%

Figure 8. Fuel consumption for TPS in Russia (%)

Figure 9. Exhaustion of park service life for TPS rated (GW)

115,5

85

71

48

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2010 2015 2020

Figure 10. 3-D Stage Calculation Results

Live steam: pressure, bar(abs) 6,9

temperature, ºC 507 flow, t/H 222

Rated output, MW 78,6 Figure 11. Steam Turbine of 80 MW for CCP “Banhida” in Hungary

Live steam: pressure, bar(abs) 290

temperature, ºC 580 flow, t/H 949,3

At exhaust of HPC:

pressure, bar 49,85 temperature, ºC 312,8 steam flow, t/h 748,5

Feedwater temperature, ºC 297,4 Condenser parameters:

cooling water flow, m³/h 32000 inlet cooling water temperature, ºC 12,0 design pressure, bar 0,033

Rated output, MW 350 Figure 12. Steam Turbine of 350 MW on Supercritical Conditions for Novocherkasskaya TPP in Russia

Long-term strength, s 100000 Ref. ? Material Application T=575ºC T=600ºC

1 ?2? ? (25? 1? 1? ? ) HP and IP rotors 100 2 ? 11? ? ? ? ? HP and IP rotors >80 3 15? 1? 1? (? ) Casings 100 60 4 1? 11? ? ? (? ) Casings 100 70 5 ? ? -756(1? 12? 2? ? ) Pipelines 120

Creep limits and long-term stregth for Steel 15? 11? ? ? (? ) (s 0,2=470 MPa) T, ºC s1/100000 s1000 s10000 s100000

565 - 160 140 120

580 70 210 150 100

600 55 120 90 70

Creep limits and long-term stregth for Steel R2MA at 550ºC t hour 103 104 105 2105

s l.s MPa 225 180 140 115

s 0.5% MPa 160 160 76 62

s 1% MPa 210 105 84

Figure 13. Applied Materials for Turbine Components for Supercritical Conditions

Figure 14. Steam Turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 for NPP “Kudankulam”

Reactor rated thermal output, MW 3000

Rated live steam flow, kg/s 1661,1

Rated absolute live steam pressure, MPa 5,88

Rated live steam temperature, ºC 274,3

Rated degree of live steam moisture, % 0,5

Absolute steam pressure at HPC outlet, MPa 0,750

Degree of moisture after separation, % 0,5

Absolute steam pressure after steam reheater, MPa 0,698

Steam temperature after reheater at LPC inlet, ºC 250

Feed water temperature, ºC 223,8

Absolute steam pressure within the condenser, kPa 8,06

Steam maximum flow into condenser, kg/s 892,2

Generator rated output (gross) at, MW 997,5

Heat rate (gross) at guarantee terms, kJ/kWh 10700,3

Figure 15. Turbine K-1000-60/3000-2 parameters

Figure 16. Steam Turbine K-1000-60/3000 of Standard Model

Where: s 0.2 – yield point, s B – ultimate strength, d – elongation, ? – reduction of area, KCU – impact strength for speciments with U-notch at 20 ºC, KCV - impact strength for speciments with V-notch at 20 ºC, HB – Brinell hardness.

Chemical analysis Mechanical properties

Elements, percent Ref ?

Object Material

C Mn Si Cr Mo V Ti Nb S P Ni Cu W σ0.2

kgf/mm2 σB

kgf/mm2 δ %

ψ %

KCU kJ/m2

(kg⋅m/?m2)

KCV kJ/m2

(kg⋅m/?m2) HB

1 Outside HP housing

06? 12? 3? -? ≤ 0.06 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.4 11.8 ÷13.5 ≤

0.025 ≤

0.025 2.7 ÷3.3

0.7 ÷1.2

50 ÷70 ≥ 70 ≥

14 ≥ 30 ≥ 590

187 ÷255

2 Inside HP housing 06? 12? 3? -? ≤ 0.06 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.4

11.8 ÷13.5 ≤

0.025 ≤

0.025 2.7 ÷3.3

0.7 ÷1.2

50 ÷70 ≥ 70 ≥

14 ≥ 30 ≥ 590

187 ÷255

3 LPC casing St. 3

0.14 ÷0.22

0.4 ÷0.65

0.12 ÷ 0.3 ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.05 ≤

0.04 ≤ 0.3 ≤ 0.3 ≥ 21 38

÷ 49 ≥ 23

4 HP rotor 30? ? 3? 1? ? 0.26

÷0.33

0.17 ÷0.4

8

≤ 0.17

1.25 ÷1.7

5

0.47 ÷0.73

0.12 ÷0.2 ≤

0.015 ≤

0.015 3.3

÷3.8 ≤ 0.2 60

÷ 72 ≥ 75 ≥ 14

≥ 40 ≥ 780 (≥8)

