lmn wg gasiut -)asnig lmn wgkmrit rlay · lmn wg gasiut -)asnig lmn wgkmrit rlay (acid – base...

CMB YkTI1 6

16-1

llMMnnwwggGGaassII uutt--))aassnniiggllMMnnwwggkkMM rr iittrrllaayy ((AAcciidd –– BBaassee EEqquuiilliibbrriiaa && SSoolluubbiilliittyy EEqquuiilliibbrriiaa))

1 lMnwgsUluysüúgesµIsac;nigsUluysüúgminesµIsac; eyIg) and wgr Ycm keh Iy fa G asIu tex S a yn ig) as ex S a ymineFV IGIu y: ugkmµ Ta MgR suge naH e T

enA kñúg Tw k. dUe cñH enA cM Nucl Mnw g sUlu ysü úgG a sIutex S ayC a ]b kr N_m a nG asIu tE dlmin e F VI GIuy :ugkm µ k¾ dUcC aG Iu y:u g H+ nig) as qøas ; rb s ;v a. eT aH C aya :gN ak¾ ed ay R b eP TK ImIT aMge nH rla yT aMgG s; dUce nH R b B½n§enH K WC a] Tah r N_m Yyé n lMnwg esµIs ac;. R b ePTlMnw gmYy eTo tE d le yIgn wgsi kS ae nH K WTak ; TgeTA n wgk arr la yni gka rr gkkr éns arF atuE dlrl ay ti c. lMna MenH K WC a]b krN _énl M nwgmin esµIs ac; m ann½ yf a s arF a tub gá rén sUlu ysü úgsßi tk ñúgp as epS gK ña. 2 \T§iBlrbs;GIuy:ugrYm karsi kS a rb s ;ey Igk nøgm k BIGIu y:u gkmµG as Iu t-) as ni gGIuR dUl Is GMbilR tUv) ankM N t;E t sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nF at url ayE tm Yyb : ueN ÑaH . e nA kñú gem ero nenH e yIg nwgs ik S aBIlk çN ³ G asIu t-) as énsUl uysü úgE dlm anF a tu rla yB Ir E d l m anGIu y:u gd UcK ña ¬k acugb ¤G a j :úg¦ E dleK ehA faGIu y: ugr Ym ¬d UcK ñ a¦.

vtþm a nrb s ;GI uy :ug rYm K Wr aMgs Þ H GIuy: ugkmµ rb s ;G asI utex S a yb¤) as ex S a y. ] Ta h rN _ R b sinebIsUdü Úm G aes ta tn i gG asIu tG aes TicR tUv) a neK rM laye nA kñ úgsUl uysü úgE t mYys a rF at u TaM gBIr enH nwgbME b kC aG Iu y:u g G aes ta td UcK ñ a³

CH3COONa(s) CH3COO- (aq) + Na+(aq)

CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

CH3COONa C aeG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg dU cenH vab ME b kC aGIu y:u gs BVk ñúgs Ulu ysü úg b :uE n þ G asIu tG aes T icC aG asIu tex S ay dUce nH vaeFV IGIu y: ugkmµ tic tYc . t am eK alk ar N_ elak Le

Chatelier ka rb E nßm GIu y:u g CH3COO- ) anBI CH3COONa e TA kñú gsUlu ysü úg CH3COOH nwgr aMgx Þb ;GIu y:u gkmµ rb s ; CH3COOH ¬m ann ½y fa lM nwgK ImI rMk ilBIs þaM eTA eqVg ¦ E dlC aeh tueFV I [ kMh ab ;GI uy :ugGI uR dUE s nf y cuH . d UecñH sU lu ysü úgE dl m m anTa Mg CH3COOHni gCH3COONa

m anlkç N³C aG as Iu tex S a y C agsUlusü úgE dlm anE t CH3COOH enA kMh ab ; dUcK ñ a.

H2O

lMnw gGa sIut -) asni gl Mnw gkMr it rl ay

16-2

[) as qøas ;] [G asIut]

rMki llM nwgé nGIu y: ugkmµ énG a sIutG aes T icK Wb N þalm kB I GIuy :ugG a es t atE dl) anm k BIGMbil. GIuy :ug CH3COO- C aGIu y: ugr Y m eR BaH vaTT Yl) anm kBI CH3COOH pg nig CH3COONa pg. \\\\ T§T§T§T§ iB l énG IuyiB l énG IuyiB l énG IuyiB l énG Iuy :: :: ug r Ymug r Ymug r Ymug r Ym K WC arMk i llMnw gE dlb N þalm k BIk a rb E nßm s m as F at uE dlm an GIuy :ug dUcK ñ aC amY ynw gs arF atuE d lrla y. \ T§iB lénGI uy :ug rYm ed Ir tY ya: gsMx an ;kñ úgk ark M Nt; tM él pH

rb s ;sUlu ysü úg n igk Mri t rla yrb s ;GMb ilE dlr la yt ic. e yIgs ikS a\ T§iB lrb s ;GIu y: ugr Ym enA eBlenH eR BaH va Ta k;T g dl; pH rb s ;sUl uysü úg. cUrB ini tü emIl pH rb s ;sU luysü úgE d lm anG as Iu tex S ay HA nigG Mbilr la y rb s ; G asIu tex S a y dU cC a NaA. eyIg cab ;e pþIm e da ys res r ÷

HA(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

b¤ HA(aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

efrC aGI uy :ug kmµK W Ka = (1)

dUce nH ]A[

]HA[K]H[ a

−+ =

bMBak; dke lak ar ItG g ÁTa MgB I r eyI g) an³

)2(]HA[

]A[logpKapH

]HA[

]A[logKlog]Hlog[

]A[

]HA[Klog]Hlog[

a

a

−

−+

−+

+=⇒

+−=−⇔

−=−

E dl pKa = - logKa (3)

s mIkar ¬3¦ ehA f as mIk ar Henderson-Hasselbalch. s mIkar TUe TA K W ÷

log+= pKapH (4)

enA kñúg ]T ah rN _rb s ;e yI g HA C aG asIu t ehIy A - C a ) as qøas ;. d UcenH R b sinebI ey Ig

sÁal; Ka ni gkMh ab ;rb s ;G a sIut nigGMbi lrb s ;G as Iu t e yIgG a cK Nn a pH rb s ;s U luysü úg) an.

[H+][A -]

[HA]

CMB YkTI1 6

16-3

cUrc gca Mfa s mI ka r Henderson-Hasselbalch K W) anm kBIs mIk are frl Mnwg . ey Ig G ac G nuvt þs mIk arenH ) a ned ay min) ac;K itB IR b PBrb s ;) as qøas ;v aeL I y¬m a nn½ yf a ) as qøas ;G ac m kE tBIG asI utb ¤G acm kB IG a sIut nigGMbi lrb s ;v a¦.

enA kñúg lMh a t;E d lT ak; Tge TA nwg\ T §iBl rb s ;GIu y: ugr Ym C aF mµt aeK R ) ab ;kMh ab ;e dI m ¬cab ; epþIm ¦ rb s ;G asI ut ex S ay HA nigGMbil rb s ;va dUcC a NaA. R b sinebIk Mh ab ;rb s ;R b ePTK Im I TaM genH x <s; (≥0,1M) ey I gminG ace calG Iu y:u gkmµrb s ;G asIu tni gGIuR d UlIs rb s ;GM bil. enH K WC a karsµ anmY yE dl ykC a ka r ) an eR BaH HA C aG asIut ex S ay ehI ykM ri tGIuR d UlIs rb s; A- C aTUe TA tUce Bk. mü a :geTo t v tþm a nrb s; A- ¬) anm kB I NaA¦ r aMgx Þb ;G Iu y:u gkmµ rb s; HA ehI yv tþm a n rb s; HA r aMgx Þb ;R b t ikmµGI uR dUlIs rb s; A- pgE d r. d Uce nH eyIgG aceR bIk Mh ab ;c ab ;e pþIm C ak Mh a b ; lMnwg . enA kñ úg] Tah r N_ dUc x ageR kam enH e yIgK N na pH rb s ;sUl uysü úgE d lm a nGIuy :ug rYm .

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1111 (a) c UrK Nn a pH rb s ;sUl u ysü úgE dlm a n CH3COOH 0,20M nig CH3COONa

0,30M. (b) etI pH rb s ;sU lu ys ü úg CH3COOH 0,20M esµInw gb :un µan R b sinebIK µ anv tþ m an

rb s ;GMbil ? y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ (a) CH3COOH K WC aG asI ut ex S ay (CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+) nig CH3COONaK WC aGMbilrl a yE dlv arl ays B Vkñ úgsU lu ysü úg (CH3COONa CH3COO-

+ Na+). kñúg kr NIenH GIuy :ug rYm K WC aGI uy :ugG a es t a tCH3COO-. enA eB lm a nlMnw gR b ePT K ImIcMb g² m an³ CH3COOH, CH3COO-, Na+, H+, nig H2O. GIuy: ug Na+ K µ an lkçN³G asIu t nig) as e T ehI ye yIgmi nK i tBIGI uy :ug kmµrb s ; TwkE d r. e da ys ar Ka K WC ae frG as Iut dUcenH tMé l rb s ;vaK W dUcK ñ amin fae yI gm a nE tG asIu tb¤l, a yénG as Iu t nigGMbil rb s ;v akñ úgsUl uys ü úg. d UecñH eyIgG acK Nn a [H+] enAeBlm anl Mnwg nig pH rb s ;va) a n ebIs inC ae yIg dw gkM h ab ;lMn wgé n [CH3COOH] nig [CH3COO-]. cMeBaH CH3COOH Ka = 1,8 x 10-5 ¬emIl ta rag ¦. cM eBaH sUlu ysü úg CH3COOH v aC aG asI utex S ay dUce nH eyI gG acK Nn akMh ab ;lM nwg [H+] nig pH

rb s ;vae da yeR bIk Mh ab ;e dIm é nCH3COOH. dUe cñH eyIgG ace daH R s ay lMh a t;e nH tam lM n a M dUcx ag eR kam .


16-4

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy (a) sU dü Úm G aes ta tC aeG L i cR tUlI tx ø aMg dUce nH vabME b k s BVenA kñ úgsUl uysü ú g÷

M30,0M30,0

)aq(Na)aq(COOCH)s(COONaCH 3OH

32 +− + →

kMh ab ;e dIm bME rbM rYln igk Mh a b ;cugb Ba© b ; énR b ePTK ImIE d lTak ;T gkñ úglM nwgK W CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 0,20 0 0,30

kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -x +x +x

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): 0,20 – x x 0,30 + x

tam s mIk ar ¬1 ¦ e yIg) a n

]COOHCH[

]COOCH][H[Ka

3

3−+

=

b¤

)20,0(

)30,0)((1085,1 5

x

xxx

−+=−

eda ys nµ tf a 0,30 + x ≈ 0,30 nig 0,20 - x ≈ 0,20 e yIg) an

20,0

)30,0)((

)20,0(

)30,0)((1085.1 5 x

x

xxx ≈

−+=−

x = [H+] = 1,2 x 10-5 M

dUec ñH pH = - log [H+]

= - log 1,2 × 10-5 = 4,92

mü a:gvij e To t ey IgG a cK Nna pH tam s mIk ar Henderson-Hassebalch. kñú gkr N I enH eyIgR tUvK N na pKa rb s ;G asIu tsin÷

74,4)108,1log(

log5 =×−=

−=−

KapKa

eyIgG acK Nn a pH rb s ; sUlu ysü úged ayC ¿ nYs tMél pKa nig kMh ab ; rb s ; G asIu tnig) as qøas ;rb s ;v at a m s mIkar ¬4¦÷

CMB YkTI1 6

16-5

92,4

20,0

30,0log74,4

][

][log

3

3

=+=

+=−

M

M

COOHCH

COOCHpKapH

(b) ey IgG ac rk pH rb s ;sU lü úgG asIu tG aes Tic dU cx ag eR kam ³ CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 0,20 0 0


kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): 0,20 – x x x

]COOHCH[

]COOCH][H[Ka

3

3−+

=

)20,0(

))((1085,1 5

x

xxx

−=−

eda ys nµ tf a 0,20-x = 0,20 eyIg) an

20,0)20,0(

))((1085,1

25 x

x

xxx ≈

−=−

x = [H+] = 1,9 × 10-3 M pH = -log 1,9 × 10-3 = 2,72

e pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa t ;; ;; ³³³³ kareR bo b eFo blT§pl kñú g (a) n ig (b) e yIgeX Ij fa enA eBlm anv tþm anG Iu y:u gr Ym

(CH3COO-) ed ay ey ag tam eK al ka rN_ Le Chatelier e naH lM nwgK ImI rM kil BIsþa MeTA eqV g. GMeBIenH b nß yk Mri tGI uy :ug H+ b egáIt) an tic tY ckñ úg (a) n i gtMé l pH énsUl uysü úgK W x <s ;C agt Mél pHénsUl uysü úg kñú g (b). dUcenH e yIgs e gá teX Ij f a sUluysü úgG asIu tG aes Ti c E dlm an layC am Yys Udü Úm G aes ta tm an tMé l pH FMC a geR cIn ebIeR bo b eFo b eTA nwgsUlu ysü úgG as I ut G aes Ti cE tÉg E dlm ank M h ab ;dU cK ña. e nH b Ba¢ ak; fa vtþm a nrb s ;GMb ileFVI[ raM gx Þ b ;karbME b kC a GIuy :ug rb s ;G asI ut.

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ etI tMé lénsU lu ysü úgmY yE dlm an kMh ab; CH3COOH 0,30 M nig HCOOK 0,52 M

esµInw gb :u nµa n?


16-6

\ T§iBlG Iu y:ug rYm k ¾G acG n uv tþ enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg) as ex S a y) anE d r dUcC aNH3 nig GMbil

rb s ;) as dU cC a NH4Cl. enA cMNu clM nwge yI g) an÷ NH4

+ (aq) NH3 (aq)+ H+(aq)

]NH[

]NH[logpKapH

]NH[

]NH[logKalog]Hlog[

]NH[

]NH[logKalog]Hlog[

]NH[

]NH[Ka]H[

]NH[

]H][NH[Ka

4

3

4

3

3

4

3

4

4

3

+

++

++

++

+

+

+=⇒

+−=−⇔

−−=−⇔

=⇒

=

sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nG am :Uj : ak;n igGMbi lrb s ;v a NH4Cl K Wm anlkç N³) as ex S a y C ag sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nG am :Uj : ak;E tÉ gkñ úgk Mh ab ; dUcK a ñ. GIuy :ug rYm NH4

+raMgx Þb ;GIu y: u gkmµrb s ;NH3 enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úgE dlm an TaM g) as ni gGMbil. 3 sUluysüúgtMb:ug s Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mb :: :: ugugugug K WC asUl u ysü úgén(1)G asI ut ex S ayb ¤ ) as ex S ay nig(2)GMbil rb s ; va. F atub g áTa MgB IrenH R t UvE tm a n vtþm a nkñ úgsU lu ysü úg. sUlu ysü úgenH K Wm an lT§ Pa BTb ;Tl ;bME r bMrYl pH eT aH C am ank arE f m b rim aN tic tY cénG as Iu tb¤ ) as k¾e da y. sUlu ysü úg tM b :ugm ans ar³ sMx an; Nas ;s Mrab ;R b B½n§K ImI nigC Iv³. tM él pH e nA kñú g x øÜnm nusS e yI gE R b R bYly a:g x øaMgB Is nÞn Iy mYyeTA s n ÞnI ymY ye To t. ]Tah r N_ Q am rb s ;m nusS m an pH R b E h l 7,4 E tr s R kBH m nusS eyIg vij m an tM élR b E h l1,5. tM él pH Ta MgG s ;E d lsMx an; dl; dMe NI rka rmux ga rR twm R tU vrb s ; G g;sIum ni glM nwgé nsMBaF GU sµÚs K WR tU v) an rkS ae da ysU lu ysü úgt Mb :ug kñ úgkr NIC a eR cI n.

sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ugR tUvE tm an kMh ab ;G as Iu tFM ed Im ,Ic Ulr Y m R b tikmµC amY yGIu y: ugGIuR du ksIul OH- E dlR tU v) anb E nßm e hIyv aR tUvm ank Mh ab ;) as R b h ak;R b E h lK ña edIm , Im anR b tikmµC am Yy GIuy :ugGI uR dUE s n H+ E dlR t Uv ) anb E nßm . C age nH eTA eTo t F at ub gáG as Iu tni g) as rb s ;sUlu ysü úg tMb :u gminR t Uvm a nR b tikmµb nS ab s BVC amY yK ñae T. tM rUv kare nH R tUv) a nsMr Yle da yK U G asIu t-) a s

CMB YkTI1 6

16-7

qøas ;. ]T ah r N_ G asIu tex S a ynig) as qøas ;rb s ;v a ¬pþl ;ed ayG Mbil¦b ¤) as ex S ayn igG as Iut qøas ;rb s ; va ¬pþl ;ed ayG Mbi l¦.

sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ugs am BaØm Y yG acR t Uv) a nero b cMe da yb E nßm b rim aNR b h ak ;R b E h lK ñaénsUlu ysü úgG asI utG a es Ti c(CH3COOH)nigGMbi lsUdü Ú m G aes ta t(CH3COONa) rb s ;vae TA kñúg Twk . k Mh ab ;l Mnwg rb s ;G asIu t n ig) as qø as ;rb s ; va ¬) anm kBI CH3COONa¦ R tU v) ans nµ tf a m ankMh ab ;esµ IK ñae TA nwg kMh a b ;edIm . s Ulu ysü úgE dl m anF at ub gá TaM gBIr enH m an lT§P aBb nS a b GasIu tb¤)asEdlRtUv)anbEnß m. sU düÚmGaestatEdlCaeGLicRtUlI txø aM gbMEbksBV enAkñúgTw k÷

CH3COONa (s) � CH3COO-(aq) + Na+(aq)

R b sinebIeK E fm G asIu teTA k ñú gsUlu ysü úgt Mb :u g enaH GIu y:u g H+ nwgR tU v) aneR bIG s ; ¬m a n R b tikmµG s ; ¦ eda y) as q øa s ;enA kñ úgsUl uysü úg tMb :ug CH3COO- tam s mIka r÷ CH3COO-(aq) + H+ (aq) � CH3COOH(aq)

R b sinebIeK b E nßm ) as eTA k ñú gsUlu ysü úgt Mb :u genaH GIu y:u gOH-nwgR t Uvb nS ab e da y G asIu t enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg tMb : ug÷ CH3COOH(aq) + OH- (aq) � CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l)

dUce yI g) aneX Ij ehI yfa R b tikmµ Ta MgBI rE dlk M Nt; lkç N³rb s ;s Ulu ysü ú gtMb : ugK W dUcK ñ aeb H biTe TA nwgR b t ikmµ sMrab ;\ T§iB lrb s ;GI uy :ug rYm E dle yIg) ansikS ax age lI. s m tßPa B sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug ¬R b siT§ Pa Brb s ;sUlu ysü úg tMb : ug¦ G aR s½ye TA elIb r im a Nrb s ;G as Iut n ig ) as qøas ;E dl) anb eg áI tsUlu ysü úg. k alN ab ri m aNG asI ut nig) as q øas ; ka n;E teR cI nen aH R b siT§PaB rb s ;sUl uysü úg tMb :u gk¾ kan ;E tx ø aMgE d r.

C aTUe TA sUlu ysü úg tMb : ugG a cR tUv) a nt age da ysUl uys ü úgGMb il-G asIu t b¤) as qø as ;-G asIu t. dUc enH R b B½n§ tM b :ugsUdü Úm G aes t at -G asI ut G aes Ti cE dle yIg) ansikS a x agelIG a c s res r CH3COONa/ CH3COOH b¤ CH3COO-/CH3COOH.

]Tah r N_x a geR kam e nH nwgE b gE ckR b B½n§t Mb :u gBIb nSMG a sIut -GMbilE d lsUl uysü úg tMb :u g.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 2222

etIsU lu ysü úgN ax øH kñú gcMe Nam sUl uysü úgx ageR kam enH C asUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug ? a- KH2PO4/ H3PO4 , b- NaClO4/ HClO4 , c-C5H5N/C5H5NHCl (C5H5N

K WC aBIr IDI n Kb rb s ;vam an kñú g tar ag ¦. cU rBnü l;c Mel Iy r b s ;Gñk.


16-8

y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ et IGIVpS M) anC a sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug ? e tIsU luysü úg enA x agmux k ñúgK UC a G asIu tex S a y b ¤ GMbilrb s ;v a¬E d lm an) as qøas ;ex S a y¦ ? et IsUl uy sü úgenA x agmux kñ úgK UC a) as ex S ayb¤GMb il rb s ;va ¬E dlm a nG asIu tqø a s ;ex S ay ¦? e tIeh tuGI V) anC a) as qø as ;é nG asIu tx ø aMg minG acb nS ab G asIu tE dlb E nßm ?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy a- H3PO4C aG asIut ex S ay e hIy) as qø as ;rb s ;va H2PO4

-C a) as ex S ay. dUce nH vaC asUlu ysü úg tMb :u g. b- eda y HClO4 C aG asIu t x øaMg ehI y) as qø as ; rb s ;va ClO4

- C a) as ex S ayx øaM g en H m ann½y fa GIuy :ug ClO4

- nwgminG acpS M C amYyGI uy :ugGu IR dUE s n H+ kñúgs Ulu ysü úge dIm ,Ib eg áI t) anC a HClO4

eT. d UcenH sUl uysü ú genH minG ace dIr tYC asUlu ysü úg tMb :u geL I y. c- C5H5N C a) as ex S ay e hIyG asI utq øas ; rb s ;va C5H5NH+ C aG asIut ex S ay. dUce nH vaC a sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ etIR b B½n §N ax øH kñúg cMe Nam R b B½n§x ageR k am enH C aR b B½n§ tMb :u g? a- KF/HF , b- KBr/HBr , c-Na2CO3/NaHCO3.

\ T§iBl énsUl uysü úg tMb :uge TA elI pH R t Uv) a ncg¥ úlb gð a j kñúg ]Tah rN _x ageR k am e nH . ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 3333

(a) cUrK Nna pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úg tMb :u gE dlm a n CH3COOH 1,0M nig CH3COONa 1,0 M. (b) etI pH rb s ;s Ulu ysü úg tMb : u genH m ant Mélb : unµ an b nÞ ab ;BI b E nßm ]sµ½n HCl 0,1mol eTA kñúg 1,0L énsUlu ysü úge nH ? s nµ t fam aD rb s ;sUl uysü ú gminE R b R bYleTe nA eBleK E fm HCl.

y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ (a) pH éns Ulu ysü úgt Mb :ugm uneBlb E n ßm HCl G acK Nna tam l Mna Mk ñú g]Tah rN _ 1 BieR BaH vaR s edo gK ñ aeTA n wg lMh at ;GIu y: ugr Ym . Ka én CH3COOH K W 1,8 x 10-5. (b) v aC ak a r gayR sYl ed ayK U rrUb b g ðaj BIbME rbMr YlE dle kI teL Ig kñúg krN IenH . HCl sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug tMb :u gkmµ kñúg (b)

[CH3COOH] = 1,0 M [CH3COO-] = 1,0 M CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH

H + Cl-

CMB YkTI1 6

16-9

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy (a) e yIgs egçb k Mh ab ;R b eP TK ImIenA c MNu clM nwg dUcx a ge R kam ³ CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 1,0 0 1,0


kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): 1,0 – x x 1,0 + x

]COOHCH[

]COOCH][H[Ka

3

3−+

=

)0,1(

)0,1)((1085,1 5

x

xxx

−+=−

eda ys nµ tf a 1,0 + x ≈ 1,0 nig 1,0 - x ≈ 1,0 e yIg) a n

0,1

)0,1)((

)0,1(

)0,1)((1085,1 5 x

x

xxx ≈

−+=−

x = [H+] = 1,8 x 10-5 M


= - log 1,8 × 10-5 = 4,74

dUce nH enA eBlE dl kMh ab ; r b s ;G asIu tnig) as qøas ;rb s ; vam an tMé lesµIK ña enaH pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úg tMb : ugm ant Méles µIe TA nwg pKa rb s ; G asIu t. (b) b nÞab ;BIE fm HCl enaH GI u y:u gkmµ TaM gR sugrb s ;G asIu t enH ekI tm aneL I g ÷

HCl(aq) � H+ (aq) + Cl-

cMnY nm :Ul edIm (mol): 0,10 0 0

cMnY nm :UlE R b R bYl (mol): -0,10 +0,10 +0,10

cMnY nm :Ulb B a© b ; (mol): 0 +0,10 +0,10

GIuy :ug Cl- C aG Iu y:u gTsS n i kkñú gsUlu ysü úg BIeR BaH v a K WC a) as qøas ; rb s ;G asI ut

x øaMg.


16-10

G Iuy :ug H+ E dlpþ l;e da yG asI utx ø aMg HCl R b ti kmµs BVC amY y) as qø as ;é n sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ugCH3COO-. enA cMNu cenH v aC ak arR twm R tU vK WR tU vK Nn aed ayeR bIm :Ul C aC agka reR bIm :UL arIe t. e h tuplK W fa m ank rN Ix øH m aDéns Ulu ysü úgG a cE R b R bYlenA eBleK E fm s arF a tumY ye To tcUl . bME rbM rYlm aDenH n w geFIVeG a y E R b R bYldl;m U: L arIe t b :uE nþcM nYnm :Ule nA dE dl\ tE R b R bYleT. R b tikmµb nS ab e kIteL Igd Ucx ag eR kam ³

CH3COO- (aq) + H+(aq) CH3COOH (aq)

cMnY nm :Ul edIm (mol): 1,0 0,10 1,0

cMnY nm :UlE R b R bYl (mol): -0,10 -0,10 +0,10

cMnY nm :Ulb B a© b ; (mol): 0,90 0 1,1

cugb Ba© b; e dIm , IK Nn a pH énsUl uysü ú gtMb :ug b n Þa b ;BIR b tikm µb nS ab G asI ut ey I gR tUv bME bøgeTA C am :UL arI etv ij ed a yka rE ckn wg 1,0L éns Ulu ysü úg.

CH3COOH (aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO- (aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 1,1 0 0,90


kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): 1,1 + x 0 0,90 + x

]COOHCH[

]COOCH][H[Ka

3

3−+

=

)1,1(

)90,0)((1085,1 5

x

xxx

−+=−

eda ys nµ tf a 0,90 + x ≈ 0,90 nig 1,1 - x ≈ 1,1 e yIg ) an

1,1

)90,0)((

)1,1(

)90,0)((1085,1 5 x

x

xxx ≈

−+=−

x = [H+] = 2,2 x 10-5 M


= - log 2,2 × 10-5 = 4,66

CMB YkTI1 6

16-11

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ cUrK N na tMél pH é nsUl u ysü úgt Mb :ug 0,30M NH3/0,36M NH4Cl. etItMél pH én

sUlu ysü úgesµ Inwgb :un µan b nÞ ab ;BIb E nßm20,0mL én 0,05M NaOHe TA elI80,0mLé nsUlu ysü úg tMb :u genH ?

enA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg tMb : ugE dl eyIg) anBi ni tü enA kñ úg] Tah rN_3 K Wm an ka rf ycuH én tM él pH ¬sU lu ysü úgm anl kç N³G asIu tk an;E tx øa Mg¦ ed a ys arE tka rE fm G asI ut HCl. eyIg k¾G a c eFVIka reR bo b eFo b bME rbMrY lkM h ab ;GIu y:u g H+ dUcx a geR ka m÷

muneBlE fm HCl : [H+] = 1, 8 x 10-5 M

eR kaye BlE fm HCl [H+] = 2, 2 × 10-5 M

dUce nH kMh ab ;G Iu y:ug H+ ekIn eL IgesµI nwg 2,1

108,1

102,25

5

=××

−

−

edIm ,Ib g ðaj B IR b siT§P aBrb s ;sUlu ysü úg tMb :u g CH3COONa/CH3COOH cU r Bini tü emIlfa et Im anGV Iek IteL Igen A eBlE dleK E fm G asIu tk ørIR Dic HCl 0,10 mol eTA kñúg Twk 1 L nigeR bo b eFo b karekI neL Ig énkMh ab; [H+] ÷

muneBlE fm HCl : [H+] = 1, 0 × 10-7 M

eR kaye BlE fm HCl [H+] = 0, 10 M

dUce nH kMh ab ;G Iu y:ug H+ ekIn eL IgesµI nwg 6

7100,1

100,1

10,0×=

× −

eyIgs egá teX Ij f a m a n kare kI teL Ig rhUt eTA d l;mY yla ndg. ka reR bo b eFo b enH b gðaj f a kar eR C Is erIs s Ulu sü úgtMb : ug[ ) anR t wm R tUvG a crkS a kMh ab ;GIu y: ug H+ b¤ pH swgE tenA efrdE dl.


16-12


r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 1111 ³ ³ ³ ³ F a tuc g ¥úl BN ’ R b UF a tuc g ¥úl BN ’ R b UF a tuc g ¥úl BN ’ R b UF a tuc g ¥úl BN ’ R b U mmmm :: :: UU UU e p N ule p N ule p N ule p N ul ex o v ¬E d lex o v ¬E d lex o v ¬E d lex o v ¬E d l )))) a nE fm eTA kñúga nE fm eTA kñúga nE fm eTA kñúga nE fm eTA kñúg s Ul uy sü úg d Ucs Ul uy sü úg d Ucs Ul uy sü úg d Ucs Ul uy sü úg d Uc )))) a nb g ða j e nHa nb g ða j e nHa nb g ða j e nHa nb g ða j e nH ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ K WR t UvK WR t UvK WR t UvK WR t Uv )))) an eK eR bIe d Iman eK eR bIe d Iman eK eR bIe d Iman eK eR bIe d Im ,,,, Ib g ðaj B IIb g ðaj B IIb g ðaj B IIb g ðaj B I GMe B IrGMe B IrGMe B IrGMe B Ir b sb sb sb s ;; ;; s Uluy sü úg tMbs Uluy sü úg tMbs Uluy sü úg tMbs Uluy sü úg tMb :: :: ugugugug . . . . pH FMFMFMFM C ag C ag C ag C ag 4,6F at uF at uF at uF at u c g¥úl B N ’c g¥úl B N ’c g¥úl B N ’c g¥úl B N ’ m anB N ’ex o vm anB N ’ex o vm anB N ’ex o vm anB N ’ex o v ---- sVa y eh Iy F a t uc g¥úl B N ’sVa y eh Iy F a t uc g¥úl B N ’sVa y eh Iy F a t uc g¥úl B N ’sVa y eh Iy F a t uc g¥úl B N ’ m a nB N’e lO geB l m a nB N’e lO geB l m a nB N’e lO geB l m a nB N’e lO geB l pH m an t Mél tm an t Mél tm an t Mél tm an t Mél t UcC ag UcC ag UcC ag UcC ag 3,0. . . . (a) s Us Us Us U l uy sü úg t Mbl uy sü úg t Mbl uy sü úg t Mbl uy sü úg t Mb :: :: ugE dl eF VIeL Ig BI ugE dl eF VIeL Ig BI ugE dl eF VIeL Ig BI ugE dl eF VIeL Ig BI CH3COOH 0,1 M c Mn Yn c Mn Yn c Mn Yn c Mn Yn 50 mL n ig n ig n ig n ig CH3COONa 0,1

M c Mn Yn c Mn Yn c Mn Yn c Mn Yn 50mL.... s Ul uy sü úg e nH m an s Ul uy sü úg e nH m an s Ul uy sü úg e nH m an s Ul uy sü úg e nH m an pH es µIn wg es µIn wg es µIn wg es µIn wg 4,7 eh Iy eF VIeh Iy eF VIeh Iy eF VIeh Iy eF VI [[[[ F a tuF a tuF a tuF a tu c g¥úl B N ’m a nB N ’c g¥úl B N ’m a nB N ’c g¥úl B N ’m a nB N ’c g¥úl B N ’m a nB N ’ ex o vex o vex o vex o v ----s Va ys Va ys Va ys Va y .... (b) b n Þabb n Þabb n Þabb n Þab ;; ;; B IE fm s Ul uy sü úgB IE fm s Ul uy sü úgB IE fm s Ul uy sü úgB IE fm s Ul uy sü úg HCl 40mL k Mh abk Mh abk Mh abk Mh ab ; ; ; ; 0,1M e T A k ñúg sUl uy sü úge T A k ñúg sUl uy sü úge T A k ñúg sUl uy sü úge T A k ñúg sUl uy sü úg(a)

B N ’rb sB N ’rb sB N ’rb sB N ’rb s ;; ;; sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg e nAe nAe nAe nA ex o vex o vex o vex o v ---- s Va ys Va ys Va ys Va y dE d ldE d ldE d ldE d l . . . . (c) sUl uy sü úsUl uy sü úsUl uy sü úsUl uy sü ú g g g g CH3COOH 100mL E d lm a n E d lm a n E d lm a n E d lm a n pH es µIn wg es µIn wg es µIn wg es µIn wg 4,7.... (d) b n Þabb n Þabb n Þabb n Þab ;; ;; BIE fmBIE fmBIE fmBIE fm sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg HCl 0,1 M c Mn Ync Mn Ync Mn Ync Mn Yn 6666 dMN kdMN kdMN kdMN k ;; ;; ¬ R b E h l ¬ R b E h l ¬ R b E h l ¬ R b E h l 0.30mL¦¦¦¦

m km km km k BN ’rBN ’rBN ’rBN ’r b sb sb sb s ;; ;; s Ul uy sü úgE R b C a BN ’e lO gs Ul uy sü úgE R b C a BN ’e lO gs Ul uy sü úgE R b C a BN ’e lO gs Ul uy sü úgE R b C a BN ’e lO g . . . . R b s inR b s inR b s inR b s in ebIK µa nebIK µa nebIK µa nebIK µa n G Me BIr b sG Me BIr b sG Me BIr b sG Me BIr b s ;; ;; s Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mb :: :: ug e T ug e T ug e T ug e T pH

r b sr b sr b sr b s ;; ;; s Ul uy sü úg f yc uH yas Ul uy sü úg f yc uH yas Ul uy sü úg f yc uH yas Ul uy sü úg f yc uH ya :: :: g elO nrh Ut d lg elO nrh Ut d lg elO nrh Ut d lg elO nrh Ut d l ;; ;; t Uc C at Uc C at Uc C at Uc C a g g g g 3.0 b n Þa bb n Þa bb n Þa bb n Þa b ;; ;; B IE fm B IE fm B IE fm B IE fm HCl 0,1 M.... TegVIsUluysüúgtMb:ugman pH yfaRbePT

]b m afae yI gcg; Teg VIsU lu y sü úgtMb : ugm an pH yf aR b ePT. et Iey IgR t UveFV IdU ce mþc? s mIkar ¬1¦ b gð aj f a R b sinebIkMh ab ;C am : Ulrb s ;G asIu tni g) as qøas ;rb s ;v aesÞ Ir E tesµIK ñ a K W [kMh ab ;G asIu t] ≈ [kMh ab ;) a s qøas ;] enaH ey Ig) an ÷

log ≈ 0

pH ≈ pKa

dUce nH edIm ,I Teg VIsUl uysü ú gtMb : ug K We yIgG n uv tþv iFIf ye R kay. tMbUg ey IgR tU veR C Is erIs G asIu tex S a yE dl pKa rb s ;va m a nt MélC i tesµ Inwg tM é l pH E dle yI gcg;) an. b nÞab ;m k e yI g C MnYs t Mél pH ni g pKa e nA kñúgs mI ka r ¬1¦ ed Im ,I T TYl) a npleFo b [) as qøas ;]¼[G asIut]. pleFo b enH G acbþÚre TA C ab ri m aNcM nYnm : Ule dIm ,I Teg VIsUl u ysü úgt Mb :ug .

CMB YkTI1 6

16-13




]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 4 4 4 4 cUre ro b rab ;B Irebo b Teg VIsUl u ysü úgt Mb :ug pUsV at E dlm a ntMé l pH R b E h l 7,40.

y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ cMeB aH sUlu ys ü úgtMb : ugE dlm a nR b siT§P aB kMh ab ;G asIu tR t UvE tR b h a k;R b E h leTA nwgk Mh ab ;rb s ;) as . ey a gtam s mI kar TI ¬1¦ enA e BltM él pH swgE t esµI nw gtMé l pKa

énG asIu t ¬m ann ½y fa pH ≈ pKa¦ en aH ey Ig) an log ≈ 0

b¤ ≈ 1

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy

eda ys ar G asIu tp UsVr icC a G asIu tR TIR bUt ug e yI gs re s rkarb ME b kC aGIu y: ugrb s ;G asIu t pUsVr icC abI dMN ak ;ka ldU cx a geR kam ÷ tM él Ka e yIgG a csÁ al; tam r y³ tar a gkñúg em ero nmun nigt Mél pKa G acK Nna) a neda yeR bIs mIk ar ¬4¦³ H3PO4(aq) H+ (aq) + H2PO4

-(aq) Ka1= 7,5 ×10-3 ; pKa1= 2,12

H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO4

2-(aq) Ka2= 6,2 ×10-8 ; pKa2= 7,21

HPO42-

(aq) H+ (aq) + PO43-(aq) Ka3= 4,8 ×10-13 ; pKa3= 12,32

KUEdlsmRsbbM pu tsM rab;TegVIsUlu ysüúgtMb:u gkñú gcMeNamKUTaMgbIenHKW HPO42 /H2PO4

-

BIeR BaH tM él pKa rb s ;G a sIut H2PO4- K Wm antM élC i t bMpute TA nw gtM él pH E dl e yIg cg; ) a n.

tam s mIk ar Henderson-Hasselbalch e yIgG acs re s r³ log+= pKapH

7,40 = 7,21 + ]POH[

]HPO[log

42

24

−

−

=> ]POH[

]HPO[log

42

24

−

−

= 0,19

<=> 5,1]POH[

]HPO[

42

24 =−

−

dUce nH viFImY ykñ úgk areFV IsU luysü úg tMb : ugp UsVa t E dl m an pH =7,40 K we yIgR tUv rM lay


16-14

DIsUdü Úm GI uR dUE s np UsVa t (Na2HPO4) nigsUdü Úm DIG IuR dUE s npUsVa t (NaH2PO4) kñúg s m am aR tC a m :Ul 1,5 : 1,0 k ñúg Twk . ] Tah r N_ e yI gG ac rMl ay 1,5 mol én Na2HPO4 C amYy nwg 1,0 mol

én NaH2PO4 kñúgb rim a NT w kR K b ;R K an;edIm , ITe gVIs Ulu y sü úg 1 L. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ etIGñ kG aceF VIsUl uysü ú gt Mb :u gkabU Na tcM nYn 1L E d lm an pH = 10,10 ya :g dUce mþc ?

eK eG ayG as Iu tkabU nic (H2CO3) sUdü Úm GIuR d UE s nkabU Nat (NaHCO3) n igsU d ü Úm kabUN at (Na2CO3). emIlta rags Mr a b ;tMé l pKa. 4 GRtamaRtGasIut-)as G R tam aR tK WC a dMe NI rka rkM Nt; kMh ab ;sUlu ysü úgmY y eda yeR bIsUl uys ü úgm Yy eTo tE dls Áal ;kMh ab; ¬sU luysü úgs þg; da ¦. ey Ignw g sikS aR b ti kmµbIR b ePT÷ ¬1 ¦ G R tam aR t rvagG asIu tx øa Mgn ig) as x ø aMg ¬2 ¦ G R tam aR tr vagG asIu t ex S ayn ig) as x ø aMg nig ¬ 3 ¦ G R tam aR t rvagG asIu tx øa Mgn ig) as ex S a y. G R tam aR trv agG asI ute x S ayni g) as ex S a ym an lkç N³sµúK sµ a j Nas; BI eR BaH vam a nR b tik mµGIuR dUl Is rb s ; kac ugni gG a j :úgrb s ;G MbilE dl kekI t. edays arE t mUleh tu enH ehI y ) anC aG R tam aR tR b ePT enH eK BuMs Uv G nuvt þeT. rUb TI 2b gðaj B Ik arero b cM edIm , I Bini tü tM él pH eBl eFVIG R t am aR t.

4>1 GRtamaRtrbs;GasIutxøaMg-)asxøaMg R b tikmµr vagG as Iu tx øa Mg HCl nig) as x øa Mg NaOH tage da ys mIka r ÷ HCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) � NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

b¤tam s mIk arGI uy :Un icsM rYl H+(aq) + OH-(aq) � H2O (l)

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 2222 ³ ³ ³ ³ pH E mE mE mE m :: :: R tR t UvR tR t UvR tR t UvR tR t Uv )))) an eR b Ie dIman eR b Ie dIman eR b Ie dIman eR b Ie dIm ,,,, I I I I B in itü emIl d Me N Ir ka rG R t am aR t B in itü emIl d Me N Ir ka rG R t am aR t B in itü emIl d Me N Ir ka rG R t am aR t B in itü emIl d Me N Ir ka rG R t am aR t G asIutG asIutG asIutG asIut ---- )))) asasasas ....

CMB YkTI1 6

16-15

cUrB ini tü emIlk arb E nßm NaOH 0,100 M BIb‘u yE r :te TA kñúgE k vE G‘L n E dlm an HCl

25,0mL kMh ab; 0,100M. rUb T I3b gð aj BIR k ab bM E rbMrYl tMé l pH ¬ehA f a E x S ekagG R ta m aR t¦. mu neBlE fmNaOH tM él pH rb s ;G asI utK w –log (0,100) =1,00. e nA eBlE dleK E fmNaOH t MélpHrb s ; sUlu ysü úgek IneL Ig yW t² e nA eBldMb Ug. enA C it cMN uc s m mUl pH

cab ;ep þIm ek IneL I gy a:g rh½s ehIyenA c MN ucs m mUl E x S ekagekI neL Iges ÞI rE tR s b eTA nwgG½ kS Q r. enA k ñúgG R t am aR tG a sIutx ø aMg -) as x ø aMg kMh ab ;r b s ;GIuy :ugGI uR dUE s n nigG Iu y:u gGIuR d uks I ut m antM él tUc Nas ; enA cM Nuc s m mUl ¬R b E h l 1 x 10-7M¦ dUce nH karb E n ßm ) as E tmYy dM N k ; naM[ k Mh ab ;GI uy :ugOH-n igt Mé lpHkñ úgsUl uysü úg ekI ne L Igya :geR c In. enA eR k ay cMNu cs m mUl tMél pH ekI neL Ig yW t² C a mYynw gka rE fm sUl uysü úg NaOH.

eyIgG acK Nn at MélpH en A dMNa k;k aln ImY y² énG R ta m aR t) an. enH K WC ar ebo b K Nna K MrUc MnYnb I.

1 - b nÞab ;B IE fm 10,0mL é n NaOH 0,100M e TA elI 25,0mL én HCl 0,100M

m aDs rub rb s ;sUlu ys ü úgK W 35,0mL.

cMnY nm :Ul NaOH kñú g 10mL K W ÷ molx

mL

molmL 31000,11000

)0,10()100,0( −= cMnY nm :Ul HCl e dIm K W

molmL

mLmol 31005,21000

)0,25()100,0( −×= dUce nH cMnY nm :U lrb s ; HCl b nÞab ;B IR b tikm µb nS ab mY yE pñ kK W (2,50 × 10-3 – 1,00 ×10-3)

mol b¤ 1,5 × 10-3mol

kMh ab ;GI y: ugGI uR dUE s nE dlm anenA k ñúgsU lu ysü úg 35,0mL K W ÷

37,10429,0log

0429,00,35

10001050,1 3

=−=⇒

=×× −

pH

M

2- b nÞ ab ;BIE fm 25,0mL é n NaOH 0,100M e TA elI 25,0mL én HCl 0,100M.

enH K WC aka rK Nna ga ymY y BIeR BaH va Ta k; TgeTA n wgR b tikmµb nS ab T aMgR sug ehI y GMbil NaCl minrgR b ti kmµ GIuR dUl Is eT. enA c MN ucs m mUl [H+] = [OH-] =1,00 x 10-7

ehIy pH rb s ;sUl uysü úge sµI 7,00. 3- b nÞab ;BIE fm 35,0mL é n NaOH 0,100M e TA elI 25,0mL én HCl 0,100M.

m aDs rub rb s ;sUlu ys ü úgK W 60,0mL.


16-16

cMnY nm :Ul rb s; NaOH E dl ) anb E nßm K W mol

mL

molmL 31050,31000

100,00,35 −×=× cMnY nm :Ul rb s; HCl ed Im K W 2,50 × 10-3mol. b nÞab ;BIR b tikmµb nS ab én HCl

cb ;s BVR K b ;m k b rim aNé n NaOH E dlenA s l;K W (3,50 × 10-3)mol - (2,50 × 10-3)mol =

1,00 × 10-3 mol. kMh ab; NaOHe nA kñú gsulu ysü úg 60,0mL K W ÷

22,1278,100,14

00,14

78,10167,0log0167,010,60

10001000,1 3

=−=−=⇒

=−=⇒=××× −

pOHpH

pOHMlmL

mLmol

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 3333 ³³³³ t Mél t Mél t Mél t Mél pHénénénén G R t am aR tG R t am aR tG R t am aR tG R t am aR t )))) as x øa Mgas x øa Mgas x øa Mgas x øa Mg ---- G a sIut x øa MgG a sIut x øa MgG a sIut x øa MgG a sIut x øa Mg . . . . s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg NaOH 0,100M R t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) anananan b n þkb n þkb n þkb n þk ;; ;; B Ib‘uy E rB Ib‘uy E rB Ib‘uy E rB Ib‘uy E r :: :: t c Ult c Ult c Ult c Ul e TA k ñúg s Ul uy sü úg e TA k ñúg s Ul uy sü úg e TA k ñúg s Ul uy sü úg e TA k ñúg s Ul uy sü úg HCl 0,100 M 25,0mL k ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L n .... 4>2 GRtamaRtGasIutexSay-)asxøaMg cUrB ini tü emIlR b ti kmµb nS ab rvagG asIu tG aes Tic ¬G asI ut ex S ay ¦nigs Udü Úm GIuR duks Iu t ¬) as x øa Mg¦³ CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH(aq) � CH3COONa(aq) + H2O (l) CH3COOH (aq) + OH-(aq) � CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l)

GIuy :ugG a es t at rgR b tikm µGIu R dUlIs d Ucs mI karx ageR kam ÷ CH3COO- (aq) + H2O (l) CH3COOH (aq) + OH-(aq)

m aD NaOH

R tUv) anb E nßm

cMnucs mmUl (pH = 7,00

Vo = 25,0mL)

CMB YkTI1 6

16-17

dUce nH enA cMN ucs m mUl en A eBlE dlvam anv tþm anE tsU dü Úm G aes t at en aH pH rb s ; sUlu ysü úgnw gm an tMélF MC ag 7 eda ys a rE tk ark ekI t eL IgénGI iu y:u g OH- e lIs ¬ rU b TI4¦.

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 4444 ³³³³ t Mé l t Mé l t Mé l t Mé l pH kñúg G R ta m aR tG a sIut e x S aykñúg G R ta m aR tG a sIut e x S aykñúg G R ta m aR tG a sIut e x S aykñúg G R ta m aR tG a sIut e x S ay ---- )))) as x øa M gas x øa M gas x øa M gas x øa M g . . . . sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg NaOH 0,100M R tUvR tUvR tUvR tUv )))) anb nþkanb nþkanb nþkanb nþk ;; ;; c Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg c Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg c Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg c Ul e TA k ñúg sUl uy sü úg CH3COOH 25,0mL, 0,100M k ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L nk ñ úg E k vE G‘k E L n . . . . ed a ys ared a ys ared a ys ared a ys ar G IuR dUl Is G Mbil EG IuR dUl Is G Mbil EG IuR dUl Is G Mbil EG IuR dUl Is G Mbil E d lek It eL Igd lek It eL Igd lek It eL Igd lek It eL Ig en aH en aH en aH en aH pH F MC a g F MC a g F MC a g F MC a g 7 e nA cMn uc s m mUle nA cMn uc s m mUle nA cMn uc s m mUle nA cMn uc s m mUl .... ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 5555 ³³³³ cUrK Nn a pH rb s ;sU lu ysü úgG asI utG aes Ti c 25,0mL kMh ab; 0,100M b nÞab ;

BIb E nßm NaOH c Ule TA kñ úg sUlu ysü úgG asI ute nH÷ (a) NaOH 10,o mL k Mh a b; 0,100 M

(b) NaOH 25,0 mL kMh a b; 0,100 M

(c) NaOH 35,0 mL k Mh a b; 0,100 M

y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ s mIkarR b ti kmµ b nS ab rva g CH3COOH ni g NaOH tage da y ÷ CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH(aq) � CH3COONa(aq) + H2O (l)

cMeBaH d MN ak; kal Ta MgbIé nG R tam aR t dMb Uge yIgR t UvK Nnac MnY nm :U lrb s ;) as E d l R tUvb E nßm eTA elIsUl uysü úgG asIu tG aes Ticsi n. b nÞ ab ;m ke yIgK Nnac MnY nm :U lrb s ;G as Iu tb¤ ) as E dlenA s l;b nÞab ;BIeFV IG R tam aR t. b nÞab ;m ke yIg kMN t; pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úg. en A cMNu cs m mUl R b tikmµb nS ab e kI teL Igs B V ehIy tM él pH nw gG aR s½ye TA tam kMr itGI uR dUl Is b nþénGMb ilE dl ) anekI teL I g(CH3COONa).

m aD NaOH R tUv) anb E nßm (mL)

cMnucs mmUl (pH = 8.72

Vo = 25,0mL)


16-18

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy (a) c MnY nm :Ul NaOH kñú g 10,0 mL K W ÷ mol

mL

molmL 31000,11000

100,00,10 −×=× cMnY nm :UlG asIu tG aes Tic edI m K I

molmL

molmL 31050,21000

100,00,25 −×=× eBlenH ey IgR t UvK Nn aed a yeR bIm :Ul eR BaH enA eBlsU luysü úgB IrR t Uvl ay cUlK ñ a enaH

m aDsUl uysü úg nwge kIneL Ig . enA eBlm aD ekI neL Ig m : U larI etn wgE R b R bYl b :uE nþc MnYn m :Ul nwgenA r kS a dE dl. bME rbM rYl cMnY nm :Ul ekI teL Ig dU cx ageR kam ³

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

cMnY nm :Ul edIm (mol): 2,50 x 10-3 1,00 x 10-3 0

cMnY nm :UlE R b R bYl (mol): -1,00 x 10-3 -1,00 x 10-3 +1,00 x 10-3

cMnY nm :Ulb B a© b ; (mol): 1,50 x 10-3 0 1,00 x 10-3

enA dMN ak ;ka lenH ey Igm a nsUlu ysü úg tMb :u gE dlpSM e L IgBI CH3COOH nig CH3COO-

¬) anm kB IGMbil CH3COONa¦. e dIm ,IK Nna pH én sUlu ysü úg ey Igs res r³

]COOHCH[

]COOCH][H[Ka

3

3−+

=

57,4107,2log

107,21000,1

)108,1)(1050,1(][

][

][][

5

53

53

3

3

=×−=⇒

×=×

××=⇒

=

−

−−

−−+

−+

pH

H

COOCH

KCOOHCHH a

(b) b rim a NenH (25,0mL NaOH 0,100M m anR b ti kmµC amY y 25,0mL CH3COOH

0,100M)R tUvn wgc MNu cs m mU l. cMn Ynm :U lG asIu tn ig) a s K W 2,50×10-3mol. dUcenH cMn Ynm :U l GMbilE dlke kI tK W ÷

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H2O(l) 2,50 × 10-3 mol 2,50 × 10-3 mol 2,50× 10-3 mol

m aDs rub rb s ;sUlu ysü úgK W 50,0 mL d UcenH k Mh ab ; rb s ; GMbilK W ÷ M

LmLx

mLmolCOONaCH 0050,0

10,50

10001050,2][

3

3 =××=−

CMB YkTI1 6

16-19

C ¿h anb nÞ ab ;K WR tU vK Nn a pH rb s ;sUl uysü ú gE dl) an m kBIR b tikm µG IuR d UlIs rb s ; GuIy :ug CH3COO-. eday emIl tMé l Kb kñúg tar ag e yIg) an³

x

x

COOCH

OHCOOHCHKb −

==×= −

−−

0500,0][

]][[106,5

2

3

310 x = [OH-] = 5,3 x 10-6 M

dUec ñH pH = 8,72 (c) b n Þab ;B IE fm35,0mL én sUlu ysü úg NaOH m ks U luysü úgq øgpu tBI cMN ucs m mUl.

cMnY nm :Ul énNaOH e dIm K W³ 35,0mL × mol

mL

L

LNaOH

molNaOH 31050,31000

1

1

100,0 −×=×

bME rbMrYl cMn Ynm :U lek IteL Igd U cx ageR kam ³ CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

cMnY nm :Ul edIm(mol): 2,50 x 10-3 3,50 x 10-3 0

cMnY nm :UlE R b R bYl(mol): -2,50 x 10-3 -2,50 x 10-3 +2,50 x 10-3

cMnY nm :Ulb B a© b ; (mol): 0 1,00 x 10-3 2,50 x 10-3

enA cMN ucenH ey Igm anR b ePTK ImIB IrE dl kMN t; lkç N ³) as rb s ;sUl uysü úg K W GIuy :ug CH3COO- ¬) anm kB I CH3COONa¦ ni gGIu y: ugOH- . eda ys a rGIu y: ug OH- C a ) as x øaMgC ag CH3COO- eyIgG acminK i t BIGIuR d UlIs é nGIu y: ug CH3COO- eh IyK N na pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úg eda yeR bIE tk Mh ab ;GI uy :ug OH-. m aDs r ub énsUl uysü ú gK W (25,0 + 35,0) mL b b¤ 60,0mL dU ec ñH eyIgG acK Nn ak Mh ab; OH- dUcx ageR k am ³

[OH-] = L

mL

mL

mol

1

1000

0,60

1000,1 3

×× −

= 0,0167mol/L = 0,0167M

22,1278,114

78,10167,0log

=−=⇒

=−=⇒

pH

pOH

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ 100mL énG asIu tn IR tW(HNO2)R tUv) aneF VIG R ta kmµC amY ysUl uysü úg NaOH 0,10M.

K nnat Mél pH s Mrab ; (a) s U luysü úg edIm (b) e nA cM NucE dl eK E fm ) as 80mL

(c)enA c MN ucs m mUl (d) enA cM Nu cb nÞab ;BieK E fm ) as 105mL. 4>3 GRtamaRtGasIutxøaMg-)asexSay

cUrB ini tü emIlG R tam aR tén HCl ¬G asIu tx øa Mg¦ C am Yy NH3 ¬) as ex S a y¦.


16-20

HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) � NH4Cl(aq)

b¤ H+ (aq) + NH3(aq) � NH4+

(aq) pH enA cM Nucs m mUl tU cC a g 7 eda ys a rE tR b ti kmµGIuR dUlIs G Iiu y: ugG am : Uj :Úm÷

NH4+

(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)

b¤ NH4+

(aq) NH3(aq) + H+(aq)

eda ys ar PaBeh Irrb s ;s Ulu ysü úgG am : Uj :a k; vag ay C agkñú gka rb E nßm G as I ut kørIR D icB Ib‘u yE r: teTA k ñúgs Ulu ysü úgG am : Uj :a k; ¬rUb TI5 ¦.