5 LP rotor 26XH3M2? A 0.24

÷0.31 0.28 ÷0.62

≤ 0.15

1.25 ÷1.75

0.48 ÷0.72

0.1 ÷0.2 ≤

0.015 ≤

0.015 3.3

÷3.8 ≤

0.25 60

÷ 77 ≥ 72 ≥ 15

≥ 40 ≥810

15? 11? ? -? 0.11 ÷0.2 ≤ 0.7 ≤0.5

10.0 ÷11.5

0.58 ÷

0.82

0.23 ÷

0.42 ≤ 0.03 ≤

0.035 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.3 68 ÷ 80 ≥ 83 ≥ 13

≥ 40 ≥ 392

20? 13-? 0.15

÷0.26 ≤ 0.6 ≤0.6 12.0 ÷14.0 ≤

0.025 ≤

0.03 ≤ 0.6 58

÷ 72 ≥ 72 ≥ 14

≥ 45 ≥ 491

6

Moving blades (last stage)

BT-6 Titanium, Al5.5-6.7, V 3.5-4.5, ? 0.1, Fe 0.4 ≥ 82 95 ÷ 120 ≥ 10

≥ 25 (≥ 3.5)

7 Stationary blades 06? 12? 3? ≤ 0.06 ≤ 0.6 ≤ 0.4

11.9 ÷13.6 ≤

0.025 ≤

0.025 2.7 ÷3.3

0.7 ÷1.2

55 ÷ 80 ≥ 65 ≥

14 ≥ 35 ≥ 590

207 ÷293

Figure 17. Chemical Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Main Component Parts of Turbine

Figure 18. Longitudinal Section of modernized HPC K-300-240

Figure 19. New Design of End and Shroud Sealings

Chemical analysis (elements, percent) Ref. ? Object Material

C Mn Si Cr Mo V Ti Nb S P Ni Cu As 18X? ? ? ??

(? ? 291) 0.06-0.12 0.6-1.0 <-0.6 10-

11,5 0.8-1.1

0.2-0.4 <-0.2 0.2-

0.45 <-0.025 <-0.03 0.5-1.0 -0.3 - 1

Moving blades: HPC governing stage 08X16H13M2?

(? ? – 680) 0.11-0.20 <-1.0 <-0.8 15-17 2.0-

2.5 - - 0.9-1.3 <-0.02 <-0.35 12.5-

14.5 <-0.3 -

2 Moving blades: (2-11) HPC stages 15X11? ? 0.11-

0.20 <-0.70 <-0.50

10-11.5

0.58-0.82

0.23-0.42 - - <-0.03 <-0.35 <-0.6 <-0.03 -

3 Stationary blades: (2-11) HPC stages 15X11? ? 0.11-

0.20 <-0.70 <-0.50

10-11.5

0.58-0.82

0.23-0.42 - - <-0.03 <-0.35 <-0.6 <-0.03 -

4 Moving blades: (12-20) HPC stages 20X13? 0.5-

0.26 <-0.6 <-0.6 10-14 - - - - <-0.025 <-0.03 <-0.6 - -

5 Stationary blades: (12-20) HPC stages 2X13 0.16-

0.24 <-0.6 <-0.6 12-14 - - - - <-0.025 <-0.03 <-0.6 - -

6 HPC outer casing 15XM1? ? 0.14-0.20 0.6-0.9 0.2-

0.4 1.2-1.7

0.9-1.2

0.25-0.4 - - <-0.025 <-0.025 <-0.3 <-0.3 -

7 HPC inner casing 15XM1? ? 0.14-0.20 0.6-0.9 0.2-

0.4 1.2-1.7

0.9-1.2

0.25-0.4 - - <-0.025 <-0.025 <-0.3 <-0.3 -

8 Nozzle boxes 15XM1? ? 0.14-0.20 0.6-0.9 0.2-

0.4 1.2-1.7

0.9-1.2

0.25-0.4 - - <-0.025 <-0.025 <-0.3 <-0.3 -

9 HP rotor ?2? ? 0.21-0.29 0.3-0.6 0.25-

0.5 1.5-1.8

0.9-1.05

0.22-0.32 - - <-0.025 <-0.025 <-0.4 <-0.20 -

Figure 20. Materials Applied and Chemical Composition for Upgraded HPC