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 5555 ³³³³ tMé l tMé l tMé l tMé l pH énG R t am aR tG as Iut x øa MgénG R t am aR tG as Iut x øa MgénG R t am aR tG as Iut x øa MgénG R t am aR tG as Iut x øa Mg ---- )))) as ex S a yas ex S a yas ex S a yas ex S a y . . . . s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg s Ul uy sü úg HCl 0,100M R t UvR t UvR t UvR t Uv )))) aneK aneK aneK aneK b E n ßm B Ib‘uy E rb E n ßm B Ib‘uy E rb E n ßm B Ib‘uy E rb E n ßm B Ib‘uy E r :: :: t cUl e TA k ñúg t cUl e TA k ñúg t cUl e TA k ñúg t cUl e TA k ñúg 25,0mL é n s Ul uy sü úg é n s Ul uy sü úg é n s Ul uy sü úg é n s Ul uy sü úg NH3 0,100M k ñúg E kvE G‘k E L nk ñúg E kvE G‘k E L nk ñúg E kvE G‘k E L nk ñúg E kvE G‘k E L n . . . . ed a y ed a y ed a y ed a y s arG Mbs arG Mbs arG Mbs arG Mb il e kIt eL Ig rgG IuR dUl Isil e kIt eL Ig rgG IuR dUl Isil e kIt eL Ig rgG IuR dUl Isil e kIt eL Ig rgG IuR dUl Is tMé l tMé l tMé l tMé l pH e nA c MN ucs m m Ul tUc C a g e nA c MN ucs m m Ul tUc C a g e nA c MN ucs m m Ul tUc C a g e nA c MN ucs m m Ul tUc C a g 7.... ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 6666 ³³³³

cUrK N na pH enA c MNu c s m mUl enA eBlE dleK [ sUluysü úgG am :Uj :ak ; 25,0mL

kMh ab; 0,100M eFV IG R taC a mYysUl uysü úgG asIu tk ørIR D i c (HCl) E dlm an kMh ab; 0,10M. y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ smIkart agR b tikmµb nS ab K W

HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) � NH4Cl(aq)

enA cMN ucs m mUl R b ePTK I mIsMx an;² k ñúgs Ulu ysü úgK WGM bil NH4Cl ¬bME b keTA C aGIuy :ug NH4

+ nig Cl-¦nig TwkH2O. dMbUge yI gR tUvK Nna kMh ab ; NH4Cl E dl) ankek IteL I g. b nÞab ;m k

cMnucs mmUl (pH=5,28

Vo.=25,0 mL)

ma D Ga sIutE d lE fm

CMB YkTI1 6

16-21

eyIgK Nna pH enA eBlE d lGIuy :ug NH4+ rgGIuR dUl Is . GIuy :ug Cl- E dlC a) as qø as ;énG as Iu t

x øaMg HCl minm a nR b tikm µC a mYyT wke T. C aF mµt ae yIge calk arbME b kGI uy :ug é nTw k . c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy

cMnY nm :Uls Ulu ysü úgG am : Uj : a k; NH3

molmL

molmL 31005,2

1000

100,00,25 −×=×

enA cMN ucs m mUl cMn Ynm :U l G asIu tkø rIR Di c HCl E dl) a n E fm cUlesµ Inwg cMn Ynm : UlénNH3. bME rbMrYl cMn Ynm :U lek IteL Igd U cx ageR kam ³

HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) � NH4Cl(aq) cMnY nm :Ul edIm (mol): 2,50 × 10-3 2,50 × 10-3 2,50 × 10-3

cMnY nm :UlE R b R bYl (mol): -2,50 x 10-3 -2,50 x 10-3 +2,50 x 10-3

cMnY nm :Ulb B a© b ; (mol): 0 0 5,00 x 10-3

m aDs rub rb s ;sUlu ysü úgK W 50,0 mL d UcenH k Mh ab ; rb s ; G am :Uj : Úm kør YK W M

LmLx

mLmolClNH 0500,0

10,50

10001050,2][

3

4 =××=−

pHrb s ;sUl uysü úg enA cM Nu cs m mUlR tUv) ank MN t;e da yR b tikm µGIuR d UlIs rb s ;GIu y:u g G am :Uj : Úm . ey IgG acK Nna pH dUcx a geR kam÷

NH4+

(aq) NH3(aq) + H+(aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M) 0,0500 0,000 0,000

kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M) - x + x + x

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (0,0500- x) x x

eyIg) an³

102

10

4

3

106,50500,0

106,5][

]][[

−

−+

+

×=−

×==

x

x

NH

HNHKa

eda ys nµ tf a 0,0500 - x 0500,0≈ eyIg) an ÷


16-22

28,5103,5logpH

103,5x

106,5050,0

x

x050,0

x

6

6

1022

=×−=⇒

×=⇒

×=≈−

−

−

−

e pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa t ;; ;; ³³³³ cUrcM Na Mfa tMé l pH enH C arb s ;sUl uysü ú g G asIu t. t MélenH R t Uve TA nwg kar rMBw gTu k BIka rGIuR d UlIs é nGIu y: ugG am : U j :Úm .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³³³³ cUrK N na tMél pH enA cM Nu cs m mUlkñ úgG R tam aR tén 50mL em T IlG amI nkMh ab; 0,10

M C amYysUl uysü ú g HCl 0,20M. 5 Fatucg¥úlBN’GasIut-)as

dUce yI g) aneX Ij ehI yfa cMN ucs m mUlK WC a cM NucmY yE dl kñú genaH c MnY nm :U lGIuy :ug GIuR duks Iul(OH-) E dlR t Uv E fm eTA kñú gsUlu ysü úgG as Iu tesµI eTA nw gcM nYnm : UlGI iu y:u gGIu R dUE s n(H+)

E dlm anv tþm a nenA kñ úgsU lu ysü úgG asI ute naH . dU cenH edIm ,I kMN t; cM Nucs m mUl e yIgR t UvE t dwg BIm aDrb s ;) as E dle yI gR tU vE fm BIb‘u yE r: teTA e lIsUl u ysü úgG asI ut kñú gE kvE G‘kE L n. viFImY yed Im ,IsMe rceK a lbMN genH K Wey Igb E nßm F a tucg ¥úl BN’G as Iut -) as B Ir bId MNk ; enA eBlcab ; epþIm eFV IG R tam aR t. F a tu c g¥úlB N’C aF mµ taC aG asIu tb¤ ) as s rIr agÁ ex S ay E dl B N’x us ² K ña kñúg TMrg ;minE m nGI uy :ugn ig TMr g;C a GIuy :ug rb s ;va. TM rg; Ta MgBI re nH Tak; Tge TA nwg pH rb s ; sUlu ysü úg E dlF at ucg¥ úlB N’R t Uv) an rM lay cUl. c MN ucc MN ucc MN ucc MN uc b B a© bb B a© bb B a© bb B a© b ;; ;; énG R tam aR te kI tm aneL I gkal NaF a t u cg¥úl BN’E R b BN’ . b : uE nþ F a tucg ¥úl BN’ Ta MgG s ;min dU rB N’enA c MN uc pH d UcK ñ aen aH eT d UcenH k a r eR C Is erIs F a tucg ¥úl BN’ G aR s½ye TA elIR b ePT rb s ;G a sIut nig) as E dle yIg yk m keFVIG R ta - m aR t¬m a nn½ yf avax ø aMgb ¤ex S ay ¦. e da yk areR C Is e rIs F atuc g¥ú lBN ’R twm R t UvsM rab ; kareFV IG R ta eyIgG aceR bIc MNu ccu gb Ba© b ; edIm ,Ik MN t; cMN ucs m mUl dUce yI geX Ij x ageR k am÷

cUrB ini tü emIlG as Iut ex S ay m :UNUR bU tugE d le yIgehA f a HIn. ed Im ,IC aF atu cg¥ úlB N’m a n R b siT§PaB HInnig) as qøas ; rb s ;va In- R t UvE tm anBN ’x u s K ñax øaM g. kñ úgsUl uysü úg G asIu tbME b k C aGIuy :u tic tY c÷

HIn(aq) H+ (aq) + In- (aq)

CMB YkTI1 6

16-23

ebItam eK alk arN _ Le ChatelierR b sinebIF a tucg ¥úl B N’sß itk ñúgm C Ä d æanG asIu tR K b ;R K an ; enaH lMn wgK ImI rMk ile TA eqVg ehIyB N’el Is lub rb s ;F a tucg ¥úl BN’K W BN’ rb s ;T Mrg ;E dlminbME b k C aGIuy :ug(HIn). p Þú ym kvi j enA kñúgm C Äd æa n) as l Mnw g nwgr Mki leTA x ags þaM ehI yB N’rb s ;s Ulu y sü úgnwge TA tam B N’ rb s ;) a s qøas; In-. C aT UeTA e yIgG a ceR bIpleFo b kMh ab ; dUcx ag eR kam edIm ,I TsS n_ Ta yBN ’énF at u cg¥úl B’N ÷

10]In[

]HIn[ ≥−

BN’rb s ;G asIu t (HIn) el I s lub

10]HIn[

]In[ ≥−

BN’rb s ;) as qøas ; (In-) e lIs lub

ebI [HIn] ≈ [In-] enaH BN’ r b s ;F atu cg¥ úlBN ’ K WC ab nSM BN’én HIn n ig In-. tMb n;E R b BN’ énF a tuc g¥ú lB N’mine lceL I genA cM Nu c pH C ak;l ak; enaH e T b :uE nþ v aelc

eL IgenA ce nøaH tMél pH e nA cMNu cb Ba© b ;. enA k ñúg kar G nuvt þ ey IgeR C Is er Is F at u cg¥úl BN’ N a E dlm ant Mb n;E R b BN’ rb s ;v asßi tenA c MNu ccM eNa té nE x S ekag. enH k¾e da ys a rE tc M Nucs m mUl rb s ;vasß it enA cM Nuc cMe Na t énE x S ekagE d r. C Me rIs e nH F ana fa pH enA cMNu cs m mU lnwgsß it kñú g cenø aH E dlF at ucg ¥úlB N’E R b BN’. ep Nulp þae lGIun C aF atu cg¥ úlBN ’d ¾s m R s b sMrab ;G R t a - m aR trv ag NaOH n ig HCl. epNulpþ aelGI unK µ anB N’e T enA kñú gsUlu ysü úgG a sIut nigsU lu y sü úgNW t b :uE nþv am anB N’p á aQ Uk-R kh m e nA kñú gsUlu y sü úg) as . kar vas ;b g ðaj fa enA eBl E dlpH<8,3F a tuc g¥ú lBN ’ K µanBN ’eT b :uE n þva cab ;ep þIm E R b BN’eTA C apá aQ Uk -R kh m enA eBlE dl pH>8,3. dUc) a nb gð aj enA rUb TI 3 c MeN até nE x S ekag pH enA C i tcM Nucs m mUlm a nn½ yfa ka r E fm E tb nþicb n þÜc énsUl uy sü úg NaOH¬]b m af a 0,05mLR b E h lmYyd MN k;BIb ‘u yE r: t)n wgna M[ tMélpHek IneL Ig ya :geR c In . eTaH C a y: agN a GIVE dl sMx an;K Weh tu kar N_E d lE pñk cMeN at énE x S ekag tagpHrYm m a ncen øaH E d lhYs BIenH ep Nul pþaelG Iunp þÚr BN’ BIK µa nBN ’e TA C aR kh m - páaQ Uk . enA eBl NaP aB R tUvK ñaE b b enH ek IteL IgF a tucg ¥úl BN’G aceR bIe dIm ,I rk cMNu cs m mUl rb s ;G R tam aR t .

F atuc g¥ú lBN ’G asI ut -) as C aeR cInK WC aC at iBN’r ukçC at i. ]Tah rN_ ed ay kar da M cMni t tUc² é nés <e kþab R kh m enA k ñú gTwk e yIgG a ccM raj ;C ak; l ak;B N’eR c InE dl b g ðaj B IB N’epS g² e nA pH epS g² K ña ¬r Ub TI6 ¦. tar ag TI1 b gð aj BIF a tu cg¥ ú l BN’E d leK ni ym eR bIen A kñúgG R t am aR t G asIu t-) as . C ¿e rIs F a tucg ¥úl BN’ NamY yG aR s½ y eTA elIk Ml aMgrb s ;G asI utn ig ) as E dly k m keFVIG R ta . ]T ah rN _x ag eR kam nwgb g ðaj B IC Mer Is enH .


16-24

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 6666 ³³³³ sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg pppp ÞÞ ÞÞ úk s Mr gúk s Mr gúk s Mr gúk s Mr g ;; ;; é né né né n ésésésés << << e k þabe k þabe k þabe k þab R kh mR kh mR kh mR kh m pþlpþlpþlpþl ;; ;; B N ’epS gB N ’epS gB N ’epS gB N ’epS g ²²²² K ñaK ñaK ñaK ña e Be Be Be B l da kl da kl da kl da k ;; ;; e TA kñú ge TA kñú ge TA kñú ge TA kñú g sUl uy süsUl uy süsUl uy süsUl uy sü úgúgúgúg G asIut n igG asIut n igG asIut n igG asIut n ig s Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úg )))) asasasas .... pH rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; ssss Ul uy sü úge kIn eL IgB Ieq Vge TA s þa MUl uy sü úge kIn eL IgB Ieq Vge TA s þa MUl uy sü úge kIn eL IgB Ieq Vge TA s þa MUl uy sü úge kIn eL IgB Ieq Vge TA s þa M .... ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 7777 ³³³³

etIF a tu cg¥ úlBN ’N aE dlGñ kK YrE teR bIe nA kñú gG R tam aR t ³ (a)G R tam aR trv agG as Iu t x øaMg -) as x øaMg (b)G R tam aR trv agG asI ut ex S ay nig) as x øaMg (c)G R tam aR trv a gG asIu tx øa Mgn ig ) as ex S ay.

y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ ka reR C Is er Is F a tucg ¥úl BN’s Mrab ;G R tam aR t NamY yK WR tU vE p¥ke TA elI cenø aHpH sMr ab ; bME rbMrYlB N’R tUvE tR K b dN þ b ;elIc MeN at énE x S ekag. ebImind Uecñ aH eT ey IgminG a ceR bIkarE R b BN’en aH edIm , IkM Nt ;cM Nu cs m mUl) aneT .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy

(a) enA E k, rcM Nucs m mU l pHE R b R bYly a:g rh½s BI 4eTA10. d UcenH R K b ;F a t u cg¥úl BN’ Ta MgG s; elI kE lgE tT Im :ulex o v R bUm :Uep Nulex o v nigem TIlB N’ Tw kR k Uc suT§E ts m R s b Ta MgG s ;sM ra b ;G R tam aR te nH . (b) cMe Na ténE x S eka gK Wsßi tenA ce nøaH tMél pH BI 7 eTA 10 dUce nH F atu cg¥ úl BN ’ E dls m R s b K WeR ks ‘ul (Cresol) nige pNu lpþ aelGI un.

R kh mR kh mR kh mR kh m ex o v elO gex o v elO gex o v elO gex o v elO g páa Q Uk éb t g páa Q Uk éb t g páa Q Uk éb t g páa Q Uk éb t g elO gelO gelO gelO g

CMB YkTI1 6

16-25

(c) k ñúg krN IenH cM eNa té nE x S ekagR K b dNþb ;cen aH tM é l pH BI 3 eTA 7 d UcenH F a tu cg¥úl BN’E dls m R s b K WR bUm :Uep Nulex o v em T IlBN ’ TwkR k Uc em T IlR kh m nigk ør :U epNul ex o v.

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ eda yE p¥ke TA elI ta rag TI1 etIF a tuc g¥ú lBN ’Nax ø H E dlG aceR bIsMr ab ;G R tam a R tx ag

eR kam ³ (a) HBr C amY ynwg CH3NH2 (b) HNO3 C amY ynwg NaOH (c)HNO2 C amYynw g KOH

t a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TI 1111 ³³³³ F a tuc g ¥úl B N’E dl eK n iy m eR bIk ñúg G R t am aR tG asIutF a tuc g ¥úl B N’E dl eK n iy m eR bIk ñúg G R t am aR tG asIutF a tuc g ¥úl B N’E dl eK n iy m eR bIk ñúg G R t am aR tG asIutF a tuc g ¥úl B N’E dl eK n iy m eR bIk ñúg G R t am aR tG asIut ---- )))) asasasas

F at uc g¥úl B N ’F at uc g¥úl B N ’F at uc g¥úl B N ’F at uc g¥úl B N ’ B N ’B N ’B N ’B N ’

t Mé lt Mé lt Mé lt Mé l pH k ñúg G asIutk ñúg G asIutk ñúg G asIutk ñúg G asIut k ñúgk ñúgk ñúgk ñúg )))) asasasas TIm :u lex o v R kh m elO g 1,2- 2,8

R bUm :UepN ulex o v elO g sVay 3,0- 4,6

em TIlGU r:g ; TwkR k Uc elO g 3,1- 4,4

em TIl TwkR k Uc R kh m elO g 4,2- 6,3

kør: Uep Nulex o v elO g R kh m 4,8- 6,4

R bUm :UTIm : ulex o v elO g ex o v 6,0- 7,6

eR ksu‘lR kh m elO g R kh m 7,2- 8,8

epNul pþa elGIu n K µanBN ’ R kh m ragpá aQ Uk 8,3-10

6 lMnwgkMritrlay R b tikmµb egá It kkrm ans a r³ sMx an; Nas ; enA kñ úg]sS ah k mµ fñaM eBTü nigC Ivi tR b caM éf¶.

]Tah r N_ ka reFVIs arF a tu K ImI]sS ah kmµE d lm ans ar ³sMx an;C a eR cIn dUcC asUd ü Úm kabUN a t (Na2CO3) K WE p¥keTA elIR b tikmµb e gáI tk kr. k arr Mla yca ned Im eFµj E dlb gá eL I geda yGI uR dUks Iu ya:) a: TI t [Ca5(PO4)3OH] kñúgm C Ädæ anG asI utG acn aMeTA dl; kar BukeF µj . ) a r ü Úm s‘ulpa t (BaSO4) C as m as F atuE dl minrla y ehI yC as a rF at u X µwkC amY yk aMrs µI X R t Uv) a neK eR bIedIm , I rker aK s BaØ akñ úgR b dab ;rMl a yG ah a r. sþaL a k; TI tni gsþaL a k;mI tE dlb gá eL Ige da yka l;sü Úm kabUN at E d lkek It eL Ige da yR b tikmµb e gáI tk kr ehI ynigG ah arC aeR cIn eTo t.


16-26

plKuNkMritrlay cUrB ini tü emIlsUl uysü ú gE q¥tR ) ak; kør Y E dleK d ak ;[ b :H C amYyG gÁF at urw gR ) ak; kør Y. lMn wg

kMri tr la yt age da ys mIk ar x ageR kam ³ AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

eda ys arE tGMbil dUcC aR ) a k;kø rYR t Uv) a neK ca t; Tuk faC a e G L icR tUl Itx ø aMg R K b ;m :Ue lK ul R ) ak;kø rYE dl rMl ay kñ úgT wkT aM gG s ;R tUv) ans nµ tf a bME b kC aGIu: y:u g Ag+ n igGIu y: ug Cl- TaMgR sug . eyIg) and wgehI y fa cMeB aH R b tikmµeG e tr: UE s n kMh ab ; r b s ;G gÁF at urw gC ac MnYn efr . dUce nH eyI g G acs res r efr lMn wgsMr ab ;k arbME b kR ) ak; kør Yd Ucx ageR k a m ÷ Ksp = [Ag+][Cl -]

E dl Ksp ehA fa ef rp lK uNk Mri trl a y b¤plK u NkM rit rl ay. C aT UeTA p lK uN p lK uN p lK uN p lK uN k Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ay rb s ;s m as F atu mYy K WC aplK uNé nkMh ab ; C am :Ulrb s ;G Iu y:u gC aF a tub gá E dlnImY y²

R tÚv) an elI kC asV½ yK u Néne m K uNs ÞWsü Úem R T Irb s ;v akñ úg s mIkarl Mnw gen aH . eda ys arE tÉk taR ) ak ;kø rYn I mYy² rYm m a nE tGIu yu :g Ag+ mYy ni gGIu y: ug Cl- mYy dU cenH

kenS am plK uNk Mri tr la yr b s ;vaga y Nas ; kñú gka rs re s r. krN IdU cx ageR k am en H m anlkç N³ s aMjúa MC ag³

* MgF2

MgF2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 F- (aq) Ksp = [Mg2+][F-]2

* Ag2CO3

Ag2CO3(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ksp= [Ag+]2[CO3

2-]

* Ca3(PO4)3

Ca3(PO4)2(s) 3 Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43- (aq) Ksp = [Ca2+]3[PO4

3-]2

tar ag TI2b g ðaj B IplK u NkM rit rla yrb s ;G MbilmY yc MnY nE dlm ank Mr it rla yt ic. GMbil rla yd UcC aNaCl nigKNO3 E dlm antMél Ksp FM minR tUv) a nb Ba© Úl kñú gt ar agenH eT enH k¾dUcC a eh tuplE d le yIgmi nb Ba© Úl tMél Ka rb s ;G asI utx ø aMgE dr. tMé l Ksp b Ba¢a k;BI kM ri trl ay rb s ; s m as F atuG Iu y:ug m ann ½ yfa k al Na tMél enH kan ; E ttUc e naH kM ri trl ay rb s ; s m as F atue nA kñúg Twk kan ;E t tic. e TaH C a ya: gN ak¾e da y enA kñ úgk ar eR C Is erIs t Mél Ksp m keR bo b eFo b kMri t rla y e yIgK YreR C Is er Is s m as F atuE d lm an rUb m nþR s e do gK ña dUcC a AgCl n ig ZnS, b¤ CaF2

nig Fe(OH)2.

CMB YkTI1 6

16-27

c MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a M enA kñúgC MB Ukmun e yIg s nµt fa s arF a tuE dlrl a yb gðaj lkç N³b ris uT § ¬\ tex © aH ¦ s Mrab ; karK N narb s ;ey IgE dl Ta k;Tg nwg kMh ab ; rb s ;sUl uy sü úg b :uE nþ kars nµt enH min E m nsuT§E tB it enaH eT. ]T ah rN _ d Uc C asUlu ysü úg) a rü Úm Pøú y G rYG acm a nK UGIu y: ugN Wt nig GIuy :ugm a nb nÞú k dUcC a BaF2 nig BaF+ b E nßm elIGI uy :ug Ba2+ nigGI uy :u g F-. C age nH eTA eTo t G aj :úgC aeR c In enA kñúgs m as F at uGIu y: ugE d lb Ba© Úlk ñúg ta rag TI 2 K WC a) as qøas ;rb s ;G as Iu tex S a y . cUrBi ni tü emIlTg ;E dgs‘ ulpY CuS / GIu y:u g S2- G acrgR b tikm µGIuR d U lIs dU cx ageR k am ³ S2- (aq) + H2O(l) HS- (aq) + OH- (aq)

HS-(aq) + H2O(l) H2S (aq) + OH- (aq)

cMeBaH GI uy :ug tUcE dlm anb n Þú kx <s ;d UcC a Al 3+ nig Bi .3+ nwgrgn UvR b ti kmµGIuR dUlI s . TaM gka rkek ItK UGIu y:u gni gGIuR dUlIs G Mbilb nß yk Mh ab ;GI u y:u gE dlm an enA kñ úgplK u N bME b kGIuy: ug Ksp b :uE nþe yI gminc aM) a c; K itBIK M la t ¬P aBx us K ñ a ¦ BIl kç N³b risu T§ eT kñúg krN IenH . sMrab ;R b t ikmµl Mnw gE dlT ak ; Tgnw gG gÁF a tu rwgC aG Iu y:ug en A kñúgsU lu ysü úgT wk l kçx NÐmY yk ñúg cMeN am lkçx NÐ dUc teTA e nH G acekI tm a neL Ig³ (1)s Ulu ysü úgmin Tan ;E q¥t (2)s Ulu ysü úgE q ¥t (3)sUl uysü úgE q¥ thYs . sMrab ; kMh ab ; rb s ;GIu y: ugE dl minR tUvK ñ anw glk çx NÐl Mnw g eyIg eR bIpl E ckR b tikmµ(Quotient) E d lkñúg kr NIenH e yI gehA fa plK uNGI uy :ug (Q) ed Im ,IT sS n_Ta y fa etIm a nkk rek IteL Ig b¤e T. cUr cMN aM fa Q m an TM rg; dU cK ñanw g Ksp E dr elI kE l gE tkñ úgkr N I kMh ab ;GI uy :ugm inE m nC akMh a b ;lMnw geT. ] Tah r N_³ R b sinebIe yIgl ays Ulu ys ü úgm anGIu y: ug R ) ak; Ag+ C amY ysU lu ysü úgE dlm anGI uy :ug kør Cl- d Uce nH plK uNGIu y: ugt age da y ³

Q = [Ag+]0[Cl-]0

t a r agt a r agt a r agt a r ag 2 2 2 2 p lK uN k Mr it r la yé ns m as F a t uGIuyp lK uN k Mr it r la yé ns m as F a t uGIuyp lK uN k Mr it r la yé ns m as F a t uGIuyp lK uN k Mr it r la yé ns m as F a t uGIuy :: :: ug r l a yt ic t Ycm Yy c Mn Yne nA ug r l a yt ic t Ycm Yy c Mn Yne nA ug r l a yt ic t Ycm Yy c Mn Yne nA ug r l a yt ic t Ycm Yy c Mn Yne nA 250C

smasFatu K sp smasFatu K sp

G aluym Ij :Úm GIuR duks Iu t

Al(OH)3 1,8 × 10-23 sMNR kUm a :t PbCrO4 2,0 ×10-14

) arü Úm kabU Na t BaCO3 8,1 ×10-9 sMNPø úyG r Y PbF2 4,1 ×10-8

) arü Úm Pøú yG r Y BaF2 1,7 ×10-6 sMNGIu y: Ud Y PbI2 1,4 ×10-8

) arü Úm s‘ul pa t BaSO4 1,1 ×10-10 sMNs‘u lpY PbS 3,4 ×10-28

b‘Ísµú ‘ts‘ ulp Y Bi2S3 1,6 ×10-72 m a:ej sü Úm kabU Na t MgCO3 4,0 ×10-5


16-28

kat ;mJÚ :m s‘ulp Y CdS 8,0 ×10-28 m a:ej sü Úm GIuR d uksI ut Mg(OH)2 1,2 ×10-11

kal;sü Úm kabUN at

CaCO3 8,7 ×10-9 m :g;k aE Ns s‘ul pY MnS 3,0 ×10-14

kal;sü Úm PøúyG rY

CaF2 4,0 ×10-11 ) art kør Y Hg2Cl2 3,5 ×10-18

kal;sü Úm GIuR duks Iu t

Ca(OH)2 8,0 ×10-6 ) arts ‘ulp Y HgS 4,0 ×10-54

kal;sü Úm p UsVa t Ca3(PO4)2 1,2 ×10-26 nIE kls‘ ulpY NiS 1,4 ×10-24

R kUm GIuR du ksIu t Cr(OH)3 3,0 ×10-29 R ) ak;R bUmY AgBr 7,7 ×10-13

kU) al ;s‘ul pY CoS 4,0 ×10-21 R ) ak;kab UNa t Ag2CO3 8,1 ×10-12

Tg;E dgR bUmY CuBr 4,2 ×10-8 R ) ak;kø rY AgCl 1,6 ×10-10

Tg;E dgG Iu y:U DY CuI 5,1 ×10-12 R ) ak;GIu y: UdY AgI 8,3 ×10-17

Tg;E dgG IuR du ksIu t Cu(OH)2 2,2 ×10-20 R ) ak;s‘u lpa t Ag2SO4 1,4 ×10-5

Tg;E dgs ‘ulp Y CuS 6,0 ×10-37 R ) ak;s‘u lpY Ag2S 6,0 ×10-51

E dkBIrG IuR du ksIu t Fe(OH)2 1,6 ×10-14 R sþg;cUm k abUN at SrCO3 1,6 ×10-9

E dkbIGIuR d uksI ut Fe(OH)3 1,1 ×10-36 R sþg;cUm s‘ ulpa t SrSO4 3,8 × 10-7

E dks‘ulp Y FeS 6,0 ×10-19 sMN) a:h aMgs ‘ulp Y SnS 1,0 ×10-26

sMNk abUN at PbCO3 3,3 ×10-14 s ½gásIGI uR du ksIu t Zn(OH)2 1,8 ×10-14

sMNkø rY PbCl2 2,4 ×10-14 s ½gásIs‘ ulp Y ZnS 3,0 ×10-23

s nÞsS n_ 0 r Mlw key Igf a kMh ab ;e nH K WC akMh ab ;ed Im e hIymin Ta k;T gC amY ynw gkM h ab; lMnwg eT. TMn ak; TM ngrv ag Q nig Ksp E dlG acm anK W³

Q < Ksp sUlu ysü úgmin Tan ;E q¥t [Ag+]0[Cl-]0 < 1,6 × 10-10

Q = Ksp sUlu ysü úgE q¥t [Ag+]0[Cl-]0 = 1,6 × 10-10

Q > Ksp sUlu ysü úgE q¥thYs ¬AgCl nwgb egá ItC akk rrhU tdl ; [Ag+]0[Cl-]0 > 1,6 × 10-10 plK uNk Mh ab ;rb s ;GIu y: uge sµInw g 1,6 × 10-10¦

CMB YkTI1 6

16-29

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 7777 ³³³³ l Md abl Md abl Md abl Md ab ;; ;; C ¿h ans Mr abC ¿h ans Mr abC ¿h ans Mr abC ¿h ans Mr ab ;; ;; K Nn a K Nn a K Nn a K Nn a Ksp BIT in ñn ½y k Mr it r la y ¬r Ub TIBIT in ñn ½y k Mr it r la y ¬r Ub TIBIT in ñn ½y k Mr it r la y ¬r Ub TIBIT in ñn ½y k Mr it r la y ¬r Ub TI 7 7 7 7 a¦ nig sMr a b¦ nig sMr a b¦ nig sMr a b¦ nig sMr a b ;; ;; K N naK N naK N naK N na kMr itkMr itkMr itkMr it r l ay BIT in ñn ½y r l ay BIT in ñn ½y r l ay BIT in ñn ½y r l ay BIT in ñn ½y Ksp ¬ rUb T I¬ rUb T I¬ rUb T I¬ rUb T I 7 7 7 7 b¦¦¦¦ ....

kMritrlaym:UElnigkMritrlay m anviFIB IrepS geTo ted Im ,Ib Ba¢a k;B IkM ri trl ay rb s ;s arF atuK W k Mr it r l a ymk Mr it r l a ymk Mr it r l a ymk Mr it r l a ym :: :: UU UU EEEE llll E dlC a cMnY nm :Ul rb s ;F a tur la ykñ úg 1L sUlu ysü úgE q¥t (mol/L) n ig k Mr it r l a y k Mr it r l a y k Mr it r l a y k Mr it r l a y E dlC acMnY nR kam én F atu rla yk ñúg 1L sU lu ysü úgE q¥t(g/L). cU rcM NaM fak arb B a¢a k;e nH sMedA eT A elIkMh ab ;rb s ; sUlu ysü úgE q¥te nA sItu NðP aBNam Yy ¬C aF mµ taenA sI tu NðPaB 250C¦.

TaM gkM ri trl aym : UE lnig kM ri t rla ysuT §E ts m R s b kñúg ka reR b Ikñú gm nÞI rBi es aF . e yI g G ac eR bIvaed Im ,Ik MN t; Ksp tam C ¿h anE dl) a nb gðaj kñú grUb TI7 (a).

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 8888 ³³³³ kMri tr la yrb s ;k al ;sü Úm s‘u lpatR tUv) aneK rk tam B ies aF n_eX Ij 0,67g/L. c UrK Nna

Ksp rb s ;kal;sü Úm s‘ ulp a t. yyyy uu uu T §s a ®sþT §s a ®sþT §s a ®sþT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ eK eG aykM ri tr lay rb s ;CaSO4 nigsYr rk Ksp rb s ;va. ed ayE p¥ keT A tam rUb TI7(a)

eyIg) anC Mh a nbME lgd Ucx a geR kam ³ kMri tr la yén CaSO4 kMri tr la yén CaSO4 [Ca2+]nig KspénCaSO4

(g/L) (mol/L) [SO42-]

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy cUrB ini tü emIlk arbME b ké n CaSO4 kñúgT wk ed ay ta g s kMri trl aym : UE l (mol/L) én

CaSO4³ CaSO4(s) Ca2+ (aq) + SO4

2- (aq)

kMri tr la yrb s ; s m as F atu

kMri tr la yC a m :Ulrb s ;s m as F at u

kMh ab ; rb s ; kacu gnigG ajúg

Ksp rb s ; s m as F atu

Ksp rb s ; s m as F atu

kMh ab ; rb s; kacu gnigG ajúg

kMri tr la yC a m :Ulrb s ;s m as F at u

kMri tr la yrb s ; s m as F atu

(a)

(b)


16-30

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 0 0

kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -s +s +s

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): s s

plK uNk Mri tr la yrb s; CaSO4 Kw Ksp = [Ca2+] [SO4

2-] = s2

dMbUge yI gR tUvK Nna cMn Ynm :U lén CaSO4 E dlrla ykñ úg 1L éns Ulu ysü úg sLmol

gCaSO

molCaSO

L

gCaSO=×=× − /109,4

2,136

1

1

67,0 3

4

44

lMnwg kM rit rl ayb g ðaj f ak a l;sü Úm s‘ulp atm Yym : Ul E dlrla yb egá It) an C aGIuy :ug Ca2+ mYym :U lnigG Iu y:u g SO4

2- mYym :Ul. dUc enH enA cM Nucl Mnw gkMh ab ;rb s ;v aK W³ [Ca2+] = 4,9 × 10-3 M nig [SO4

2-] = 4,9 × 10-3 M

dUce nH eyI gG acK N na Ksp Ksp= [Ca2+] [SO4

2-] = (4,9 × 10-3)( 4,9 × 10-3) = 2,4 × 10-5

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³³³³ kMrit rla y énsMNR k Um a: t (PbCrO4) K W 4,5x10-5 g/L. c UrK Nn aplK uN kMr it rla yéns m as F at uenH .

eBlx øH tMé l Ksp sMr ab ; s m as F atumY yR t Uv) a neK pþ l;[ ehI yeK sYr rkk Mh ab ; kMri t

rla yrb s ;s m as F atu enaH . ]Tah rN_ ³ Ksp rb s ;R ) ak;R bUmYK W7,7 × 10-13. eyI gG acK Nn a kMh ab ;k Mr it rla yrb s ; va ta m lMnaM dU cK ñan wgk arK N nae f rbME b kGIu y:ug rb s ;G as IutE dr . dMb Uge yIg R tUvk MN t;R b ePTK ImIE dlm a nvtþm anenA c MN ucl Mnwg . kñúg krN IenH e yIgm anGIu y :u gR ) ak;(Ag+) nigGIu y: ugR bUmY (Br-). tag s C akMrit rla ym : UE l (mol/L) rb s; AgBr. eda y mYyÉk taé n R ) ak;R bUmYeG a yplC aGI uy :ug R ) ak;ni gGIu y:u gR bUmYmYyE dl enA cMN ucl Mnwg esµI nwgs. e yI gG acs eg çb BIbME rbMr YlkMh ab ;d Ucx ag eR ka m÷

AgBr (s) Ag+ (aq) + Br- (aq)


kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -s +s +s

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): s s

CMB YkTI1 6

16-31

Ms 713 108,8107,7 −− ×=×=⇒

tam t ar agT I2 e yI gG acs r e s r³ Ksp = [Ag+] [Br -]

7,7 × 10-13 = (s)(s)

dUce nH enA cMN ucl Mnw g [Ag+] = [Br-] = 8,8x10-7 M

dUec ñH kMr it rla ym : UE lén AgBr k ¾esµ Inwg 8,8x10-7 E dr.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 9999 ³³³³ eda yeR bIT inñn ½y kñ úgt ar agT I 2 cU rK Nn akM ri trl ay rb s ; Tg;E dg(II) G IuR d uksI ut Cu(OH)2

K itC a g/L. y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ eK eG ay Ksp én Cu(OH)2 nigsYr rk Mri tr l ayrb s ;vaK i tC ag/L. e da y E p¥keTA t am

rUb TI 7 (b) ey Ig) anC Mh anbM E lgdUcx a geR kam ³ Ksp én Cu(OH)2 [Cu2+] nig [OH-] kMrit r layC am :UE l kMrit rla yé n

(mol/L) Cu(OH)2 (mol/L) Cu(OH)2 (g/L)

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy C ¿h anT I1 ³ enA eBlE dl Cu(OH)2 bME b k R b ePTK ImIE dlm an kñúgs Ulu ysü úgK WGI u y:u g Cu2+ nig OH-. C ¿h anT I2³ t ag s C ak Mri tr laym : UE lrb s ;Cu(OH)2. eda ymY yÉkt aénCu(OH)2 eG ayplC a GIuy :ug Cu2+ mYy n igGIu y: ug OH- BIr dU cenH enA cM Nu clM nwgk Mh ab; [Cu2+] KW s nig kMh ab; [OH-]

K W 2s. eyIgG acs eg çb bMl as ;bþÚ rkMh ab ;d Ucx ageR k am ³ Cu(OH)2 (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)


kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -s +s +2s

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): s 2s

C ¿h anT I3³ Ksp = [Cu2+] [OH-]2

= (s)(2s)2 = 4s3

2,2 x 10-20 = 4s3

s = 1,8 x 10-7 M

eda yd wgm a:s m :Ulrb s ; Cu(OH)2 97,57g/mol nigk Mri trl a ym :UE lrb s ; va eyIgG a cK Nn a kMri tr la yC a g/L dU cx ageR kam ³


16-32

kMri tr la yrb s; Cu(OH)2= 1,8 x 10-7 (mol/L) x 97,57(g/mol) = 1,8 × 10-5 g/L

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³³³³ cUrK N nak Mri tr la yénR ) ak ; kørY (AgCl) K itC a g/L.

t a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TI 3333 ³ ³ ³ ³ TMn a kTMn a kTMn a kTMn a k ;; ;; T Mn g rv ag T Mn g rv ag T Mn g rv ag T Mn g rv ag Ksp n ig k Mr it rl a yk Mh abn ig k Mr it rl a yk Mh abn ig k Mr it rl a yk Mh abn ig k Mr it rl a yk Mh ab ;; ;; mmmm :: :: Ul Ul Ul Ul (s)

s m as F atu Ksp kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M)

TMn ak; TMn grv ag Ksp nig s kacu g G aj :úg AgCl [Ag+][Cl -] s s 2

12 )(; KspssKsp ==

BaSO4 [Ba2+][SO42-] s s 2

12 )(; KspssKsp ==

Ag2CO3 [Ag+]2[CO2-3] 2s s 3

13 )

4(;4Ksp

ssKsp ==

PbF2 [Pb2+][F-]2 s 2s 3

13 )

4(;4Ksp

ssKsp ==

Al(OH)3 [Al 3+][[OH -]3 s 3s 4

14 )

27(;27Ksp

ssKsp ==

Ca3(PO4)2 [Ca2+]3[PO42-]2 3s 2s 5

15 )

108(;108Ksp

ssKsp ==

dUc] Tah rN_ TI8 nig9 ) a nb gðaj f a k Mri tr la y ni gp lK uNk Mri trl a yK Wm an TMn a k;T Mng K ña. R b sinebIe yI gsÁa l;mY y en aH eyI gG acK N namY yeTo t) an b : uE nþb r im aN nI mYy² pþl ;[ eyIg nUvB ½t ’m ane pS g² K ña. ta rag TI 3b gðaj B IT Mna k;T Mngr vag kMr it rla ym : UE lnigplK u NkM r i t rla ysMr ab ;s m as F a tuGI uy :u gmYyc MnY n.

enA eBlE dleFV Ik arK Nn ak M rit rla y b¤plK u NkM ri tr lay c Urcg ca McM Nucs Mx an; ³dUc t eTA enH ³ 1. kMr it rla yK WC ab r im a Nrb s ;s a rF a tuE dl rla ye nA kñúgb r im a NC ak; lak ;én Tw k. enA kñúg karK Nna lMn wgkM ri trl a y C aF mµt aR t UvK itC aR ka m énF at url ay kñúgs Ulu ys ü úgmYyl IR t. kMri tr la ym :UE l C ac MnY nm :U l rb s ;F at url ay kñú gsUlu ys ü úgmYyl IR t. 2. plK uNk Mri tr la yC aef r lMnwg . 3. kMri tr la ym :UE l k Mri tr la y nig plK uN kMr it rla y T aMgG s ;sM edA e TA elIsU lu ysü úgE q¥t.

CMB YkTI1 6

16-33

karTsSn_TayRbtikmµbegáItkkr tam r y³c MeNH d wgén viF an kM rit rla yn igplK u Nk Mri trl ay ey IgG a cTsS n _ Ta y

fae tIk krn wgG ac ekI tm an rWe TenA eBleK l ays Ulu ysü ú gBIrC amY yK ñ a b¤b E nß m s m as F at u rla yeTA k ñúgs Ulu ysü úgmY y. l T§P aBenH m anR b e ya C n_ka rG nuv tþC a k;E sþg. enA kñúg kar pli t kñúg TIB ies aF nig ]sS ah k mµ ey IgG a ct MrU vkMh ab ;GIu y: u grhUt dl; plK uNG Iu y:u gFMC agt Mél Ksp

edIm ,I TT Yl) ans m as F at umY yE dlm an TM rg;C akk r. lT§P aBk ñúgk ar TsS n_ Ta yR b tikm µb egáI t kkrk ¾m ans ar³sMx an;pgE dr kñúgE pñ kevC ös a®sþ. ]T ah r N_ R K ab ; tMr genam E d lG ac eFIVeG a yQ W cukc ab ;y a: gx øaM gen aH pSMeL I gPaK eR cInB Ika l;sü Úm Guks aL at (CaC2O4) (Ksp = 2,3 x 10-9). kMh ab ;s r Ir³F mµ ta énGIu y: ugk al;;sü Úm k ñúg) øasµ aQ am K WR b E h l 5 mM (lmM = 1 x 10-3M). GIuy :ugGu ks aL a t(C2O4

2-) ) anm kBIG as IutG uks a lic E dlm anv tþm a nenA kñ úgb E nøC aeR cIn d UcC a és <Tw k(rhubarb) nig és <Spinach R b tikm µC amY yGIu y:u gka l;sü Úm ed Im ,Ib egá ItC a kal;sü Úm Gu k s aL atmi nrl ayE d lke kI tb nþi cmþg² k ñúg tMr gen am . kar tM rUv rb b G ah ar rb s ;GñukC M gWeG a y R twm R tUvm anR b eyaC n_C Y yk at;b n ßy ka rb egá Itk kr.

]]]] TTTT ah r Nah r Nah r Nah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 01 01 01 0 eK b E nßm sUluysü úg BaCl2 200mL, 0,0040M eTA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg K2SO4 600mL

0,0080M. etI kk rG ace kI t m aneL Igb¤e T? y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ etIe nA kñú g lkçx NÐE b b N aE dls m as F atuGI uy :ug nwgb eg áI tC ak krBI sUlu ysü úg.

GIuy :uge nA kñú gsUl uysü úgm a n Ba2+ , Cl- , K+ , nig SO42-. eyag tam viF ank Mri tr l ay kk rE dl

G acekI tm a nK WBaSO4. E p¥keTA elIs m µt ikmµE dl pþl ;e G ay ey IgG acK Nna [Ba2+]nig [SO42-]

BIeR BaH ey Igd wgBI cMn Ynm : Ulén GIuy :ugk ñúgs Ulu ysü úge dIm n i gm aDsUl uysü úgs rub rb s ; va. \ L ÚvenH eyIgG acK Nn a Q (Q = [Ba2+]0[SO4

2-]0) nigeR bo b eFo b tMél Q C amYy Ksp én BaSO4 edIm , I eG ay dwg fae tIk krn wge kIt e L Igb¤eTm ann½ yf a R b sine bIsUlu ysü úgC asU lu ysü úg E q¥thYs .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy cMnY nm :Ul én Ba2+ E dlm anvtþm an kñ úgsUl uysü úg edIm 200mL K W

molL

mL

L

molBamL 4

2

100,81

1000

1

0040,0200 −

+

×=×× m aDs rub rb s ;sUlu ysü úgb nÞab ;B Ila yc UlK ñaK W 800mL. kMh ab ;GI uy :ug) arü Úm kñ úgsU l uy

sü úgenH K W ML

mL

mL

molBa 3

42 100,1

1

1000

800

100,8][ −

−+ ×=××=


16-34

cMnY nm :UlG Iu y:ugs ‘ul pa tkñ úg sUlu ysü úged Im 600mL K W mol

mL

L

L

molmL 3108,4

1000

1

1

0080,0600 −×=××

kMh ab ;GI uy :ugs ‘ulp atb n Þab ; BIla ysUl uysü úg cUlK ñ a M

L

mL

mL

molSO 3

32

4 100,61

1000

800

108,4][ −

−− ×=××=

\ L ÚvenH eyI gR tUv eR bo b eFob tMél Q n ig Ksp. tam t a rag TI2 tM él Ksp K W BaSO4 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO4

2-(aq) Ksp = 1,1 x 10-10

cMeBaH tMél Q = [Ba2+]0[SO42-]0 = (1,0 × 10-3)(6,0 × 10-3) = 6,0 × 10-6

dUce nH Q > Ksp s Ulu y sü úgC asUlu ysü úgE q¥th Ys eR BaH tM él Q b Ba ¢ak ;f a kMh ab ; rb s ;GIu y: ugFMeB k. d U ecñH BaSO4 mYycM nYnn wgk e kItC a kkr BIsUl u ysü úg rhUt dl; [Ba2+][SO4

2-]=1,1 × 10-10

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ebIeK b E nßm sUlu ysü úg NaOH 2,00mL 0,200M eT A kñúgsU lu ysü úg CaCl2 1,00L

0,100M etI kkrG acek Itm a neL Igb¤e T? 7 karEjkGIuy:ugedaykarbegáItkkredayEpñk

enA kñúg ka rviP aK K ImI C Y nka l eyIg cg; ykGI uy :ugm YyR b eP TBIsUl u ysü úg e da yka rb e gáI t kkr eh Iy ey IgT ukGIu iy :ug d éTeTo tenA dE d lkñ úgsUl uy sü úg. ]T ah rN _ k ñúg kar b E nßm GIuy : ug s‘ulpa te TA kñ úgsUl uysü úg E dlm anT aMgG Iu y:u gb :U tasü Ú m nigGIu y: ug) a rü Úm b Nþa l[ BaSO4 rgC a kkr E dlC aeh tueFV IeG a ym ank arp þa c;GIu y: ug) a rü Úm BI sUlu ysü úg) an. pl itp ldéT eTo t K W K2SO4 C aF aturl a yenA s l;kñ úgsUl uysü ú g. kk r BaSO4 G acE j kecj BIs U luysü úg eda y eR bIviFIeR caH . s Um ,IE tp li t plTa MgBI rsu T§E tC aF atum inr lay k¾e da y e yIg k¾G a cE j k) aned a y kareR C Is e rIs F a tur Mla ys m R s b edIm ,Ib egá Itk kr. cU rBi nitü emIl sUl uu ysü úgE dl m anGIu y:u gCl-,

Br- nig I-. viFImY ye dIm ,I E j kGIuy :ug TaM genH K WR tUvbM E bøgGIuy :ug TaM genH [ eTA C aR ) ak;G aL ÚE s n E dlminrl ay . t am ry³ tM él Ksp rb s ;G aL ÚE s nx a g eR kam enH

CMB YkTI1 6

16-35

s m as F atu Ksp

AgCl AgBr AgI

1,6 x 10-10

7,7 x 10-13

8,3 x 10-17

kMri tr la yrb s ;G aL ÚE s nen H fycuH BI AgCl eTA AgI. dUc enH enA eBlE dls m a s F atur la y mYyd UcC aR ) ak ;nIR ta tR tU v) a neK b E nßm yW t² eTA k ñúgsU lu ysü úgenH AgI c ab ;ep þIm b egáI tC ak krmun eK b nÞab ;m k AgBr n ig AgCl.

]Tah r N_x a geR kam b g ðaj BIka rE j kGIu y:u gBI r(Cl- & Br -) b :uE n þlM naM enH G acG n uvt þ cMeBaH sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nGIu y:u ge pS gK ñael Is BIB Ir R b sin e bIkkré nkM ri trl ay epS gK ñ a G acR tUvb e gáI t ) an.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 11 11 11 1 ³³³³ ) ak;n IR ta tR tU v) aneK b E nßm yW t² eTA kñ úgsU lu ysü úgE d lrYm m an Cl- 0,020 M nig 0,020

M GIu y: ug Br-. cU rK Nn a kMh ab ; rb s ;GuI y: ugR ) ak;C a(mol/L) E d lR tUv ka rca M) ac ;ed I m ,Ib egáI tkk r AgBr n igk kr AgCl.

y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ kñúgsUl uysü úg AgNO3 bME b kC aGIuy: ug Ag+ nig NO3-. GIuy :ug Ag+ b nÞab ;m k pSMC a

mYyGIu y: ug Cl- nig Br- ed I m ,Ib egáI tC ak kr AgCl nig AgBr. e da ys a r AgBr r lay ti cC ag AgCl ¬vam an Ksp tUcC a g Ksp rb s; AgCl¦ e naH va nwg b egáI tC akk rmun. d UecñH en H K WC alMh at ; énka rb egá Itk kre da yE p¥k . eda ysÁ al;k Mh ab ; én Cl- nig Br- ey IgG acK Nna [Ag+] BIt Mél Ksp. cUrc gca Mf a Ksp sMedA eTA elIsU lu ysü úgE q¥t. ed I m ,Ib egáI tkk r [Ag+] R tUvE tFMC agkMh ab ; kñúgs Ulu ysü úgE q¥t kñú gkr NI nImYy² .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy lMnwg kM rit rl aysM rab ; AgBr K W AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+] [Br -]

MBr

KspAg 11

10

109,3020,0

107,7

][][ −

−

−+ ×=×==

eda y [Br-] = 0,020 M k M h ab ;rb s ;GI uy :ug Ag+ E dlR tUvE tm anb rim aNe lIs e dIm ,I b egáI t C akkr AgBr K W³

dUce nH [Ag+] > 3,9 × 10-11M R tUvk arc aM) a c;e dIm ,I cab ;e pþIm b egá It kkr AgBr . lMnwg kM rit rl aysM rab ; AgCl K W


16-36

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl -]

MCl

KspAg 9

10

100,8020,0

106,1

][][ −

−

−+ ×=×==

dUce nH [Ag+] > 8,0 × 10-9 R tUvk arc aM) a c;e dIm ,Ie pþIm b eg áI tkk r AgCl. edIm ,Ib eg áI tkk r AgBr e da yK µanb e gáI tk krrb s ;G Iu y:u kø r Cl- en aH kMh ab ;GIu y: ug

[Ag+] R tUvE tFMC ag 3,9 × 10-11 M ehIy tUcC ag 8,0 × 10-9 M . l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ plK uNk Mri tr la yén AgCl nig Ag3PO4 K W 1,6 x 10-10 nig 1,8 x 10-18 tam ero g.

R b sinebI Ag+ R tUv) a nb E nßm ¬ed ayK µ ank arE R b R bYlm aD ¦eTA el I 1,00L é nsUlu ys ü úgmYyE d l m an 0,10 mol Cl- ni g 0,10 mol PO4

3- cUrK Nn akMh ab ;énGI Uy :ug Ag+ ¬K i t C a mol/L¦ E dlR tUvk are dIm , Ib egá It (a) kkr AgCl nig (b) k kr Ag3PO4.

]Tah r N_x a gelI enH m ansM nYrf a e tI kMh ab ;GIu y: ug Br- E dlenA s l;kñ úgsUl uysü ú gm un eBlAgClcab ;ep þIm b eg áI tk krenH esµ Inwgb :un µan ? ed Im ,IeqøI ysMn Yre nH eyI g[[Ag+]=8,0×10-9M

eyIg) an³

M

Ag

KspBr

59

13

106,9100,8

107,7

][][

−−

−

+−

×=××=

=

PaK ry rb s ;GIu y: ug Br- E dl enA s l;kñ úgsU lu ysü úg ¬GI u y:u g Br- E dlminb e gáI tkk r ¦ [Br-] minr gkkr %Br- = × 100%

[Br-] edIm

dUce nH (100 - 0,48) P aK r y b¤ 99,52% GI uy :ug Br- nwgR tU vb egá ItC a kkrm uneBl E dl R ) ak;kø rYc ab ;ep þIm b egá It kkr . tam lM naM enH GIu y:ug Br- G a cE j k) aneR cI nBIGI uy :ug Cl-. 8 \T§iBlGIuy:ugrYmkñúgsUluysüúgnigkMritrlay

eyIg) ansi kS ar Ycm keh IyB I \ T§iBl rb s ;GIu y: ugr Ym eTA el I karbME b kC aGI uy :ug rb s ;G asI u t nig) as . c MN ucenH e yIg nw gsikS ae TA elI TM nak ;T Mngr va g\ T§iB lGIu y:u grYm nigk Mr it rl ay.

0,48%100%020,0

106,9 -5

=××

=

CMB YkTI1 6

16-37

dUce yI g) an dwgeh Iy fa plK uNk Mri tr la yC aef rlM nwg eh Iy kkr rb s ;s m a s F a t u GIuy :uge kI tm aneL IgenA eBl NaplK u NGIu iy u:g rb s ;s m a s F atue naH m an tMé lFMC agKsp. ]Tah r N_ enA kñ úgsU lu ysü ú g AgCl E q¥t p lK uNGI uy :u g [Ag+][Cl -] esµInwg Ksp. C agenH eTA eTo t s ÞIsü Ú em R TIg ayR ) ab ;e yIg fa [Ag+]=[Cl -] b:uE nþPa BesµIK ñ aenH minB itR K b ;sßa nP aBenaH e T.

]b m afa e yIgs ikS as Ulu y sü úgmYym ans arF a tu rla y BIrE dlm a nGIu y: ugr Ym K W AgCl

nig AgNO3. b E nßm elI ka r E b kC aGIuy :ugrb s ; AgCl dMe NIr karx ageR kam e nH k¾pþ l;k M h ab ;s rub én GIuy :ugR ) ak ;r Ym enA kñ úgsUl uy sü úgpgE dr³

R b sinebIeK b E nßm AgNO3 eTA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg AgCl E q¥t enaH ka rek IneL Ig énk M h ab ;

GIuy :ugR ) ak ;nw geFVI[ p lK uN GIuy :ugFMC agplK u NkM ri trl ay. Q = [Ag+]0[Cl-]0 > Ksp

edIm ,Ib eg áI tlM nwgeL Igvij AgCl nwgb e gáI tC ak krx øH ec j BIsUlu ysü úgrh Ut dl; p lK uN GIuy :uges µIw nwg Ksp.

dUcenH \ T§ iBlé nka rb E nßm GIuy :ug rYm K Wb Nþa l[ m a nkar fy cuH kM ri trl ay rb s ; GMbil AgCl k ñúgs Ulu ysü úg. cUrc MN aMf a kñú gkr NIe nH kMh ab ;GI uy :ugR ) a k;min esµI nwg kMh ab ;GI uy :ug kør eTo te T enA cM Nuc lMn wg b :uE n þ kMh ab; [Ag+] > [Cl-].

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 21 21 21 2 cUrK N nak Mri tr la yrb s ;R ) a k;kø rYK i tC a (g/L) kñúgs Ulu y sü úgR ) ak;nIR ta t 6,5×10-3 M .

y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ enH C alMh at ;BI GIuy :ug rYm . k rNI enH GIu y:u g rYm C a Ag+ E dl) anp þl; eda y AgCl n ig AgNO3. cU rcgc aM fa vt þm anénGI uy :ug rYm nwgb :H B al; d l;E teTA e lIk Mri tr la yén AgCl b :ueN ÑaH b :uE nþvam inb :H Bal ;e TA elI tMé l Ksp eT BIeR BaH vaC ae frl M nwg.

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy

C ¿h anT I1 ³ GIu y:u gE dlm a n kñúgs Ulu ysü úgK WGI uy :ug Ag+ ¬E dl) anm k BI AgCl nig AgNO3¦ nig GIuy :ug Cl-. cME NkGIu y: ugn IR ta t NO-

3 C aGIu y:u gs ,úi ct aT ½ r. C ¿h anT I2³ eda y AgNO3 C aeG L icR tU lItx øaM gE dlr l ay v abME b kTa MgR sug³

)()()( 332 aqNOaqAgsAgNO OH −+ + →

6,5 x 10-3 M 6,5 x 10-3 M

)()()( 332 aqNOaqAgsAgNO OH −+ + →


16-38

tag s C ak Mr it rla ym :UE l rb s; AgCl enA k ñúgs Ulu ysü úg R ) ak;nIR ta t AgNO3. ey Ig ) an pøas ;bþ Úrk Mh ab ; dUcx ageR kam ³

AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): 6,5 × 10-3 M 0,00 kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -s +s +s

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): (6,5 10-3 + s) s

C ¿h anT I3³ Ksp = [Ag+][Cl -]

1,6 × 10-10 = (6,5 × 10-3 + s)(s)

eda y AgCl C as m as F a tuE dlB i) ak rla y eh Iyv tþm an énGI uy :ugR ) ak ;E dl) a n m kB I AgNO3 ) anb nß yk Mri tr la yrb s; AgCl E fm eTo t dU cenH s R tU vE tm an tM élt Uc Nas ;eb IeR bo b eFo b eTA nwg 6,5 × 10-3. dUcenH e yIgG acG nu vtþ viFIR b E h l 6,5 x 10-3 + s ≈ 6,5 x 10-3 eyIg) an³

1,6 × 10-10 = 6,5 × 10-.3 s s = 2,5 × 10-8 M

C ¿h anT I4³ enA cMNu clM nwg

MCl

MMAg8

383

105,2][

105,6)105,2105,6(][−−

−−−+

×=×≈×+×=

dUce nH karR b E h lrb s ;e yIg G acTT Yly k) an kñú gC ¿h a nTI 2. ed ay kMh ab ;G Iu y:u g Cl- TaMgG s ; TTY l) anm kB I AgCl dUc en H b rim aN AgCl E dlrl ay kñúgs Ulu ysü úgR ) ak ;nIR t atK W 2,5 × 10-8

M pgE dr. ka rdw gm a:s m :Ulrb s; AgCl(143,4g) ey IgG acK Nna kMr it rla yrb s; AgCl

dUcx ag eR kam ³ 2,5 × 10-8mol/L × 143,4g/mol = 3,6 × 10-6g/L

e pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa t ; ; ; ; kMr it rla yé n AgCl kñ úgT wksu T§K W 1,9 x 10-3g/L ¬emI llMh at;G n uv tþn _k ñ úg ]Tah r N_ TI9 ¦. dUe cñH kM rit r lay Tab C ag (3,6 x 10-6) kñúgv tþm a nén AgNO3 K ws m eh tupl . GñkG ac TsS n_ Ta yd wgf a kM rit rla y Tab ed ay eR bIeK al kar N_ Le Chatelier. k ar b E nßm GIuy: ug Ag+ rM kill Mnw gK ImIe TA eqVg dUec ñH vab nß yk Mri tr la yén AgCl.

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ K Nnak Mri tr la yK itC a g/L én AgBr kñ úg (a) T wksu T§ n i g (b) kñ úg 0,0010 M NaBr.

CMB YkTI1 6

16-39

9 pH nigkMritrlay kMri tr la yrb s ;s arF a tuC aeR cInk ¾G aR s½y eTA el I pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úgE dr. c UrBi nit ü

emIllMn wgk Mri tr la yrb s ;m a:ej sü Úm GIuR d uksI ut³ Mg(OH)2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

karb E nßm GI uy :ugGI uR du ksIu t(OH-) ¬b egá In tMél pH¦ rM ki llMnw gBIsþ aMe TA eqVg d Uec ñH b n ßy kMri tr la yrb s; Mg(OH)2. ¬enH C a]T ah r N_mY yeTo tén\ T §iBl rb s ;GIu y: ugr Ym ¦. pÞúye TA v ij karb E nßm GI uy :ug H+¬b n ßy tM élpH¦ r Mki llMn wgB IeqVge T A sþaMvij eh Iy kMr it rla yrb s ;Mg(OH)2

ekIneL Ig. dU cenH ) as minrla ym a nT Mena rrl ay e nA kñúgs Ulu ysü úgG as Iut . dUcK ña enH E dr G asIu tminr la ym an TMe nar r laye nA kñ úgsUl uysü úg) a s .

edIm ,I rk\ T §iBlC ab rim a Nén pH eTA elIkM ri trl ay rb s; Mg(OH)2 eyIgnwgK Nna pH

rb s ;sUlu ysü úg Mg(OH)2 E q¥t. eyI gG acs res r³ Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = 1,2 × 10-11

tag s k Mri trl a ym :UE lrb s; Mg(OH)2 eyI g) an³ Ksp = (s)(2s)2 = 4 s3

4s3 = 1,2 × 10-11

s3 = 3,0 × 10-12 s = 1,4 × 10-4 M

dUce nH enA cMN ucl Mnw g ey Ig ) an³ [OH-] = 2 × 1,4 × 10-4 M = 2,8 × 10-4 M

pOH = - log(2,8 × 10-4)= 3,55 pH = 14- 3,55 = 10,45

kñúgm C Äd æanE d l pH tUcC a g 10,45 kMr it rla yrb s ; Mg(OH)2 G acek IneL I g. enH k¾ eda ys arE tka lN a pH ka n;E tT ab en aH kMh ab ;[H+] kan;E tFM ehI yk Mh ab ;[OH-] kan;E tt Ucd Uc eyIg rMB wgT ukB I Kw = [H+][OH-]. dUecñH k Mh ab ;GI uy :ug [Mg2+] ekIneL Iged Im ,Ir kS a lkçx NÐ lMn wg ehIym : UelK ul Mg(OH)2 r layE fm e To t. lM naM rla ynig\ T§i Blrb s ; kMh ab ;G Iuu y:u g[H+] elIs G acs egçb x ag eR kam ³

Mg(OH)2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

2H+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) 2H2O (l)

Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l)


16-40

R b sinebIpHénm C Ä dæ ane naH FMC ag 10,45 e naH [OH-] G acm an tM élFMC ag ehI y kMri t rla yrb s; Mg(OH)2 G ac fyc uH eda ys a r\ T§ iBlrb s ;GIu y:ug rYm (OH-).

pH k¾C H \ T§iBle TA elI kMr it r lay rb s ;GMbilE d lpÞ úkG a j :úgC a) as E d r. ]T ah r N_ lMnwg kMri tr la ysMr ab ; BaF2 K W³

BaF2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq)

Ksp = [Ba2+][ F-]2

kñúgm C Äd æanG asIu t kMh ab; [H+] x<s ;nwgr Mki llM nwgb n Þab ; eTA enH BIeqV geTA sþ aM÷ H+ (aq) + F- (aq) HF (aq)

enA eBlkMh ab ;[F-] fyc uH enaH kMh ab; [Ba2+] R tUvE te kIneL I ged Im ,Ir kS al kçx NÐ lM nwg . dUce nH BaF2 rlayE fm e To t. lM naM énk arr la yni g \ T§iBl rb s; pH eTA el IkM ri trl ay rb s ; BaF2 G acs egçb d Ucx ag eR k am÷

BaF2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2F- (aq)

2H+ (aq) + 2F- (aq) 2HF (aq)

_____________________________________________

BaF2 (s) +2H+ (aq) Ba2+ (aq) + 2HF (aq)

kMri tr la yrb s ;GMb ilE dlp Þú kG aj :ú g E dlmineFV IGIuR dUlI s minrg\ T§ iBlB IpHe T. ]Tah r N_ énG aj : úg TaM genH K W Cl-, Br-, ni g I-.

]Tah r N_1 3 nig1 4 b gð a j BI\ T§i Blrb s ; pH eTA e lI kMri tr la y. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 31 31 31 3

etIs m as b n þeTA e nH mYyN a E dlrla yk ñúgs Ulu ysü úgG asIu tC agk ñúg Tw k÷ (a)CuS (b) AgCl (c) PbSO4?

y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ kñúgkr NIn ImYy ² cUrs res rR b t ikmµbME b ké nGMbile TA C akac ugn igG aj :ú g. k acug n wg mineFIVG n þrkm µC amY yGIu y:u gH+eT BIeR BaH GIu y: ug TaM gBIr e nH m anb nÞú kG K ÁIs nI viC ¢m a ndU cK ña. G aj : úg nwgm anG MeBIC aG ñkT TY lR bUtu g ebIv aK WC a) as qø as ;é nG a sIutex S ay. e tIk arp þac ;G a j :úgm an\ Ti§ Bl dl;k Mri tr la yrb s ;GMb ily a:gd Ucem þc?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy (a) lM nwg kMr it rla yrb s; CuS K W CuS (s) Cu2+ (aq) + S2- (aq)

CMB YkTI1 6

16-41

GIuy :ugs‘ ulp YK WC a) as ex S a y eR BaH vaC a) as qø as ;énG asIu tex S a y HS-. d UecñH GI uy :u g S2-

m anR b tikmµC amYyG Iu y:u g H+ dUcx ageR kam ³ S2- (aq) + H+ (aq) HS- (aq)

R b tikmµenH pþ ac ;GIu y:u g S2- BI sUlu ysü úg. e ya gt am eK a lkar N_ Le Chatelier cM Nuc lMnwg nwg rMk ile TA x agsþ aM e dI m ,IC MnYs GI uy :ug S2- E dlR tUv ) anpþ ac; C aeh t ueFIV eG ay kM ri trl ay rb s ; CuSekIneL Ig.

(b) lMn wgk Mri tr la yK W AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

eda ys arG Iu y:u g Cl- C a) as qøas ;rb s ;G asIu tx øa Mg(HCl) dUcenH kM ri trl ay rb s ;AgCl KW minR tUv) anrg\ T§i Bled ays Ulu ysü úgG asI ute T.

(c) l Mnwg kM rit rl ay rb s; PbSO4 KW PbSO4 (s) Pb2+ (aq) + SO4

2- (aq)

GIuy :ugs‘ ulp atK WC a) as ex S a y eR BaH vaC a) as qø as ;é n G asIu tex S a yHSO4-. dUe cnH

GIuy :ug SO42- m anR b tikmµC a mYyGIu y: ug H+ dUcx ageR kam ³

SO42- (aq) + H+ (aq) HSO4

- (aq)

R b tikmµenH pþ ac ;y kGIu y:u g SO42- BIsUlu ysü úg. e yag tam eK al ka rN_ Le Chatelier

cMNu clM nwgn wgr Mk ileTA x a g sþaM e dIm ,IC M nYs GI uy :ug SO42- E dl) anpþ ac;

E dlC aeh t ueFIVeG ay kMr it r lay rb s; PbSO4ekIneL Ig b nþicb n þÜck ñúgs Ulu ysü úgG a sIut. l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ etIs m as F a tux ageR kam Na x øH E dlrla yeR cIn kñ úgT wkeR cInC agb¤ kñ úgsUl uysü úgG a sIut

eR cInC ag³ (a) Ca(OH)2 (b) Mg3(PO4)2 (c) PbBr2?

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 41 41 41 4 cUrK N nak Mh ab ;sU lu ysü úg TwkG am :Uj : ak;E dlca M) ac ;ed Im ,Ib gákk rE dk(II) GI uR du k sIutB I

sUlu ysü úg FeCl2 0,0030M. y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ y uT §s a ®sþ cMeBaH E dk(II) GIuR duks Iu t edIm ,Ib e gáI tk kr plK uN [Fe2+][OH-]2 R tUvE tFMC agt Mél Ksprb s ;va. d MbUge yIgR tUv K Nnak Mh ab ;GI uy :ug [OH-] BIkMh ab ; [Fe2+] sÁal; nig tM él Ksp rb s ;


16-42

vaE dlm a nkñ úgt ar agT I2. enH K WC akMh ab ; OH- é n sUlu ysü úgE q¥t Fe(OH)2. b nÞab ;m k eyIgR tUvK N na kMh ab; NH3 E dlnwgR tUvp þl; eda yk Mh ab ;én OH- enH . TIb Ba© b; kMh ab; NH3

NaE dlFMC agt MélK N na nwgb gáeG aym ankk rén Fe(OH)2 eda ys a rsUl uysü ú genH nwgk øa y C asUlu ysü úgE q¥thYs .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy G am :Uj : ak;m anR b ti kmµC amY y Twke dIm ,Ib e gáI tGI uy :ugOH-E d lb nÞab ;m k v am anR b tikm µ

C amYy Fe2+ edIm ,Ib eg áI tC a Fe(OH)2. R b tikmµ lMn wgE d lekI tm anK W NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4

+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Fe2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Fe(OH)2 (s)

dMbUg ey Igr kkMh ab ;[OH-] E dlelIs B Ien aH Fe(OH)2cab ;epþIm b eg áI tkk r. e yIg G ac s res r

Ksp = [Fe2+][OH-]2 = 1,6 × 10-14 eda ys ar FeCl2 C aeG L icR tUl Itx ø aMg [Fe2+] = 0,0030 M ehIy

MOH 6

1214

2-

103,2][

103,50030,0

106,1][OH

−−

−−

×=

×=×=

b nÞab ;m ke yI gK Nna kMh ab; NH3 E dlnwgR tU vpþl ;GIu y: ug OH- 2,3 × 10-6 M. tag x C akMh ab ; edIm rb s; NH3 (mol/L). e yIgs e gçb bME rbMr Ylk Mh ab ;E d lb Nþa lm kBIGI uy :ug kmµén NH3 dUc teTA÷

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

kMh ab ;e dIm (M): x 0,00 0,00

kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M): -2,3 × 10-6 +2,3 × 10-6 +2,3 × 10-6 ___________________________________________________________________________

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M): x − 2,3 × 10-6 2,3 × 10-6 2,3 × 10-6

eda yka rC Mn Ys kMh ab ;lM nwgk ñú gkenS am s Mrab ;ef rGIu y:u gkmµ ÷

Mx

x

NH

OHNHKb

6

56

66

5

3

4

106,2

108,1)103,2(

)103,2)(103,2(

108,1][

]][[

−

−−

−−

−−+

×=⇒

×=×−

××

×==

CMB YkTI1 6

16-43

dUce nH kMh ab ;rb s; NH3 R tUvE tm an tMé lFMC ag 2,6 × 10-6 M ed Im ,Ib eg áI tkk r Fe(OH)2 .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ K Nnae dIm ,Ib B a¢a k;f ae tIk kr nwgb egá Itb ¤G t; R b sinebI 2,0mL én NH3 0,60M R tUv) an

b E nßm eTA elI 1,0L é n FeSO4 1,0 x 10-3.

10101010 lMnwgGIuy:ugkMupøícnigkMritrlay R b tikmµG asI ut -) as rb s ;L W vIs E dlk ñúge naH ka cuge lah ³pSMC amY y) as L WvIs p þ l;pl

C akMNG Iu y:u gkM upøi c. d Uce nH eyIgG ac[ ni ym n½ y G Iu yG Iu yG Iu yG Iu y :: :: ug kug kug kug k uu uu Mp øicMp øicMp øicMp øic C aGI uy :ugE d lm anka cug elah ³ kNþ alcgs m < ½n§C amYym :Uel K ulb¤GIu y:u gmYyb ¤eR cIn . GIuy: ugk uMp øicm a ns a r³sM x an;N as ;c MeBaH dMeN Ir karK Im Ini gC Iv³C aeR c In . enA cM Nuc enH ey Ign wgsi kS aBI\ T §iB lénk MNGI uy :ug kuM pøice TA elI kMr it rla y.

elah ³qøgm a nT Mena red a yE L kkñúg kM NC aGIu y: ugk uMpø ic eR BaH vam anGu ksIu tkmµ eR cInC a g mYy. lkç N³enH G ac[ elah ³qøge dI rtY y a:gm a nR b siT§P aBC aG as Iu tL WvIs kñú gR b tikmµC am Yy m :UelK ulb¤G Iu y:u gC aeR cI n E dledI rt YC aGñk pþl;[ eG L i cR tugb¤e dI rt YC a) as L Wv Is . ]Tah r N _ sUlu ysü úgkU) al;(II) kø rYm a nBN’p áaQ U k BIeR B aH vam anv tþm an énGI uy :ugCo(H2O)6

2+¬rUb TI8 ¦. enA eBlE fm G asI utk ør IR Dic sUlu ysü úgenH E R b C aBN’ex o veda ys ar kM NC aGIu y: ugk uMpø i c CoCl4

2- ÷

Co2+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) CoCl42- (aq)

Tg;E dg(II) s‘ul pa t(CuSO4) rlay kñú gT wkb egá It) a nsUlu ysü úgB N’ex o v. GIu y:u g Tg;E dg(II) GIuR d ae t K WC a GIuy :ugE dl pþl ;BN ’enH . cM E NkÉ GMbils‘ ulp at déT eTo t d UcC a Na2SO4 KµanB N’e T. k a rb E nßm sUlu ysü úgG am : Uj : ak; E dlm ank Mh ab ;x <s ;E tBI r-bI dMN k;e TA kñú g

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 8888 ³³³³ ¬¬¬¬ x a gex a gex a gex a ge q Vgq Vgq Vgq Vg ¦¦¦¦ sUl uy sü úg k UsUl uy sü úg k UsUl uy sü úg k UsUl uy sü úg k U )))) alalalal ;; ;; k ør Yk ør Yk ør Yk ør Y m une Blm une Blm une Blm une Bl E fm G as IutE fm G as IutE fm G as IutE fm G as Iut v av av av a m an BN ’p áaQ Ukm an BN ’p áaQ Ukm an BN ’p áaQ Ukm an BN ’p áaQ Uk . . . . ¬¬¬¬ x a gsþa Mx a gsþa Mx a gsþa Mx a gsþa M ¦¦¦¦ s Ul us Ul us Ul us Ul u y sü úg kUy sü úg kUy sü úg kUy sü úg kU )))) alalalal ;; ;; k ør Yk ør Yk ør Yk ør Y b n Þabb n Þabb n Þabb n Þab ;; ;; BIE fm G a sIutBIE fm G a sIutBIE fm G a sIutBIE fm G a sIut v a m anv a m anv a m anv a m an B N ’ex o vB N ’ex o vB N ’ex o vB N ’ex o v ....

B N ’páa Q UkB N ’páa Q UkB N ’páa Q UkB N ’páa Q Uk BN ’ex o vBN ’ex o vBN ’ex o vBN ’ex o v


16-44

sUlu ysü úgTg ;E dgs‘ ulp at enH b Nþa l[ m ank MNk kr BN’ex o vR s al E d lC akk r Tg;E dg (II) GIuR duks Iu t Cu(OH)2.

Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s)

GIuy :ug OH- R tUv) anpÁ t;p Ág; eda ysUl uysü úgG am :Uj :ak ; . R b sinebIeK b E nßm sUlu y sü úg G am :Uj a k;E fm eTo t kk rB N’ex o venH nw grl ayeL Igvi j b egáIts Ulu ysü úgB N’ ex o vcas ;y a :g R s s ;s¥ate BlenH K Wb N þal m kBIkM NGIu y: ugk uMp øic Cu(NH3)4

2+ ¬rUb TI9 ¦. Cu(OH)2(s)+4NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)4

2+ (aq) +2OH-(aq) dUce nH kMNG Iu y:u kuMp øicCu(NH3)4

2+b egáInkMr it rla yrb s ;Cu(OH)2. rgVas ;T Mena rénG Iu y:u gelah ³ kñúg karb e gáI tC aGI uy :ug kMpø ic NamY yen aH K WR tUv) a npþl ; eda y

e f re f re f re f r k MNk MNk MNk MN Kf ¬¬¬¬ b¤b¤b¤b¤ e f re f re f re f r sßir P a Bsßir P a Bsßir P a Bsßir P a B ¦¦¦¦ E dlC aef rlM nwgs Mrab ; kM N GIuy :ugk uMp øic . k alN a Kf kan;E tFM e naH GIuy :ugk Mpø ick an;E tm ansß irP a B. ta rag TI4b g ðaj B Ief rkM NénGI uy :ugk Mup øicm Yyc MnY n. kMNé nGIu y: ug Cu(NH3)4

2+ G actaged ay s mIkar ÷ Cu2+ (aq) + 4NH4 (aq) Cu(NH3)4

2+ (aq)

E dlefr kMN rb s ;v aK W 134

32

243 100,5

]][[

])Cu(NH[ ×== +

+

NHCuK f

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 9999 ³³³³ ¬¬¬¬ x a gx a gx a gx a g eq Vg ¦eq Vg ¦eq Vg ¦eq Vg ¦ sUl uy sü úg T wk rb ssUl uy sü úg T wk rb ssUl uy sü úg T wk rb ssUl uy sü úg T wk rb s ;; ;; T gT gT gT g ;; ;; E dgsE dgsE dgsE dgs ‘ul p at‘ul p at‘ul p at‘ul p at . . . . ¬ k Nþa l ¦¬ k Nþa l ¦¬ k Nþa l ¦¬ k Nþa l ¦ b n Þabb n Þabb n Þabb n Þab ;; ;; B Ib E n ßm s Ul uy sü úgB Ib E n ßm s Ul uy sü úgB Ib E n ßm s Ul uy sü úgB Ib E n ßm s Ul uy sü úg T wkT wkT wkT wk G amG amG amG am :: :: UjUjUjUj :: :: a ka ka ka k ;; ;; x abx abx abx ab ;; ;; B Irb Id MN kB Irb Id MN kB Irb Id MN kB Irb Id MN k ; ; ; ; k kr BN ’ex o vR s alk kr BN ’ex o vR s alk kr BN ’ex o vR s alk kr BN ’ex o vR s al énénénén Cu(OH)2 )))) a nk ek Ita nk ek Ita nk ek Ita nk ek It . . . . ¬¬¬¬ x agx agx agx ag sþa M¦sþa M¦sþa M¦sþa M¦ e nA eB le nA eB le nA eB le nA eB l s Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úg T wkT wkT wkT wk G amG amG amG am :: :: UjUjUjUj :: :: a ka ka ka k ;; ;; x a bx a bx a bx a b ;; ;; R tUvR tUvR tUvR tUv )))) a na na na n b E n ßmb E n ßmb E n ßmb E n ßm e To t e To t e To t e To t kk rkk rkk rkk rCu(OH)2 r la yr la yr la yr la y eL Ig vij eL Ig vij eL Ig vij eL Ig vij e dIme dIme dIme dIm ,,,, Ib e gáItIb e gáItIb e gáItIb e gáIt G IuG IuG IuG Iu :: :: yyyy :: :: ug kug kug kug k uu uu Mp øicMp øicMp øicMp øicCu(NH3)4

2+BN ’ex o vc asBN ’ex o vc asBN ’ex o vc asBN ’ex o vc as ;; ;; ....

CMB YkTI1 6

16-45

t a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TI 4444 ³³³³ e fre fre fre fr kMN é nkMN é nkMN é nkMN é n GGGG IuyIuyIuyIuy :: :: ug kug kug kug k uu uu Mp øicMp øicMp øicMp øic e R C Is er Ise R C Is er Ise R C Is er Ise R C Is er Is mYy c Mn Yn k ñúg T wkmYy c Mn Yn k ñúg T wkmYy c Mn Yn k ñúg T wkmYy c Mn Yn k ñúg T wk250C

GIuy :ugk Mup øic s mIkarl Mnw g efrk MN Kf

+23)(NHAg Ag+ + 2NH3

+23)(NHAg 1,5 × 107

−2)(CNAg Ag+ + 2CN- −

2)(CNAg 1,0 × 1021 −2

4)(CNCu Cu2+ + 4CN- −24)(CNCu 1,0 × 1025

+243)(NHCu Cu2+ + 4NH3

+243)(NHCu 5,0 × 1013

−24)(CNCd Cd2+ + 4CN- −2

4)(CNCd 7,1 × 1016 −2

4CdI Cd2+ + 4I- −24CdI 2,0 × 106

−24HgCl Hg2+ + 4Cl- −2

4HgCl 1,7 × 1016

−24HgI Hg2+ + 4I- −2

4HgI 2,0 × 1030

−24)(CNHg Hg2+ + 4CN- −2

4)(CNHg 2,5 × 1041

+363)(NHCo Co2+ + 6NH3

+363)(NHCo 5,0 × 1031

+243)(NHZn Zn2+ + 4 NH3

+243)(NHZn 2,9 × 109

tMél K f d ¾FMkñ úgk rNI enH b gðaj f aGIu y: ugku Mpø icm a n sßirP aBK Yrs m k ñúgs Ulu ysü ú gnig b Ba¢ak ;f a kMh ab ;rb s ;GI uy :ug Tg;E dg(II) tUc Nas ;e nA cM Nu clMn wg.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 51 51 51 5 ³³³³ eK bE nßm Tg;E dgs‘ ulpa t CuSO4 0,20mol eTA kñúgsUl uysü úg G am :Uj : ak; 1L

kMh ab; 1,20M. e tIk Mh ab ;GI u y:u g Cu2+ enA cMNuclM nwg e sµIb :un µa n? y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ karb E nßm CuSO4 eTA elIsUl uysü úg NH3 b egáIt) anC aGI uy :ug kuMp øi c

Cu2+ (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) Cu(NH3)42+ (aq)

tam t ar agT I4 Kf m a nt Mél FM (5,0 × 1013) dUcenH Tis e dA R b tikmµe TA x agsþ aM. e nA cMN u c lMnwg kMh ab ;Cu2+nwgm an tM é ltUc Nas ;. dU ecñH e yIgG ac s nµt fa GIu y: ugCu2+TaMgG s ; E dlrla y kñúgs Ulu ysü úgR t Uvb egá It) a nC a Cu(NH3)4

2+. etIb ri m aN NH3 b :u nµ annw gm anR b tikmµC am Yy 0,20molénCu2+? etICu(NH3)4

2+ b:unµ anm :U lnw gR tUvb e gáI teL Ig ? b rim aN Cu2+ tic tYc Nas ; n wg m anvt þm ane nA cM Nucl Mnw g. s res rs mIk arsM rab ; cMN uc lMnwgx agel I edIm , Ied aH R s ayrk[Cu2+].

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy b rim aN NH3 E dleR bIkñ úgk ark MNGI uy :ugk uMp øicK W 4 x 0,20mol = 0,80mol. ¬cUrc gc a M

fa GI uy u:ug Tg ;E dg 0,20mol Cu2+ E dlm anvt þm an kñú g sUlu ysü úgni g NH3 4,0m :U elK ulR tU vka r caM) a c;e dIm ,Ib e gáI tk uMpø icE dl m anGIu: y: ug Tg;E dgm Yy ¦. dU cenH kMh ab ;G am : Uj :a k; enA cMN ucl MnwgK W


16-46

(1,20-0,80 )=0,40M ehI yCu(NH3)42+ 0,20M esµInwgk Mh ab ;e dIm rb s ;Cu2+. ¬m anpleFo b

mU:l 1:1 rva gCu2+ nigCu(NH3)42+). edays arCu(NH3)4

2+ bME b ktic tYcb n þe To t ey Igt ag x

C akMh ab ; rb s ;GIu y: ugT g;E dg e nA cMNu clM nwg e yI g) an ÷

4

32

243

]][[

])([

NHCu

NHCuk f +

+

=

4

13

)40,0(

20,0100,5

x=×

kñúg kar edaH R s a yrk x eyIgR tUv caM fam a Déns Ulu y sü úg 1Ld UecñH e yIg) an x = 1,6 x 10-13 M = [Cu2+]

e pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa t ;; ;; ³³³³ tMél [Cu2+] tUcenA cMN ucl Mnwg enH s m eh tu plcMeB aH karR b E h lrb s ;e yIg. l Ml Ml Ml M h ath ath ath at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ R b sinebI 2,50g é n CuSO4 R tUv) anrMl a ykñ úg 9,0 x 102mL én 0,30M NH3

etIk Mh ab ; én Cu2+ , Cu(NH3)42+, nig NH3 enA cMNucl M nwgesµ Inw gb :un µan ?

\ T§iBl kMNG Iu y:u gku Mpø icC a TUe TA b egáIn kMr it rla y rb s ;s ar F atu d Ucb gð aj k ñúg] Tah r N _

x ageR kam . ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 61 61 61 6 ³³³³ cUrK Nna kMri tr la yrb s; AgCl kñ úg sUlu ysü úgG am :Uj :a k; (NH3) 1,0M. y uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþy uT §s a ®sþ ³³³³ AgCl rlay ti ctY cb :ue NÑ aH kñúg Tw k

AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

GIuy :ug Ag+ b egáI tGI uy :ug kuMp øi cC amYyNH3 ¬emIlt ar agT I 4¦ Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)2

+ (aq)

karbU ks mIka rlM nwg Ta MgBI re nH nwgT TYl) ans mIk arl Mnw g TaM gmUlc MeBaH d MeN Irk ar R b tikmµenH . c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy C ¿h anT I1 ³ R b ePTK ImIenA kñ úgsUl uysü ú gmundMb Ugm an Ag+, Cl- nig NH3. R b tikmµrv a g

GIuy :ugR ) ak ;ni gG am :Uj :a k;b egá I t) anC aG Iu y:u gku Mpøí c Ag(NH3)2+.

C ¿h anT I2³ s mIkarl Mnw g AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

10106,1]][[ −−+ ×== ClAgKsp

CMB YkTI1 6

16-47

Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)2+ (aq) 105,1

]][[

])([2

3

23 ×== +

+

NHAg

NHAgK f

________________________________________________________

AgCl (s) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)+

2 (aq) + Cl- (aq)

efrl Mnwg K sMrab ;R b tikm µs rub K WC aplK u Nef rlM nwg rb s ;R b tikmµn ImY y² ÷

310

23

23

104,2)105,1)(106,1(

][

]][)([

−−

−+

×=××=

==NH

ClNHAgKKK fsp

tag s C a kMr it rla yrb s; AgCl (mol/L). e yIgG a cs egçb bME rbM rYlk Mh ab ; E d l) anm kBI ka r kekI tC aGI uy :ugk uMp øic dUcx ageR kam÷

AgCl (s) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)+

2 (aq) + Cl- (aq) kMh ab ;e dIm (M) 1,0 0,0 0,0

kMh ab ;E R b R bYl (M) -s -2s +s +s

kMh ab ;l Mnw g (M) (1,0 - 2s) s s

efrk MNGI uy :ug kuMp øi c Ag(NH3)2+ m antMélFMK Y rs m dU cenH GIu y:u gR ) ak;P aK eR cInm a ns t ß i-

PaBenA k ñúg TMr g;k uMpø ic. e da yG vt þm ané nG am : Uj ak ;enA cM Nucl Mnw gey Igm a n[Ag+]=[Cl -]. eday s arkM NGIu y: ugk uMp øic e yI gG a cs res r[Ag(NH3)2

+]=[Cl -]

C ¿h anT I3³

2

23

2

)0,1(104,2

)20,1(

))((

s

s

s

ssK

−=×

−=

−

bMBak;b £s kae rG gÁ Ta MgBI r e yIg) an ÷

Ms

s

s

045,0

20,1049,0

=⇒

−=

C ¿h anT I4³ enAcMNu clM nw g AgCl 0,045mol rlayenAkñú gsUlu ysüú gGam:Uj: ak; NH31,0M, 1L. e pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa te pÞó g pÞa t ; ; ; ; kMri tr la ymU:E lr b s ;R ) ak;kø rYe nA kñú gTw ksu T§K W 1,3 × 10-5M dUcenH k M NGIu y:u gkM upø ic

b egáIn kMr it rla yrb s ;R ) a k;k ø rY¬ rUb T I1 0¦.


16-48

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 1 01 01 01 0 ³³³³ ¬B I¬B I¬B I¬B I x agx agx agx ag eq Vg eTA s þa M¦ kMNeq Vg eTA s þa M¦ kMNeq Vg eTA s þa M¦ kMNeq Vg eTA s þa M¦ kMN k k r k k r k k r k k r AgCl e nA eBl eK b E n ßme nA eBl eK b E n ßme nA eBl eK b E n ßme nA eBl eK b E n ßm sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg sUl uy sü úg AgNO3 e TA ke TA ke TA ke TA k ñúg ñúg ñúg ñúg s Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úgs Ul uy sü úg NaCl. . . . eb IeK b E n ßmeb IeK b E n ßmeb IeK b E n ßmeb IeK b E n ßm sUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úgsUl uy sü úg NH3 ¬ rUb TI¬ rUb TI¬ rUb TI¬ rUb TI 3333 ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ en aHen aHen aHen aH k krk krk krk kr AgCl nwgnwgnwgnwg rl a yrl a yrl a yrl a y e da y e da y e da y e da y b e gáb e gáb e gáb e gá It G uIy uIt G uIy uIt G uIy uIt G uIy u :: :: gggg Ag(NH3)2

+ E dlG a crl a yE dlG a crl a yE dlG a crl a yE dlG a crl a y )))) anananan .... l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³³³³ cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lé n AgBr k ñúgs Ulu ysü úg NH3 1,0M.

TIb Ba© b; e yIg kt;s MK al ;fa m anGIuR du ks uI tmY yR b ePT E dleK [ eQ µaH fa GI uR duk s Iut GMpUE TG acm anR b ti kmµC amY yG asI utp gnig) as pg. ] Tah r N_é n) as enH ³Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2,

Cr(OH)2, Zn(OH)2 ni g Cd(OH)2. dU cenH Al(OH)3 m anR b tikm µC amY yG a sIut nig) as dUc x ageR kam ÷

Al(OH)3 (s) + 3H+ (aq) → Al 3+ (aq) + 3H2O (l)

Al(OH)3 (s) + OH- (aq) Al(OH)4-

kare kIneL Igén kMr it rla y r b s ;Al(OH)3 kñú gm C Ädæa n ) as K WC alT§ plén kM N GIuy :ug kuMp øic Al(OH)4

- E dl Al(OH)3 edIr tYC aG asI utL W vIs e hIy OH- e dIr tYC a) as L Wv I s . GIuR du ksIu l GMpUE Td éTe To tk ¾m anl kç N ³R b h ak;R b E h lenH E dr. 11 karGnuvtþeKalkarN_plKuNkMritrlayeTAelIkarviPaKKuNPaB

enA kñúg em ero nmun ey Ig) a nsikS aB IeK al ka rN_ viPaK R kavIm aR t E dle yI gvas ;b ri m aN GIuy :ugE dlm anenA kñúg PaK sM Nakmi nsÁa l;. e nA cM Nuce nH eyI gnwg BiPa kS ay a:gs eg çb B I

k a rv iP ak a rv iP ak a rv iP ak a rv iP a KKKK K uN Pa BK uN Pa BK uN Pa BK uN Pa B E dlC aka rkM Nt;R b eP TénGI uy :ugE d l m anvt þm ane nA kñú gsUl uysü ú g. eyIg nwg epþa teTA e lIk acu g.

m anka cugg ay² R b m aN20E dley IgG a cviP aK enA kñ úgsU luysü úg Tw k. kac ugT aM genH G ac E ckC aR ) aMR k um G aR s½ yeTA el IplK u NkM ri trl ay énGMbilmi nrl ay rb s ;va ¬ tar ag TI5 ¦. eda ysUl uysü úgm insÁ al;G acm anGI y: ugB ImYy eTA20 dUcenH R K b ;ka rviP aK R tU vE tdMe NI rka rC a

CMB YkTI1 6

16-49

R b B½n§BIR kum TI1 d l;R kum TI5 . eyI gnwg Bin itü emIl TM r g;ka rT UeTA sM rab ; karE j kG Iu y:u gT aMg20e nH eda yka rb E nßm Pñ ak; garb e gáI tkk reTA k ñúgs Ulu ysü úgmin sÁal;.

c MN a M c MN a M c MN a M c MN a M kuMR cL MB akü :R kum :enA eR kam nwg kñu gt ara gTI 5E dlT k;Tg eTA Ksp C amYyBakü :R kum : kñúg ta ragx Yb .

---- k ac ugR kum TIk ac ugR kum TIk ac ugR kum TIk ac ugR kum TI 1111÷ enA eBl HCl ragR tUvb E nßm e TA kñ úgsU luysü úgm insÁ al; K Wm anE t GIuy :ug Ag+, Hg2

2+ nig Pb2+ eTE dlke kItC akk rkø rYmi nrl a y. GI ui y:u gepS ge To t E d l GMbilkø rYrb s ; varl ays ßi tenA kñ úgsU lu ys ü úg.

---- k ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kum 2222÷ b nÞab ;BIk krkø rYR t Uv) a ny kecj e da y viFIeR caH m k GIuR d UE s ns‘ul pYm a n R b tikmµC amY ysUl uysü ú gG asIu tE dlmins Áal ;. kñ úgkr NIenH kMh ab ;rb s ;GI uy :ug S2- enA kñúg sUlu ysü úgG ace cal) an. dUce nH kkr rb s ;el ah ³s‘ul pYG ac tage da ys mIk ar ÷

M2+ (aq) + H2S (aq) MS (s) + 2H+(aq)

karb E nßm G as Iu teTA k ñúgs Ulu ysü úgr Mkil lMn wgK ImIe nH eTA eqVg dU cenH m anE tela h ³s‘ulpYE d l rla yt ice T ¬m ann ½y fa tMél KSP tU cbMpu t¦ nw gek I tC akk recj B IsUl uysü úg . GMbils‘ ul p Y TaM genaH m a n ÷ Bi2S3 , CdS, CuS, nig SnS ¬emIlt a rag TI5 ¦.

---- k ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kum 3333÷ enA dMN ak; kalenH s Udü Úm GIuR duks Iut R tUv) anb E nßm e TA kñ úgsU lu y sü úg edIm ,IeF VI[ sUl uysü úgm an lkçN³) as . e nA kñú gsU luysü úg) as l Mnwg nwg rM kile TA x agsþa M. dUce nH naM[ GMbi ls‘u lpYE dl rla yC ag (CoS, FeS, MnS, NiS, ZnS) nwg k C akkre cj B I sUlu ysü úg. cU rcM Na MfaG Iu y:u g Al 3+ nigGIuy :ug Cr3+ BitC ake kI tC akk r Al(OH)3 nig Cr(OH)3

R b esIrC agkk rs‘u lpY TaM gen aH BIeR BaH GIuR duksI ut Ta Mge nH m anka rrl ay tic . b nÞ ab ;m ksUl uy sü úgenH R tUv) a neK eR caH ed Im ,IykG Mbil s‘ ulpYmi nrl ay nigGIuR duks Iutm inr la yT aMge nH .

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 1 11 11 11 1 ³³³³ ¬ BIe qVg e TA sþa M¦ BN ’G Nþa t eP øIg rb s¬ BIe qVg e TA sþa M¦ BN ’G Nþa t eP øIg rb s¬ BIe qVg e TA sþa M¦ BN ’G Nþa t eP øIg rb s¬ BIe qVg e TA sþa M¦ BN ’G Nþa t eP øIg rb s ;; ;; l Ic Um s Udü Úm bl Ic Um s Udü Úm bl Ic Um s Udü Úm bl Ic Um s Udü Úm b :: :: Ut a sü Úm n ig TgUt a sü Úm n ig TgUt a sü Úm n ig TgUt a sü Úm n ig Tg ;; ;; E d gE d gE d gE d g

R kh mR kh mR kh mR kh m elO gelO gelO gelO g s Va ys Va ys Va ys Va y éb t géb t géb t géb t g


16-50

---- k ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kum 4444÷ b nÞab ;BI kac u gR kum 1 R kum 2 nigR kum 3R tUv) a ny kecj B IsUl uysü ú gm k sUdü Úm kabU Na tn wgR tU vb E nß m eTA kñú gsUlu ysü úg) as edIm ,Ib egá ItC akk rrb s ; GIui y:u gBa2+,Ca2+

nig Sr2+ C a BaCO3, CaCO3, nig SrCO3.. kkrTa M genH k¾R t Uvy kecj B IsUl uy sü úgeda yviF I eR caH E dr.

---- k ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kumk ac ugR kum 5555÷ enA dMNak ;k alenH kac ugE dlG acenA s l;kñ úgsUl uysü úgm anE t Na+,

K+, nig NH4+ vtþm a nénGIu y: uG am : Uj :Úm G a cR tUv) a nkMN t; eda yk arb E nßm sU lu ysü úgsU dü Úm

GIuR duks Iu t÷ NaOH (aq) + NH4

+ (aq) → Na+ (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)

]sµ½nG am :Uj : ak;G acsMK al;e d ays a rk øin rb s ;va b ¤d ak;R kdas tY NWsulR kh m es Im E dl nwgE R b C aBN’R kh m enA eB lR tUv) a neK da k;e nA E pñkx ag elIéns Ulu ysü úg¬ da k;min [ b :H sUluy - sü úg¦. e dIm ,Ib B aöa k;v tþm an rb s ;GIu y:u gsUdü Úm n igb : Ut asü Úm eyIgE tgE teFV Ie tsþe da y G Nþa tePø Ig dUc teTA e nH÷ E x S ) aøTInmY ydu M¬ eR C Is erIs yk) a øT Ined a ys ar vaC ae lah ³n icl ¦ R tUv) an epSIm eda ysUl uysü úg b n Þab ;m k vaR tU v) aneK eFI Ve tsþC amY yG Nþa tePø Igc MBuH b‘u nsin.

kacu gelah ³ énR b ePTn ImY y² pþl; nUvB N’s MK al; epS g ² K ñaenA eBleFV Ie tsþrebo b en H . ]Tah r N_ B N’E dlb eB a© j eda yGIu y: ugsU dü Úm m anB N’elO g GI uy :ugb : Ut asü Úm m anBN’s Va y nigGIu y: ug Tg;E dgm anB N’éb tg¬ rUb T I1 1 ¦.

t a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TIt a r ag TI 5555 k arE b gE ck ka cug C aR kumk arE b gE ck ka cug C aR kumk arE b gE ck ka cug C aR kumk arE b gE ck ka cug C aR kum eTAeTAeTAeTA t am R b t ikm µb e gáI t k krt am R b t ikm µb e gáI t k krt am R b t ikm µb e gáI t k krt am R b t ikm µb e gáI t k kr ed a yeR b IerG a ked a yeR b IerG a ked a yeR b IerG a ked a yeR b IerG a k ;; ;; T IbT IbT IbT Ib x usx usx usx us ²²²² K ñaK ñaK ñaK ña R kum kacu g R b tikmµb egáI tk kr s m as F atumi nrl ay Ksp

kñúgsUluy süúg)a s

kñúgsUluy süúgG a sIut

K µa nerG a k;TIbsMra b;egáI tkkr

CMB YkTI1 6

16-51

cMNu cBI rE dlT ak ;Tg nwgk ar viPaK b rim aNR t UvE tb B a¢a k;. TI1 karE b gE ck kac ugC a R kum enH R tUveFV IeL Ige da yC Me rIs t am G aceFI VeTA ) a n. m an n½ yfa G aj : úgE dlR t Uvb E nß m C aerG ak ;TIb R tUvE tb eg áI tkk rC amY yR b ePTka cug ticb Mpu t. ] Tah rN_ R K b ;k acug Ta MgG s ;e nA R kum TI1 b eg á It C aGMbils‘u lpYmi nrl ay. dUce nH R b sinebI H2S m a nR b tikmµC am YysU lu ysü úg enaH enA cM Nuc cab ;ep þIm en aH GMbils‘ ulpYR b m aN 7 nwgb e gáI tC ak kr ecj BIsUl uysü ú g¬k ac ugR kum 1 nigR k um 2¦e nH C alT§ plE dle yIg mincg;) an. TI 2 k arE j kkac ugk ñúgC ¿h ann ImYy² R tUvE t dMe NI rka r eBj elj t am E dlG ac eFVI) an. ]T ah r N_ R b sinebIe yIgb E nßmHClminR K b ;R K an; e TA kñúgs Ulu y sü úgminsÁa l;e dIm ,IE j kk ac u gR kum 1 Ta MgG s ;e T kacu g TaM genH nwgb e gáI tC ak krC am Y yR kum 2 C a GMbils‘ul pa tminr la yE d leR C o tE R C kkarviP aK K ImIb nþeTo t ehIy nwg naM eTA r kk ars nñ id æanE d l m anlMeGo g. r Ub TI1 2 s egç b lMnaMs Mr ab ;E j kGIu y: ugel a h ³.

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 1 21 21 21 2 ³³³³ K Mn UsK Mn UsK Mn UsK Mn Us ta gk arE j kk a cug enA kñúg k a rv iP aK b r im aNta gk arE j kk a cug enA kñúg k a rv iP aK b r im aNta gk arE j kk a cug enA kñúg k a rv iP aK b r im aNta gk arE j kk a cug enA kñúg k a rv iP aK b r im aN

R kum1 begáItkkr AgCl, Hg2Cl2,

PbCl2

R kum2 begáItkkr CuS, CdS, SnS,

Bi2S3

R kum3 begáItkkr CoS, FeS, MnS, NiS

ZnS, Al(OH)3 , Cr(OH)3

R kum3 begáItkkr BaCO3, CaCO3,

SrCO3

sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nGIu y:u gR K b ;R kum kacu g

sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nGIu y:u gR kum enA s l;

sUluy süúgE d lma nGIuy :ugR ku menA s l;

sUluy süúgE d lma nGIuy :ugR ku menA s l;

sUlu ysü úgE dlm a nGIu y:u g Na+, K+, NH4

+

cMera H

cMera H

cMera H

cMera H + HCl

+ H2S

+ NaOH

+ Na2CO3


16-52

KImIGnuvtþn_ k a rr kS a k a rr kS a k a rr kS a k a rr kS a pH é nQ amé nQ amé nQ amé nQ am

s tVf ñak ;x <s ; TaM gG s ;R tU vka rR b B½n§Q am r t;e dIm , Idw kna M\ n§ n³ nigGuks IuE s ns R m ab ;d M eN Ir karC Iv it rb s ;v a ni ged Im ,Ib e Ba© j kaks MNl ;. k ñúgs ar BagÁk a ym nusS k arp øas ;bþ Úr s R m ab ;R TR Tg ; C Ivite nH R b R Bwtþe TA kñú gs nÞn I ym anc lna cuH eL IgehA f a Q amQ amQ amQ am E dlm anR b E h l 5L k ñúgm nusS eBj v½ yC am Fü m . Q am Edlr t;B as eBj kñ úgC al ik adw knaMG uksI uE s nnigs aF at uc iB a© wm edIm , IrkS a ekasi ka[ m anC I vi t nigb e Ba© j kabUn DIGu ksIu tn igr Ub F a tusM Nl; dé TeTo t . eda y kareR bIR ) as ; R b B½n§t Mb :ugmY yc MnY n F mµC a ti) a npþl ;viFIs a®sþ d¾m anR b siT§P aBy :agx øaM gs R m ab ;pÁ t; pÁg;Gu ksIuE s n nigk arb eB a© j kabUn DIGu ksIu t. Q am K WC aR b B½n§sµ uúK sµaj y: a gx øaMg b :uE n þs R m ab ;eK albM Ngrb s ;e yI g e yIgR tUv kar Bini tü emIlE te TA elIs m as P aK sM x an;BI r³ )ø asµ aQ am nig ek asikaQ am R kh m b¤ e K al ik aR khe K al ik aR khe K al ik aR khe K al ik aR kh mmmm . )øasµaQ am pÞú ks m as F a tuC a eR cIn E dl rYm m anR bUe tGI un GIu y: ugel ah ³ ni gpUsV a t G s rI rag Á. eK alik aR kh m pÞú km :Ue lK ule G m :UkøÚb ‘Ín k¾ dUcC aG g;sI um G anIR das kabU nic E dlk at a lIs Ta Mgk MN G asIu tkabU nic (H2CO3) nig karbME b krb s ;va³ CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

s arF a tux ag kúñ geK al ikaR k h m R tUv) ank arB arB Is nÞ nI y eR kA ekasik a¬) øasµ aQ am ¦ eda y Pñas ek asik aE dlG n uBa Øa t [ E tm :UelK ulx øH eG ays ay qøgka t;v ab :ue NÑ aH . pH én)øasµ aQ am R tU vrkS aen A R b E h l 7,40 edayR b B½T§ tMb :u gmY ycMn Yn E dlsMx a n;C a geK bMputK WR b B½ n§ HCO3

-/H2CO3. kñúgeK al ikaR kh m E dlm an pH R b E h l 7,25 R b B½n§t Mb :ugs Mx an ; K W HCO3

-/H2CO3 nigeG m :U køÚb‘ Ín. m :Ue lK uleG m : Ukø Úb‘ÍnK W C am :UelK ulR bUe tGI unk uMpø ic ¬ m :as m :Ue lK ul 65 000g¦ E dlm a npÞ úkR bUt u gGIuy :ug kmµC aeR c In. C a kar ) a:n;R b m aN ey IgG a cca t; Tu kvaC aG as Iu t m :UNUR bU TicE d lm an TR m g;HHb:

HHb(aq) H+(aq) + Hb-(aq)

E dl HHb ta g[ m :UelK ule G m :UkøÚb ‘Ín nigHb-t ag[ ) as qøas ;énHHb. Guks IueG m : Ukø Ú b‘Ín(HHbO2)

E dlkek IteL I ged ayb nS Mén GuksIuE s nC amY yeG m : Ukø Úb‘Ín K WC aG asIu tx øa MgC ag HHb:

HHbO2(aq) H+(aq) + HbO2-(aq)

CMB YkTI1 6

16-53

CA

dUck ñúg rUb x ageR k am enH b gð a j kabUnD IGuks Iu tE dlpl it eda ylM naM em tab UlIs s a ye TA kñúg eK alik aR kh m E dlvaR tUvbM E bøgPøam eTA C a H2CO3 eda yG an IR das k abUn ic³ CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

GIuy :ugkm µénG as Iu tkab Uni c H2CO3(aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3

- (aq)

m anplBI ry :ag . T ImYy GIuy :ugb‘ Íkab UNa ts a yP ay ecj BIeK a lik aR kh m nigR tUv) a nd wkn a M eda y)øas µaQ am e TA ka n;sY t . enH K WC aclnk arc Mb gs R m ab ;karb eB a© j kabU nDIG uk sIut. T IBI r GIuy :ug H+ r Mki llMn wge TA x ag m :UelK ulG uksIu eG m :Uk øÚb‘ ÍnE d lmineFVIG Iu y:u gkmµ³ H+(aq) + HbO2

-(aq) HHbO2(aq)

eda ys ar HHbO2 b eBa© j GuksIuE s nelO nC ag) as qøas ;rb s ; va(HbO2-) kM NG asIu tC M r uj

[ R b tikmµx ageR k am BIeqV ge TA sþaM³ HHbO2(aq) HHb(aq) + O2(aq)

m :UelK ulG uksIuE s n O2 s ayPa yecj B IeK al ikaR kh m nigR tUvR sUb yke da yek a sika déTe dIm , I dMeN Ir kar em tab UlIs . s rés bþÚrQ am C alik a eK alikaR kh m eFVIeG ayB N’R s al

O2 O2 + HHb

HHbO2 HbO2- + H+

CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

HCO3-

) aøsµa kardwkn aMnigk arbe B a© j GuksI uEs n - kabUn DI GuksI ute day Q am . (a)sMBa Fe day Epñké n CO2 x< s;C ag kñúgC ali kae m tab UlIsk ñúg) aøsµa. dUe c ñH v asay e TAkñúgsré sb þÜ rQam nig bnÞa b;m ke TAkñ úge K a lika


16-54

CA

Rkhm Edlv aRtUv b MEbøge TAC a Ga sIutk abUnic e day Gg;s Ium G anI RdaskabUn ic(CA). bnÞab ;m kR bUtu g Edlpþl;e day Gas Iut kab Unic pSMC amYy Gaj :ú g HbO2

- e dIm , Ibe gáI tC a HHbO2 EdlRt Uv bMEbkC ac uge Rkay e TAC a HHb nig O2. e day sar sMBaFe day Epñké n O2 kñúge K al i kaRkhm x<s;C agkñú gC alik am :Ue l Kul GuksI uEsn say e c j BIe K alikaR khm nigbn Þab ;c Ule TAkñ úgC ali ka. GI uy :ug b‘Ík abUN a tk¾say e c j BI e K alikaRhm p gEdr n igRtUv d wkn aMe day )aøsµ ae TAkan ;s Yt.

s rés bþÚrQ am sYt eK alik aR kh m eFVIeG a ys

O2 O2 + HHb HHbO2 HbO2 + H+

CO2 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

- HCO3

-

) aøsµa

(b) e nAkñúgsY t dMe N Irk ar RtUv b® Ba© as TisT aMgRsu g. m :U e lKulGuksI uEsn say BIs YtEd le nA TIe n aHv am an sM BaFe day Epñkx <s; C age TAkñúge K al ikaRkhm . e nA TIe n aH v apS MC amYy HHb e dIm , Ibe gáIt C aHHbO2. RbUtugEdlp þl;e da y HHbO2 pSMC amYy GIuy : ugb ‘Íka bUN atEdls ay e TAkñúge k alika Rkhm BI)aøs µae dIm , Ibe gáI tC a GasI utka bUni c . kñúgv tþm an Gan IRdaska bUnic GasIutk abUn ic RtUv )an b MEbøge TAC a H2O nig CO2. bnÞ ab;m k CO2 say e c j BIe K alikaRkhm nige TAkñú gsYtEdlv aRtUv ) an be Ba© j e day de gðIm e c j . enA eBls rés E v: nR tL b ;e T A sYt dMe NIr ka rx agel IR tU v b ®Ba© as m kvij . eBl enH GIuy :ug

b‘ÍkabU Na ts a ye TA kñú geK a likaR kh m E dlvam anR b tikmµC amYy eG m :Uk øÚb‘ Íne dIm ,Ib egáI tC aG as I ut kabUn ic³ HHb(aq) + HCO3

-(aq) Hb-(aq) + HCO3 (aq)

b nÞab ;m k P aK eR cIné nG asI u tenH R tUv) anbME bøge TA C a CO2 edayG anIR d as kab Unic ³ H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(aq)

CMB YkTI1 6

16-55

kabUn DIGuks Iu ts a yeTA k ñúg sYt n igR tU v) anb eB a© j ed a ydeg ðIm e cj enA T Ib Ba© b ;. kMNGI uy :ug Hb-

¬ed ayR b t ikmµ rvag HHb ni g HCO3- b gðaj kñ úgr Ub x ag elI¦ k¾m an TMe na rR sUb ykGu ksIuE s nen A

kñúgs Ytp gE dr Hb-(aq) + O2(aq) HbO2

-(aq)

eda ys ar Hb- c Ulci tþG uk sIuE s nx øaM gC ag HHb. enA eBlQ am kñ úgs rés G akE T hUrR tL b ;e TA kan;C alik as Ba ’gÁ ka y vd þT aMgmUl enH ekI tdE dl² eL Igv i j .

**********************************

KImIGnuvtþn_ e t IsMb ks ‘ut R t Uvb eg áIt eL Igd Uc em þce t IsMb ks ‘ut R t Uvb eg áIt eL Igd Uc em þce t IsMb ks ‘ut R t Uvb eg áIt eL Igd Uc em þce t IsMb ks ‘ut R t Uvb eg áIt eL Igd Uc em þc

kMNsMb ks‘u tm an ;K WC a] Ta h rN_E dlK Yr[ cab ;G armµ N_ éndM eNI rk arb egá It kkr tam F mµC ati.

sMb ks‘u tC am Fü m m anTm¶n ; R b E h l 5g ni gm ank al;sü Úm R b E h l 40%. PaK eR cInén kal ;sü Úm kñú gsMb k s‘utR t UvBg ecj m kkñ úgr y³eBl 16 e m :ag. en aH m an n½y fa v argC aR s Tab ;e nA el,Ó nR b E h l C a 125mg kñúgm Yyem :ag. K µanem m an ;N a G acsIu kal ;sü Úm rh½s ed I m ,IbMeBj nU vt MrUv kare nH ) aneT . vaR tU v) anp Á t;pÁ g;e da ym :as énq¥wg Bies s kñú gq¥wgE vg rb s ;em m an; E dlR b mUl) an BI karbM rug Tuk y: ageR c Inén ka l;sü Úm s R m ab; kMNsMb ks‘u t. ¬s m as P a K G s rIrag Áka l;sü Úm énq¥ wgK W C akal ;sü Úm pUsV at [Ca3(PO4)2] E dlC a s m as F atumi nrl ay ¦. R b sinebIem m an ;R tUv) an[ cM NIE dlm a nC at ik al;sü Úm T a b sMb kBg rb s ;vak øa ye TA C aesþI gC ag. em m an; enaH R b E h lC aR tUvE t eR bIR ) as ;10%é nb rim a Nkal ;sü Úm s rub enA kñ úgq¥w grb s ;v a ed a yR K an;E t edIm , IBg) a ns‘u tmY y!. enA eB lka rpÁ t;p Ág;G arh a renA E t m anC at ika l;sü Úm T ab b nþe T o t karp li ts‘u tR tU vQ b ;C a yfa eh t u.


16-56

[) as qøas ;]

[G asIut]

sMb ks‘u tpSMeL IgPaK eR c InBI kal;s Iu t E dlC as Næa nR kam én kal ;sü Úm kabU Na t (CaCO3). F mµta rUb F a tu e dIm K WCa2+ nig CO3

2- R tUvdw knaM eda yQ am e TA R keBj sMb k. d MeN Ir karb eg áI tfµ kMe) arenH K WC aR b tikmµb e gáI tk kr³ Ca2+(aq) + CO3

2- (aq) CaCO3(s)

kñúgQ am GIu y: ug Ca2+es rIK Wm anlM nwgC amY yGI uy :ug ka l;sü Úm E dlcgP ¢ab ;C am YyR bUetGIu n. enA eBlGIu y:u ges r IR tUvR sUb e da yR keBj sMb k GI uy :uges rIb E nßm eTo tR tUv) anpþ l;e da yka rbME b ké n kal;sü Úm E dl cgP¢ ab ;C amY yR bUetGI un. GIuy :ugk abU Na tE dlc aM) a c; s R m ab ;karb eg áI tsMb ks‘ utK W C aG nuplé nem t abUlIs . kab Un DIGuks Iu tR tUv) anpl it kñú geB ldMe NIr ka rem t abUlIs R tUv ) anbME bøgeTA C aG asIu tk abUni c(H2CO3)

eda yG g;sI um G an IR das k abU nic(CA). CO2(g) + H2O(l) CO3(aq)

G asIu tkabU nic eFVIGI uy :ug kmµC aBIrC Mh ane dIm ,Ip li tC aGIu y: u gkabU Na t³ H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3

-(aq)

HCO3-(aq) H+(aq) + CO3

2-(aq)

m an;minE b kej Is eT dUec ñH ehIyR t UvE t dgð k;e dIm ,IeF VI[ x øÜnrb s ;B Ykv aR tC ak ;. k ar dgðk ; b eBa© j CO2 eR cInBIx øÜnrb s ;m an;C a gka rd kdeg ðIm F mµt a. ey agt am eK al kar N_ r b s ;elak Le

Châtelier ka rdg ðk; nwg rMk il lMnwg CO2—H2CO3 dUcb gðaj x ag elIB Isþa MeTA eqV g E dlC aeh tueF V I [ m ankarb nß ykMh ab ;énGI u y:u gCO3

2-kñúgsUl uysü úg ni gC aeh tub Nþa l[ sMb ks‘ u tesþI g. karE k b Baðae nH K WR tUvp þl;[ m a n;n Uv Twkk abU Na tpwk kñú gG ak as F atue kþA . b r im aNCO2 E dlrla yk ñúg Twk) a nb E nßm CO2 eTA kñúgs nÞnI yx øÜ nrb s ;m a n; n igrM kil lMnwgCO2—H2CO3 eTA x agsþaM.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

smIkarKnøwH log+= pKapH (4) s mIkar Henderson-Hasselbalch

CA

CMB YkTI1 6

16-57

segçbehtukarN_nigbBaØtþi 1. \ T§iBlG Iu y:ug rYm m a nTM ena rr a raMgG Iu y:u gkmµé nG asI utex S a ynig) as ex S a y. GM eBIe nH G acR t Uv

) anBnü l;e da yeK al ka rN_ Le Chatelier. 2. sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ugK WC ab nSMé n G asIu tex S a ynig) as qøas ;ex S ayrb s ;va ¬pþl ;ed a yGMbil ¦ b¤) a s

ex S ayn igG asI utq øas ; rb s ;va ¬pþl ;ed ayG Mbil¦ . sUl u ysü úgenH m anR b t ikmµC am Y yb rim a N tic tYc énG as Iu t b¤) as E d l ) anb E nßm cUl tam rebo b E dl pH rb s ;s Ulu ysü úgsw gE tenA ef r dE dl. R b B½n§ tMb : uge dIr tY ya : gsMx an; kñú gka rrkS a pH éns nÞnI yk ñúgs arBa gÁk ay .

3. pH enA cMNu cs m mUlén G R tam aR tG as Iu t-) as G aR s½ye TA elIGI uR dUl Is énGMb i lE dlkek It eL Igkñ úgR b ti kmµb nS ab . cM eBaH G R tam aR tG asIu tx øa Mg - ) as x øaMg pH enA cM Nucs m mUlK W 7. cMeBaH G R t am aR tG as Iu tex S a y-) as x ø aM g pH enA cM Nuc s m mUlFMC ag 7. cMeB aH G R tam aR t G asIu tx øaM g-) as ex S ay pH e nA cMNu cs m mUl tUcC a g 7.

4. F atuc g¥ú lBN ’G asI ut -) as K W C aG asIu tb¤) as s r Ir agÁex S a y E dlbþÚ rBN ’enA cM Nu c s m mUlkñúg R b tikmµb nS ab G as Iu t-) as .

5. plK uNk Mri tr la y Ksp b gðagB IlM nwg rvagG gÁF a tur wgn i gGIuy :ug rb s ;v akñ úgsUl uysü ú g. kMr it rla yG acR t Uv) a nK Nn aBI Ksp ni gR cas m kv ij .

6. vtþm a nénGI uy :ug rYm b nß yk Mri yrl ay énGMbil . 7. kMri tr la yénGMb ilrl ay ti ctY cE dlm anG aj :ú gC a) as e kIneL I g enA eBlE d lkM h ab ;GIu y :u g

GIuR dUE s nek IneL I g. kMr it rla yénGMb ilE dlG aj :úg) anm kBIG asIu tx øa Mgmin rg\ T §i Bleda y pH eT.

8. GIuy :ugk Mup øicR tUv) anb egá IteL I gkñúgs Ulu ysü úge da yb nSM é nkac ugel ah ³C amY ynw g) a s L Wvis . efrk MN Kf vas ; TM ena reTA r kkMNG Iu y:u gkM upø icC ak ;la k;. kMNGI uy :ug kuMp øicG acb eg áIn kMri tr la y éns arF atum inr la y.

9. viFIviP aK K uNP aBC ak ark MN t;G t þs Ba Øa Nka cugn igG aj :ú genA kñú gsUl uysü úg. BaküKnøwH

s Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mbs Ul uy sü úg t Mb :: :: ugugugug Buffer solution 16-6

\\\\ T§iB lG IuyT§iB lG IuyT§iB lG IuyT§iB lG Iuy :: :: ug r Ymug r Ymug r Ymug r Ym Common ion effect 16-2

G IuyG IuyG IuyG Iuy :: :: ug kug kug kug k uu uu Mp øicMp øicMp øicMp øic Complex ion 16-43


16-58

c MN uc b B a© bc MN uc b B a© bc MN uc b B a© bc MN uc b B a© b ;; ;; End point 16-22

e f re f re f re f r k MNk MNk MNk MN(K f) Formation constant 16-44

k Mr it r l aymk Mr it r l aymk Mr it r l aymk Mr it r l aym :: :: UU UU EEEE llll(s) Molar solubility 16-29

k a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aKk a rv iP aK K uN Pa BK uN Pa BK uN Pa BK uN Pa B Qualitative analysis 16-48

k Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ayk Mr it r l ay Solubility 16-29

p lK uN k Mr it r la y p lK uN k Mr it r la y p lK uN k Mr it r la y p lK uN k Mr it r la y (K sp) Solubility product 16-26

sMnYrniglMhat;

\\\\ T§iB lG IuyT§iB lG IuyT§iB lG IuyT§iB lG Iuy :: :: ug r Ymug r Ymug r Ymug r Ym s MN Yr r Ml wkem ero ns MN Yr r Ml wkem ero ns MN Yr r Ml wkem ero ns MN Yr r Ml wkem ero n 1. cUreRbIeKalkarN_ Le Chatelier edIm,I Bnül;BI \T§i BlénGIu y:u grYmeTAelIpHrbs;sU lu ysüúg. 2. cUrB iBN’ na ;BI\ T i§Bl elI pH ¬ekI neL Ig fyc uH b¤enA e fr¦ E d lb Nþ alm kBI ka rb E nßm dUc t

eTA enH ¬k ¦b :U tasü Úm G a es ta teTA el IsUl uysü úgG asIu tG aes T ic ¬x ¦G am : Uj :Úm nIR ta teT A kñúgs Ulu ysü úgG am : Uj : ak; ¬ K ¦sUdü Úm prm :a t(HCOONa)eTA e lIG asI ut prmic ¬X ¦ b :Ut asü Úm kørY eTA k ñúgsU lu ysü úgG asI ut kørIR D ic ¬g ¦) a r:ü Úm GIu y: UDY eT A kñúgsU lu ysü úgG asI ut kør IR Di c.

3. cUreG a yn iym n½ y pKa é nG asIu tex S a y. e tIm a nTM n ak; TMng y a:g Nar vag tM él pKa ni g kMla MgG as Iut ? c UreFI VdU cK ñae nH cMeBaH ) as ex S a y.

4. pKa énG asIu tm : UNUR bU tugB Ir HA n ig HB K W 5,9 ni g 8,1 tam e ro g. e tIG as Iu tN amYyC a G asIu tx øaM gC ag ?

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 5. cUrk MN t; tMé l pH rb s; ¬ k¦sUl uysü úg CH3COOH 0,40 M ¬x ¦sUluysü ú gE dlm a n

CH3COOH 0,40 M nig CH3COONa 0,20 M. 6. cUrk MN t; tMé l pH én ¬k ¦ sUlu ysü úgG am :Uj :a k; NH3 0,20 M ¬x ¦sUluysü úgE dlm an

NH3 0,20M nig NH4Cl 0,30M.

CMB YkTI1 6

16-59

sUluysüúgtMb:ug s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk 7. dUcemþ cE dlehA f asUl uys ü úgtMb : ug? e tIG VIE dlb e gáI t) a nC asUlu ysü úg tMb : ug? 8. etIGñ kR tU vE j kPaBx us K ñ arv a gsUlu ysü úgG asI ut nigsU luysü úg tMb : uge nA tMé l pH esµIK ñ a

ya: gdU cemþc ? eK eG a yE t pH E m :R t Twk n igsI uL aM gsMr a b ;vas ;b : ueN ÑaH . l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 9. etIsU lu ysü úgx ageR k am enH Nax øH G ace dIr tYC asUlu ys ü úgtMb : ug?

(a) KCl/HCl (b) KHSO4/H2SO4 (c) Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 (d) KNO2/HNO2

10. etIsU lu ysü úgx ageR k am enH Nax øH G ace dIr tYC asUlu ys ü úgtMb : ug?

(a) KCN/HCN (b) Na2SO4/NaHSO4 (c) NH3/NH4NO3 (d) NaI/HI

11. cUrK N na pH é nsUlu ysü ú gtMb : ugE dlb eg áI teL Ig eda y 0,15 M NH3/0,35 M NH4Cl.

12. cUrK N na tMél pH rb s ;sU luysü úg tMb : ugB Ird Uc teTA en H ÷ (a) 2,0 M CH3COONa/ 2,0 M

CH3COOH, (b) 0,20M CH3COONa/ 0,20M CH3COOH. etIsU luysü úg tMb : ug mYyN a E dlm anR b si T§P aB C ageK ? eh t uGVI ?

13. pH rb s ;sUl uysü úg tMb : ug énGIu y:u gb‘Í kabU Na t-G as Iu t kabUn icK W8,0. c UrK N nap leFo b kMh ab ; rb s ;G asI utk abUn ic (H2CO3) nigGIuy: ugb‘ ÍkabU Na t(HCO3

-). 14. cUrK N na tMél pH rb s ;sU luysü úg tMb : ug 0,10 M Na2HPO4/ 0,15 M KH2PO4. 15. pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úgt Mb :u gé nsUdü Úm G aes ta t-G asIu tG aes Ti c K W4,50. cUrK N na pleFo b

kMh ab; [CH3COOH]/[CH3COO-]. 16. pH) aøsµ arb s ;Q am K W7,40. eda ys n µt fasU lu ysü ú gtMb : ugsM rab ;) a øsµ aQ am enH K WHCO3

-

/H2CO3. cUrK Nn apleF o b kMh ab; [HCO3-] /[H2CO3]. etIsUluysü ú gt Mb :u genH m a n

R b siT§PaBC am Yys Ulu ysü ú gG asIu tE dlE fm b¤sU lu y sü úg) as E dlE fm ?

17. cUrK N na pH rb s ;sU lu y sü úgtMb : ug 0,20M NH3/0,20M NH4Cl. etI pH rb s ; sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ug enH esµI nwg b :unµ an b nÞ ab ;B Ib E nßm sUlu y sü úgG asIu tkø rIR Di c 10,0mL kMh a b ; 0,10M eTA kñ úgsUl uysü úg tM b :ug 65,0mL?

18. cUrK N na pH rb s ;sU lu ys ü úg 1L é nt Mb :ug 1,00M CH3COONa/1,00M CH3COOH

munnig eR ka yeBlE fm (a) NaOH 0,080mol (b) 0,12mol HCl ¬s nµtf a m aDr b s ; sUlu ysü úgminE R b R bYleT¦ .


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19. G asIu tDIR bU Tic H2A m an ef rGIu y:u gkmµ dUc teTA Ka1 = 1,1 ×10-3 nig Ka2 = 2,5×10-6. edIm ,IeF VIsU lu ysü úgt Mb :ugm Y yE dlm an pH = 5,80 etIe yIgR tUveR C Is e rIs ykb n SMNamY y ? NaHA/H2A b¤ Na2A/NaHA.

20. sisS mñak ;R tUv eFVIsU lu ysü úg tMb :u gE dlm a n pH=8,60 eday kar eR bIG asIu tex S a ymYy kñ úg cMeN am G asI utex S a y dUc te TA enH÷ HA (Ka=2,7 ×10-3) , HB (Ka=4,4 ×10-6) HC (Ka=

2,6 ×10-9 ). etIeK R tUv eR C Is erIs G asI utm Yy Na ? eh t u GVI? GRtamaRtGasIut-)as

s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n 21. cUre ro b rab ;B IGIVE dl ekI teL Ig kñúgG R t am aR tG asIu t-) as . 22. cUrK U rE x S ekag tag[ G R t am a R tdUc te TA enH ÷ k> HCl C amYy NaOH

x > HCl C amYy CH3NH2

K > CH3COOH C amY y NaOH enA kñúg kr NIn ImYy² ) as R tUv) a neK b E nßm eTA el IG asI ut kñúgE kvE G‘ ‘kE L n. R kab r b s ;Gñk R tUvE tb gð aj t Mél pH e nA elIG½kS G r eda en(y) ehIym a DenA elIG ½kS G ab ;s Ius(x).

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 23. PaK sMNa kG asI utm :UN UR bUTi c 0,2688g m anR b tikmµb nS ab C amYys Ulu ysü úg KOH 16,4ml,

0,08133M. cUrK Nnam a:s m :UelK ul énG asI ut enaH . 24. G asIu tDIR bU Tic 5,00g R tUv ) aneK rMl a yeTA k ñúg Twk e dI m ,I[ ) anC asUl uysü ú gE dl m anm a D

250mL. cUrK Nnam a:s m : U lrb s ;G asI ut R b sinebI 25,0mL énG as Iu tenH R t Uvk ar 11,1mL

énsUlu ysü úg KOH 1,00M edIm ,IeFV IR b ti kmµb nS ab [ G s ;. s nµ tf a R bUt ugT aM gBIrrb s ; G asIu tR tUv) aneFV IG R ta.

25. enA kñúg Bies aF n_G R tam aR tmY y 12,5mL én 0,500M H2SO4 eFVIR b tikmµb nS a b C am Yy NaOH 50,0mL. cU rK Nn akMh ab ;rb s ;sU lu ysü úgs‘U t .

26. enA kñúg Bies aF n_G R tam aR tmY y 20,4mLén HCOOH 0,883M eFVIR b tikmµb nS a b C amYy Ba(OH)2 19,3mL. cUrK Nnak Mh ab ; rb s ;sUl uysü ú g) arü Úm GIuR d uksI ut.

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27. PaK sMNa kénG asIu tm :U NUR bU Tic0,1276g R tUv) anr Mla y kñúg Twk25,0mL ehI yeFVIG R tam aR t C amYysU lu ysü úg NaOH 0,0633M. m aD) as E d lR tUvk arc aM) ac; ed Im ,IQ an dl;c MN uc s m mUlK W 18,4mL. ¬ k¦cU rK Nn am a:s m :Ul rb s ;G asIu tm :U NUR bUT icenH . ¬x ¦b nÞab ;B IeK b E nßm ) as 10,0mL enA eB leFVIG R tam aR tm k tM él pH rb s ;sU lu ysü úgesµ Inwg 5,87. etI tMé l Ka rb s ;G asI utmi n sÁal; enH esµI nwgb : unµ an?

28. sUlu ysü úgmYy eFVIeL Iged a yla ysUl uysü ú gs‘U t NaOH 500mL 0,167M C amY y 500

mL é nsUlu ysü úg CH3COOH 0,100M. cUrK Nnak Mh ab ; enA cM Nuc lMn wge nA H+,

CH3COOH, CH3COO-, OH- ni g Na+. 29. cUrK N na pH e nA cMN ucs m mUlsMrab ;G R tam aR t÷ 0,20M HCl C amYy 0,20M em TIl -

G amIn(CH3NH2). 30. cUrK N na pH enA c MNu cs m mUlsMr ab ;G R tam aR t 0,10M HCOOH C amY y0,10M NaOH. 31. 25,0mL é nsUlu ysü úg 0,100M CH3COOH R tUvG R tam aR tC amY ysUlu ysü úg 0,200M

KOH. cU rK Nn a pH b nÞ a b ;BIka rb E nßm sUl uysü úg KOH dU cx ageR k am ³ (a) 0,0mL (b) 5,0mL (c) 10,0mL (d) 12,5mL (e) 15,0mL.

32. 10,0mL éns Ulu ysü úg 0,300M NH3 R tUvG R taC amYys Ulu ysü úg HCl 0,100M. cUrK N na pH b nÞ ab ;B Ika rb E nßm sUlu ysü úg HCl d Ucx a geR kam ³ (a) 0,0mL (b)10,0mL

(c) 20,0mL (d) 30,0mL (e) 40,0mL. Fatucg¥úlBN’GasIut-)as

s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n 33. cUrBnü l ;BI tYn aT Irb s ;F a tu c g¥úlB N’e nA kñú gG R tam aR t. etIm anl kç N³vi nic ä½ y GIVx øH sMrab ;

eR C Is erIs F a tucg ¥úl BN’s Mra b ;G R tam aR tG as Iu t-) as ed a yE L k? 34. b rim aNF a tu cg¥ úlBN ’E dle R bIkñúgG R t am aR tG as Iu t-) a s R tUvE t tUc. eh tuG VI?

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 35. etIe yI gR tUv eR bIF at ucg¥ úlB N’mY yN asMr ab ;G R tam aR t dUcx ag eR kam÷

k- HCOOH C am Yy NaOH

x - HCl C amYy KOH

K - HNO3 C amYy CH3NH2


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36. sisS mñak ;dM eNI rk arG R tam a R tG asIu t-) as eda yb E nßm sUlu ysü úgNaOH BIb‘ uyE r : teTA k ñúg sUlu ysü úgG asI ute nA kñú gE k vE G‘kE L n nige da yeR bIe pNulp þae lGIunC aF at ucg ¥úl BN ’. enA cMN ucs m mUl eK Bin it ü eX Ij sUluysü ú gm anB N’ páaQ Uk . E tb nÞab ;B IBI r-bI naT Im k sUlu ysü úgE R b b nþicmþg² e T A C aK µanBN ’. e tIe yIgK i tf a m anGVIe kI teL Ig ?

37. efrGI uy :ugkm µrb s ;G g ÁF at uc g¥úlB N’ HIn K W Ka = 1,0 ×10-6. BN’énTM rg;GI uy :u gkmµm a n BN’R kh m n igT Mrg ;GIu y: u gkmµm anB N’e lO g. e tIF a tuc g¥ú lBN ’enH m anB N’ GVIenA kñ úg sUlu ysü úgE dlm a n pH = 4,00?

38. Ka rb s ;F atuc g¥ú lBN’m Yy K W 2,0 ×10-6. BN’rb s; HIn K Wéb tg ehI yBN ’rb s; In- K W R kh m . F atu cg¥ úlB N’enH BIrbId MN k;R t Uv) an eK b Nþk ;e TA kñúgs Ulu ysü úgG as Iu tkø rIR Dic E dl b nÞab ;m keK ykv aeTA eFV IG R tam aR tC amY yNaOH. e tIF a tuc g¥ú lBN ’E R b BN’enA e Bl pH

m antM élb :u nµ an? lMnwgkMritrlay

s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n 39. cUreR bI BaSO4 e dIm ,IE b gE ck kMri tr la y/ k Mri tr la ym :UE l nigplK u NkM ri trl ay . 40. eh tuGV I) anC a ey IgminK i tBI Ksp sMrab ;s m as F at uGIu y: ugE dlrl ay ? 41. cUrs r es rs mIk arl Mnw gnig p lK uNk Mri trl a ysMr ab ;lM nw gkMr it rla yrb s ;s m as F a tud Uc

teTA enH (a) CuBr, (b) ZnC2O4 , (c) Ag2CrO4 , (d) Hg2Cl2 , (e) AuCl3 , (f) Mn3(PO4)2. 42. cUrs r es rke nS am plK u Nk M rit rla yrb s ;s m as F at uGIu y:u g AxBy. 43. etIe yI gG ac TsS n_ Ta yd Uce mþc e dIm ,I dwg fak krn wgG a c ekItm aneL I genA eBls Ulu ysü úgBI r

layb B a© ÚlK ñ a? 44. R ) ak;kø rYm a nt Mél Ksp FMC agR ) ak;kab UNa t. e tIenH m a n n½y fa AgCl k¾m an kMr it rl aym : UE l

FMC ag Ag2CO3 b¤? l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 45. cUrK N naK Nn ak Mh ab ;rb s ; GIuy :uge nA kñú gsUl uysü úgE q¥ tdU cte TA enH÷

(a) [I -]kñúgs Ulu ysü úg AgI E d lm ankMh ab; [Ag+] = 9,1 ×10-9M, (b) [Al 3+] kñúgsUl uysü úg Al(OH)3 E dlm ank Mh ab; [OH-] = 2,9 ×10-9M.

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46. BITi nñn ½y kMr it rla yE dl) an pþl;[ c UrK N naplK uN kMri tr la yrb s ;s m as F atu dUc teT A enH (a) SrF2 7,3 ×10-2 g/L, (b) Ag3PO4 6,7 ×10-3 g/L.

47. kMri tr la ym :UE l rb s ;MnCO3 K W 4,2 ×10-6M . cUrK Nn a Ksp rb s ;s m as F atue nH . 48. kMri tr la yrb s ;s m as F atu GIuy :ug MX ¬m a:s m : Ul= 346g) K W 4,63 ×10-3g/L. cUrK Nna Ksp

sMrab ;s m as F at uenH . 49. kMri tr la yrb s ;s m as F atu GIuy :ug M2X3 ¬m a:s m :Ul =288g) K W 3,6 ×10-17g/L. K Nna Ksp

sMrab ;s m as F at uenH . 50. cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s ;CaF2. 51. cUrK N na pH rb s ;s Ulu ys ü úgE q¥t Zn(OH)2. 52. pHrbs;sUluysüúgEq¥ténelah³GIuRduksIut (MOH) KW 9,68. cUrKNna Ksp rbs;sUluysüúg? 53. R b sinebI 20,0mL énsUl u ysü úg Ba(NO3)2 0,10M R tUv) a neK E fm eTA kñ úg 50,0mL é n

sUlu ysü úg Na2CO3 0,10M etI BaCO3 ekI tC ak krb¤e T ? 54. eK lay 75mL énsU lu y sü úg NaF 0,060M C amY y 25mL é nsUlu ysü úg Sr(NO3)2

0,15M . cU rK Nn akMh ab ;E dlm ane nA kñú gsUl uysü úgb Ba© b ;én NO3-, Na+, Sr2+, nig F-

¬Ksp rb s; SrF2 = 2,0 × 10-10). karbegáItkkredayEpñk

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 55. G gÁF at urw g NaI R tU v) aneK b E nßm yWt² e TA kñ úgsUl uys ü úgmYyE dlm an Cu+ 0,010M n i g

Ag+ 0,010M. (a)etIs m as F at uNaE dlc ab ;epþ Im ke kItC a kkrm uneK (b)cUrK N nakMh a b ; GIuy :ug[Ag+] enA eBlE dl CuI cab ; epþIm b eg áI tkk r. (c) etIm anGIu y:u gR ) ak;b :un µa nPaK r y E dlm anenA s l ;kñ úgsUl uy sü úg?

56. cUrr kcen øaH t Mél pH R b h a k;R b E h lE dls m R s b cMeBaH karE j kGI uy :ug Fe3+nigZn2+ eday karb eg áI tkk r Fe(OH)3 BIsUlu ysü úgE dlm a nkMh ab ;e dIm 0,010M rb s; Fe3+ nig Zn2+.

\T§iBlGIuy:ugrYmnigkMritrlay s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n 57. etI\ T §iBl rb s ;GIu y: ugr Ym m an \ T§iBle TA elI lMn wgk Mri tr la yy a:g dUc emþc ? cU reR bIeK a lkar N _

Le Chatelier edIm ,IBnü l;B I kar fyc uH kM rit rl ay rb s; CaCO3 enA kñú gsUlu ysü úgNa2CO3.


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58. kMri tr la ym :UE lé n AgCl K W 6,5 ×10-3M , AgNO3 2,5 ×10-8M. kñú gka rK N na Ksp B I Tinñ n½ yT aMge nH etI kars nµ t dUc teTA e nH Nax øH s m eh t u pl?

k> Ksp K WdUceTA n wgk Mri tr la y x > Ksp rb s; AgCl k ñúg AgNO3 6,5 × 10-3 M dUcK ña kñú gTwks uT §E dr. K > kMrit rla yrb s ; AgCl K WminG aR s½y nwg kMh ab ; rb s; AgNO3 eT. X > [Ag+]kñúgsUlu ysü úgmi nE R b R bYlx øaM ged ay karb E nß m AgCleTA k ñúg AgNO3 6,5 ×

10-3M eT. g> [Ag+] kñú gsUlu ysü úgb nÞab ;B IE fm AgCl e TA kñú g 6,5 × 10-3M AgNO3 KWdU ckñú g krN Ib E nßm vae TA kñ úgT wkE dr .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 59. etI CaCO3 b : unµ anR k am nwg r lay kñú g Ca(NO3)2 3,0 x 102 mL kMh ab ; 0,050M? 60. plK uNk Mri tr la yrb s ; PbBr2 K W 8,9 ×10-6. cUrkM N t; kMri tr la ym :UE lk ñúg÷

k> Twksu T§ x > sUluysü úg KBr 0,20M K > sUluysü úg Pb(NO3)2 0,20M

61. cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s; AgCl kñ úgsU lu ysü úg 1L E dlm an 10,0g CaCl2. 62. K Nnak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s ;BaSO4 (a) k ñúg Twk (b) k ñúg sUlu ysü úgE dlm a n SO4

2- 1,0 M. pH nigkMritrlay

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 63. etIs m as F a tuG Iu y:u gx ageR k a m Nax øH E dlga yr la ykñ úg sUlu ysü úgG asI utC a gkñ úgT w k?

(a) BaSO4 , (b) PbCl2 , (c) Fe(OH)3 , (d) CaCO3. 64. etIs m as F a tux ageR kam e nH Nax øH E dlg ay rla yk ñúgsU luysü úgG asIu tC ag kñú gTw k suT§ ?

(a) CuI, (b) Ag2SO4 , (c) Zn(OH)2 , (d) BaC2O4 , (e) Ca3(PO4)3 65. cUreR bo b eFo b kMri trl aym : UE lrb s ; Mg(OH)2 k ñúg Tw k nig kñ úgsUl uysü úg tMb : ug E dlm a n

pH=9,0. 66. cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s; Fe(OH)2 enA pH=8,00 nig pH =10,00.

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67. plK uNk Mri tr la yrb s ;Mg(OH)2 K W1,2 × 10-11. KNnak Mh ab ;G b ,b rm a rb s ; OH- E dl R tUvE tb E nßm ¬ ]T ah rN _ed a yb E nßmNaOH¦ ed Im ,Ib nß ykMh ab ;GIu y: ug Mg2+ kñúgsU luysü úg Mg(NO3)2 [ tUcC ag 1,0 × 10-10 M.

68. cUrK N na f ae tIk krek Itm a neL Igb¤G t ; R b sinebIeK b E nßm sUlu ysü úgG am :Uj : ak; 2,00mL

kMh ab; 0,60M eTA kñ úgsU lu ysü úg FeSO4 1,0L k Mh a b; 1,0 × 10-3M. lMnwgGIuy:ugkMupøicnigkMritrlay

s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n. 69. tam R Tws þIG as Iu t-) as rb s ; L WvIs cU rBnü l;B IkM NGIu y: ug kuMp øíc. 70. cUr[ ] Tah r N_mY y e dIm ,Ib gðaj BI\ T§i BlT UeTA é nkM NGIu y:u gku Mpø iceTA e lIk Mri tr la y.

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 71. R b sinebI eK rMla y CuSO4 2,50g eTA kñúgs Ulu ys ü úg NH3 9,0 × 102mL, 0,30M

etIk Mh ab ; rb s ;GIu y: ug Cu2+, Cu(NH3)42+ nig NH3 enA cM Nucl Mnw gm an tMé lb :un µan ?

72. cUrK N nak Mh ab ; rb s ;GIy u:g Cd2+, Cd(CN)42-, nig CN- enA cMNu clM nwg enA eBlE d l 0,50g

én Cd(NO3)2 R tUvrM la ykñ ú gsUlusü úg NaCN 5,0 × 102 mL, 0,50M. 73. R b sinebIeK b E nßm NaOH e TA kñúg 0,010 M Al 3+ e tI mYyN aC aR b ePTK ImI E dl m aneR c In

elIs lb ;e nA cMN ucl Mnw g Al(OH)3 b¤ Al(OH)4-? pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úgK W 14,00 ¬K f rb s ;

Al(OH)4- = 2,0 × 1033).

74. cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s; AgI kñ úgsUl uysü ú g NH3 1,0M. 75. GIuy :ug Ag+ nig Zn2+ b egá It kuMp øicC am Yy NH3. c Urs re s rs mIka rlMn wgsM rab ;R b t ik mµTaM gB I r

enH . E tZn(OH)2rl ay kñ úg sUlu ysü úgNaOH 6,0M E tAgOHmi nrl ay eT. c UrB nü l;. 76. cUrBnü l ;ed ays mI ka rGIu y: ug lMnwg eh tuGV I) anC a (a) CuI2 rla yk ñúgs Ulu ysü úg NH3 (b)

AgBr rla yk ñúgsU lu ysü ú g NaCN (c) HgCl2 rla ykñ úgsUl uysü ú g KCl. karviPaKKuNPaB

s MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wks MN Yr r Ml wk em ero nem ero nem ero nem ero n 77. cUrb gð aj BI dMe NI rka rT UeTA én karv iPaK K u NPaB. 78. cUr[ ] Tah r N_B Iré nGIu y: uge lah ³kñ úgR kum n ImYy² ¬R kum 1 -5¦ k ñúg kar viPaK K u NPaB .


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l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 79. enA kñúg ka rviP aK R kum 1 sisS mñak; TT Yl) an kkrE dlm an AgCl ni g PbCl2. cUr[ er G ak;T Ib

mYyE dlG a c[ sisS enH E j k AgCl BI PbCl2 ) an. 80. kñúg kar viP aK R kum 1 sisS mña k;b E nßmHCl eTA kñ úgsU lu y sü úgminsÁa l;e dIm ,I[ ) a nkM h ab ;[Cl-]

= 0,15M. PbCl2 ) ankekI tC akk r. cU rK Nn akMh ab; Pb2+ E dlenA s l;k ñúgsU lu y sü úg. 81. KCl nig NH4Cl K WC aG gÁ F atu rwgB N’s . c Ur[ erG ak; TIb mYyE dlG ac eG ay ey Ig E b gE ck

rvags m as F at uT aMgB IrenH . 82. cUre ro b rab ;B IviFIeF VIe tsþg ay mYy E d lG aceG ayGñ kE b gE cgrvag Ag(NO3)2(s) n ig

Cu(NO3)2(s) ) an. lMhat;bEnßm 83. sUlu ysü úgt Mb :ugR tUv) a nkM Nt; ed ays mI kar pH = pKa ± 1. cUrK Nna cen øaH t Mél pleFo b

¬) as qøas ;¼G as Iu t¦E d lR tU vnwgs mI kar enH . 84. pKa rb s ;F at ucg¥ úlB N’em TIlB N’ TwkR k UcK W3,46. e tI tMél pH sßi te nA cenø aH BI Nae TA N a

E dleFVI[ F a tuc g¥úl BN’ enH dUrB I HIn 90% eTA In- 90%. 85. cUrK U rE x S ekag tag[ G R t am a R trva gG asIu tex S a yn ig) as x øaMg. enA el IR kab rb s ;G ñ k cU r

b Ba¢ak ;BIm aDrb s ;) as E dlR tUv) a neR bIenA c MNu cs m mUl nigenA c MN ucBa k;k Nþ als m mUlpg ¬C acM Nucm Yy kñú genaH G as Iu t Bak; kNþ alR t Uvr gR b tikmµb nS ab ¦. cU rb gð aj fa et IGñk G acvas ; pH) any a:g dUc emþc enA c M NucB ak; kN þals m mUl n i gBnü l;BI rebo b rk pKa rb s ;G asIu t eda yeR bIs mIk arT I(4).

86. sUlu ysü úgs‘U tmY ycM nYn 200 mL R tU v) aneK b E nßm e TA kñúgs Ulu ysü úg HNO2 400mL,

2,00M. pH rb s ;l, ay sUlu ysü úgm an 1,50 Ék taFMC a gt Mél pH rb s ;s U luysü úg G asIu ted Im . cUrK Nnam :UL a rIe trb s ;sU lu ysü úgs‘U t.

87. pKa rb s;G asIu tb‘u y TIr ic (HBut) K W 4,7. cU rK Nn a Kb rb s ;GIiu y:u gb‘u yT Ir: at(But-). 88. l,ays Ulu ysü úgmY ypSM e L Igeda y NaOH 0,167M , 500mL la yC amY y CH3COOH

500mL, 0,100M. cUrK Nnak Mh ab ; enA cM Nuc lMn wgé n H+ , HCOOH, HCOO-, OH-, nig Na+.

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89. Cd(OH)2 C as m as F atumi n rla y. v arl ay kñú gsUlu ysü úg NaOH elIs . cUrs r es r s mIkarGI uy :ug lMn wgsM rab ;R b tikmµ enH . et IenH C aR b ePTR b tikmµGV I?

90. sisS mñak ;la ysUl uysü ú g 50,0mL é n Ba(OH)2 1,00M C amY ysUl uysü úg H2SO4

86,4mL, 0,494M . cU rK Nnam a :s BaSO4 kekI t ni g pH rb s ;l, ays Ulu ysü ú g. 91. etIR b t ikmµx ag eR kam enH N a x øH E dlefrl Mnwg ehA fapl K uNkM ri trl ay ?

(a) Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2OH- (aq) Zn(OH)42- (aq)

(b) 3Ca2+ (aq) + 2PO43-(aq) Ca3(PO4)2 (s)

(c) CaCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq) Ca2+ (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

(d) PbI2 (s) Pb2+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)

92. kMeso vcM NuH 2,0LmY ypÞ úk CaCO3 116g. et Ik Meso vR tUvbM eBj Tw kbi tb :un µan dg e dIm ,I y k s arF a tuenH ecj [ G s ; enA sItu NðP aB 250C?

93. m aDesµIK ñaé nsUlu ysü úg AgNO3 0,12M nig ZnCl2 0,14M R tUv) aneK l a y cUlK ña . cUrK N nak Mh ab ;e nA cMN ucl M nwgenA Ag+, Cl-, Zn2+, nig NO3

-. 94. cUrK N nak Mri tr la yC a (g/L) rb s; Ag2CO3. 95. cUrr kcen øaH t Mél pH R b h ak;R b E h lE dls m R s b edIm ,IE j kGIu y:u g Fe3+ nig Zn2+ eda yka r

kekI tC ak krrb s; Fe(OH)3 BIsUlu ysü úgmY yE dlm a n GIuy :ug Fe3+, Zn2+ kMh ab; 0,010M

BIdMbU g. 96. sUlu ysü úg HCl 25,0 mL, 0,100 M R tU v) aneK eFV IG R t am aR tC amY ysUl uysü ú g CH3NH2

0,100M eda yb E nßm v at am b ‘uyE r :t. c UrK N na pH b nÞ a b ;BIb E nßm ÷

(a) 10,0 mL CH3NH2

(b) 25,0 mL CH3NH2 (c) 35,0 mL CH3NH2.

97. kMri tr la ym :UE l rb s; Pb(IO3)2 kñúgsUlu ysü úg NaIO3 0,10M K W 2,4 ×10-11mol/L. cUrK N na Ksp rb s; Pb(IO3)2.

98. enA eBlE dl KI R t Uv) anb E nßm eTA k ñúgsU lu ysü úg) ar t(II) k ør e naH kk r HgI2 kek I teL Ig . sisS mñak ;) anK U rR kab t ag[ m a:s kk rE dlke tI tC amY yn w gm aD KI E dleK b E nßm ehI yT TYl ) anR kab d Ucx ageR k am . cU r Bnü l;BIR kab e nH .


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99. ) arü Úm K WC as a rF at uBulE dl G aceFVI[ b :H Ba l; ya: gF¶n;F ¶r dl;mux g arb s ;eb H dU g. s M r ab ;ka rqøúH

eda yka Mrs µI X énbMB g;r Mla yG ah a r GñkC Mg Wmña k;pw ksU luysü úg kkr vilv l;é n BaSO4 20g. R b sinebIs arF a tue nH m anlM nwgC amY y5,00LénQ am enA kñúgx ø ÜnGñ kC ¿gW e tI kMh ab ; rb s; [Ba2+]

m antM élb :u nµ an? s nµ tf a sItu NðP aBeBle naH m an tMé l250C. eh tuGVI) anC aeK mineR C Is erIs yk Ba(NO3)2sMrab ;TR m g;ka renH ?

100. pKarb s ;epNu lpþ aelGI unK W9,10. etI pH G a cm an tMé l cenø aH R twm Na edIm , I[ F at uc g¥úl BN’enH bþ Úr BI 95% HIn e TA C a 95% In-.

101. G gÁF at urw g NaBr R tUv) a ne K b E nßm yWt² e TA kñú gsUl uy sü úgmYyE dlm an Cu+ 0,010M

nig Ag+ 0,010M. (a) e tIs m as F a tu NaE d lc ab ;epþ Im kek ItC a kkrm uneK ? (b) cU rK Nn akMh ab; [Ag+] enA eBlE dl CuBr cab ; epþIm ekItC akk r. (c) c UrK N naPaK ry rb s ;GIu y:u gR ) ak;E d lenA s l; kñú gsU luysü úgR tg;c MN ucenH .

102. G asIu tka kUD Ili c (CH3)2AsO2H m anefrGI uy :ug kmµesµ Inw g 6,4 ×10-7. (a) c UrK N na pH rb s ;s Ulu ysü úg 50,0mL , 0,10Mé nG asIu tenH .

(b) cU rK Nn a pH rb s ;s Ulu ysü úg (CH3)2AsO2Na 25,0mL k Mh ab ; 0,15M. (c) eK l ays Ulu ysü úgE pñk (a) n ig (b). cUrK N na pH rb s ;l,a ysUl uysü ú g.

103. viFIK ImIv iTü úm a ns ar³s Mx an ;N as ;kñ úgTsS n_ Ta yplK u NkM rit rla yrb s ;s m as F at uC a eR cIn. enA kñú gBies aF n_mY y 50,0mL én AgNO3 0,010M E dlm anG IusU tUb R ) ak ; viTü ús km µ 74,025counts kñúgmY yn aT I kñúgmY ymI lIlIR tR tU v) aneK layb B a© ÚlC amY y 100mLénsUlu y sü úg NaIO3 0,030M. sUlu ysü úgE dll ay rYcR tU vBR gave TA C a 500mL nig e R caH edIm , I ykk kr AgIO3 ecj . sUlu ysü úgE dlenA s l ;eK e X Ij m anvi Tü ús kmµ 44,4counts k ñúg mYyn aTI kñú gmYym IlIl IR t. e tI Ksp rb s; AgIO3 esµI nwgb : u nµan ?

m aD KI E fm

ma:s Hg

I 2 ke

kIt

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104. m a:s m :Ul rb s ;el ah ³kabU N atmY y (MCO3) G ackMn t;) a ned ay karb E nßmHCl e lIs edIm ,IeF VIR b ti kmµC amY yGIu y: ug kabUN at TM agG s; b n Þab ;m keFVIG R t aR tL b ;G asI utE d l enA s l ; C amYy NaOH. (a)c Ur s res rs mIk ar tagR b t ikmµ TaM genH . (b)e nA kñ úgBie s aF n_m Y y 20,00mLénHCl 0,0800M R tUv) aneK b E nßm e TA kñ úgPaK sMNa kMCO3 0,1022g. b rim a N HCl elIs R tUv kars Ulu ys ü úgs‘Ut 5,64mL k Mh ab; 0,1000M edIm , IeFVIR b t ikmµ b nS ab . cUrK N nam a :s m :Ul rb s ;GMbi lkabU Na t nigb B a¢a k;eQ µ aH elah ³ M.

105. G R tam aR tG as Iu t-) as C aF mµtan wg dl;c MN ucb Ba© b ;. cU r epÞó gpÞa t;G MNH GMN age nH e da y karK N nae frl Mnwg kñú gkr NId Ucx ag eR kam ÷

k> G asIutx øaM gm anR b t ikmµC a mYy) as x ø aMg. x > G asIutx øa Mgm a nR b tikmµC a mYy) as ex S a y. K > G asIutex S a ym anR b t ikmµ C amYy) as x ø aMg . X > G asIutex S a ym a nR b tik mµC amYy) as ex S ay .

106. cUrK N na x E dlC acMnYnm : U elK ulT wkenA k ñúgG asIu tGuk s alicGI uR da et H2C2O4.xH2O BITi nñn ½y dUc te TA enH÷ 5,00g é ns m as F a tuenH R t Uv) a neK yke TA eFVIs Ulu ysü úg 250mL

ehIysU lu ysü úgenH 25,0mL R tU vka rsUl uysü úgs ‘U t 15,9mL, 0,500M edIm , Ib n S ab . 107. cUre ro b rab ;B IviFIeF VIsUl uysü ú gtMb : ug 1 L, 0,20M CH3COONa/0,20M CH3COOH

eda y÷ (a)l a ysUlu ysü ú g CH3COOH C amYysUlu ysü úg CH3COONa (b)R b tik m µ rvags Ulu ysü úgCH3COOHC amYysU lu ysü úgs‘U t nig(c)R b t ikmµ rva gsUlu ysü úg CH3COONa C amY ysUl uy sü úg HCl.

108. epNul pþa elGIu nC aF a tucg ¥ú lBN’sM rab ;G R tam aR t rv ag G asIu tx øaM gni g) as x øa Mg. (a) R b sinebI pKa rb s ;ep Nu lpþae lGIun esµI nwg 9,10 cUr K NnapleFo b rv agT Mrg ;min GIuy :ugk m µ rb s ;F at ucg ¥úlB N’ ¬K µan B’ N¦ nig TM rg;G Iu y:ug kmµrb s ; va¬B ’Np áaQ Uk -R kh m ¦ e nA pH =

8,00. (b)R b sinebI 2 dM Nk;é nepN ulp þaelG Iun 0,060M R tUveK eR bIk ñúgG R t a m aR tE dl m anm aD 50,0mL e tI kMh a b ;rb s ;TM rg;G Iu y:u gkmµm a nt Mé lb :unµ ane nA pH=8,00? ¬1dMN k; = 0,050mL¦ .

109. pÞaM gK MnU reR b gE dlm ans m a s F atusM N(II) C aF atu pSMén C atiB N’rb s ;vaeL IgBN ’R k emA kñúg ry³ eBleR cI nqña M. cU rpþ l;eh t uplK ImIs Mrab ;bMlas ; bþÚrBN ’rb s ; vaenH .


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110. etIe rG ak ;T Ib GVIE dle yI geR bI edIm ,IE j kK UG Iu y:ug dU cte TA en H enA kñúgsU lu ysü úg (a)Na+ nig Ba2+ (b) K+ nig Pb2+ (c) Zn2+ ni g Hg2+.

111. cUremI lt ara g2 ed Im ,Ir k Ksp rb s; BaSO4 nig SrSO4. cUrK Nn ak Mh ab ;rb s ; Ba2+,

Sr2+ nig SO42- kñúgsUlu y sü úgE dlE q¥ted a ys m as F atu TaM gBI r ?

112. C aeK alk arN _ GuksI utG MpUE T dUcC a Al 2O3 nig BeO G acR tUv) aneR bIe dIm ,IeF VIC asU l uy sü úgtMb : ug) an eR BaH vam an lkçN³G asIu tpg nigl kç N ³) as pg. c UrBnü l ;eh t u GVI) anC a GuksIu tenH eK Bu MsUveR bIe nA kñú gTegV IsUl uysü ú gtMb :ug.

113. Ksp én CaSO4 (Ksp =2,4 ×10-5) FMC ag Ksp én Ag2SO4 (Ksp =1,4×10-5). etIv a m ann½ yf a CaSO4 m ankMr it rla yFMC agb¤ eT ?

114. enA eBlE dleK R c) a c;R kU cqµ arcU leTA k ñúg Tw kE t BN ’ rb s ;Tw kE tn wgE R b C aBN’R s al. karE R b BN’e nH mYyE pñ kK Wb Nþalm kBIP aBr avéns Ulu y sü úg b :uE nþm Uleh t uc Mb grb s ;bMla s ; bþÚrenH K WC aR b t ikmµG as Iu t -) as . e tIR b ti kmµGVI ? ¬tM ru y÷ T wkE t rYm m anb : UlI epN ul E dlC aG asuI tex S a y ehI yR kUcqµ arm anG asIu tsI uR Tic ¦.

115. etIeK R t Uvk arm a D NaOH 1,0 M b :un µan edIm , Ib E nßm eTA e lIsUlu ysü úg NaH2PO4 200

mL , 0,10 M ed Im ,IeFV IsUl u ysü úgt Mb :ugE dlm an pH = 7,50 ? 116. kMh ab ;G tib rm a rb s ;GIu y: ug sMNE dlG n uBa Øa t[ m ank ñúg Twkb r isu T§K W 0,05ppm ¬m a nn½ y

fa m a nsM N 0,05g kñ úgT wk mYyla nR kam ¦ . e tIb r im a NsMNE d lm ane nA kñú gTw k G NþÚgm an b rim aNe lIs enH E d rb¤eT R b sinebIT wkG N þÚgE dlm anC atiE r : Anglesite, PbSO4 (Ksp =

1,6 ×10-8 ). 117. G g;TIb ü Ú TicmY yE dl eK eR cIn eR bIK WC a Penicillin G ¬G asIu tb g;sI uleb :n IsIu lin ic ¦ E dl m an

rUb m nþeR K ag dUcx ageR kam÷

vaC aG asI utm :UN UR bUTi cex S a y÷ HP H+ + P- Ka = 1,64 ×10-3

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E dl HP C aG asI ut eh Iy P- C a) as qøas ;rb s ;v a. Penicillin G R tUv) anpli ted a ysUnv aC a duMe nA kñú gFugbM Ni t enA sIt u NðPaB 250C ehIym a nt Mé l pH enA cenø aH 4,5-5,0. TMrg ;eR K Im rb s ;G g;T Ib‘Íb ü Ú Tice nH TT Yl) aned ay ka rcM raj ; eBlbM Nit eda yF a tur Mla ys r Ira gÁE dl G asIu t enaH G acr la y. (a)c Urb Ba ¢ ak;G a tUm GI uR dUE s n E dlm an lkçN³G asIu t (b) enA k ñúg dM Nak ;ka r b nSúT§mY yk ar cMr aj ;s r Ir agÁ r b s; Penicillin G R tUv) anC amYys Ulu ysü úg tMb :u gE dl m an pH =

6,50. cUrK Nn apleFo b rv ag ) as qø as ;rb s; Penicillin G C amY yG asI utrb s ;vae n A tMél pH

enH . etIe yI gs gÇwm f a ) as qøas ; rb s ;va ga yrl ay kñú gTwkC agkñ úgsU lu ysü úgG a sIutb¤ eT ? (c) Penicillin G minm an lkçN³s m R s b eT kñúg ka reR bIvaE tÉg b :uE nþ eK G acla y vaC am Y y GMbilsUdü Úm (NaP) BIeR Ba H GMbilenH rla y. cUrK Nn a pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úg NaP 0,12M E dlkek Ite nA eBlf ñaM enH R tU v) aneK rM la ykñ úg TwkmY yE k v.

118. etIsU lu ysü úgx ageR k am enH Nax øH m ank Mh ab ;G Iu y:ugG IuR d U E s nFMC ageK (a) 0,10M HF

(b) 0,10M HF k ñúg 010M NaF (c) 0,10MF kñúg0,10M SbF5 ¬t Mru ySbF5 m an R b tik m µ C amYyGI uy :ug F- ed Im ,Ib egá It ) anC akM upø ícSbF6

-¦. 119. E x S ekagr) a yb gð aj BIR b Pa K énG asIu tminGI uy :ug kmµ nig) as qø as ; rb s ;vaE R b R bYleTA

tam t MélpHénm C Ä dæ an. cUrK UrE x S ek agr) a y rb s ;CH3COOH nig) as qøas ;rb s ; v a CH3COO- kñúgsU lu ysü úg . R kab rb s ;Gñ kR tUv da k;R b PaK R tg;G½kS G red aen (y) ehIy tMél pH e nA elIG½ kS G ab ;sI u s (x). cUrrkc MN ucE dlR b PaK nig tMé l pH C Yb K ña.

120. TwkE d lm anGI uy :ug Ca2+ ni g Mg2+ ehA faTw kr wg e hIyv aminm a nlkç N³s m R s b eT kñúg kar eR bIkñú gpÞH n igk ñúg ]sS ah kmµx øH BI eR BaH GIu y:ug TM ag BIren aH m anR b ti kmµC amY ys ab‘Ue dIm , I b egáI t) anC aGMb ilmin rla y . viFImYy kñú gka ry kGIu y: ug kal;sü Úm e cj BIsU lu ysü úg enH K W eda yka rb E nßm T wksU dasM ra b ;e) akK k; (Na2CO3 .10H2O) .

(a) k Mri tr la ym :UE l rb s; CaCO3 K W 9,3 ×10-5 M. cUrK N nak Mri tr la ym :UE lrb s ;v a kñúgs Ulu ysü úg Na2CO3 0,050 M . (b) eh t uGVI) a nC aGIu y: ugm a :e j sü Úm minR tUv) a ny kecj kñúg dMe NI rka renH ? (c) G Iu y:u gm a:ej sü Úm G a cE j k) anC a Mg(OH)2 e da y karE fm Twk kMe) a rf øa Ca(OH)2 eTA kñúg Twk edIm , Ib egá ItC as Ulu y sü úgE q¥t. cU rK Nn a pH rb s ;sUlu ysü úgE q¥t Ca(OH)2. (d) cU rK Nna kMh ab ;GIu y: ug Mg2+ enA tM él pH enH .


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(e) C a TUe TA etIG Iu y:ug Na (Ca2+ b¤ Mg2+ ) E dlGñkR tUv ykecj m un? eh tuGV I? cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_ 1. 4,01 2. (a) nig (c) 3. 9,17 ; 9,20 4. føw g Na2CO3 nig NaHCO3 kñú gs m a m aR t 0,6:1,0 ehIyr Mla yk ñúg Tw kdu l 1,0L. 5. (a) 2,19 (b) 3,95 (c) 8,02 (d) 11,39 6. 5,92 7. (a)

R bUm :UepN ulex o v em T IlB N’T wkR kU c em T IlR kh m nigk ør: UepN ulex o v (b) R K b ; F atuc g¥ú lBN ’ TaM gG s ;elI kE lgE t TIm :u le x o v R bUm :UepN ulex o v nig e m TIlBN ’T wkR kU c (c) Cresol R kh m nig epNul pþa elGIu n 8. 2,0 x 10-14 9. 1,9 x 10-3 g/L 10. e T 11. (a) > 1,6 x 10-9 M (b)

>2,6 x 10-6 M 12. (a) 1,7 x 10-4 g/L (b) 1,4 x 10-7 g/L 13. (a) rla y eR cInC agk ñúg sUlu ysü úgG asI ut (b) rla yeR cInC agk ñúgsU lu ys ü úgG asIu t (c) kM ri trl a ykñ úgT wkn ig G asuI tC ites µIK ñ a. 14. kkrén Fe(OH)2 nwgek It e L Ig. 15. [Cu2+] = 1,2 x 10-13 M,

[Cu(NH3)42+] = 0,017 M, [NH3] = 0,23 M 16. 3,5 x 10-3 mol/L

cMelIy

6. (a) 11,2 (b) 9,07 10. (a), (b) ni g (c) 12. 4,74 TaM gBIr (a) R b siT §PaB C ag eR BaH va m ankMh ab ;FMC ag 14. 7,03 16. 10 , m anR b siT §P aBC amY ysUlu ysü úgG asIu t eR cInC ag) as

18. (a) 4,82 (b) 4,64 20. HC 24. 90,1 g/mol 26. 0,467 M 28. [H+] = 3x10-13 M , [OH-] = 0,0335 M , [Na+] = 0,0835 M , [CH3COO-] = 0,0500 M , [CH3COOH] = 8,3 x 10-10 M 30. 8,23 32. (a) 11,36 (b) 9,55 (c) 8,95 (d) 5,19 (e) 1,70 36. CO2

) anrl ay kñú gTw kb egá It H2CO3 E dlG acb nS ab; NaOH 38. 5,70 46. (a) 7,8x10-10 (b)

1,8x10-18 48. 1,8x10-10 50. 2,2x10-4 M 52. 2,3x10-9 54. [Na+] = 0,045 M , [NO3-]

= 0,076 M , [Sr2+] = 0,016 M , [F-] = 1,1x10-4 M 56. 2,68 < pH < 8,11 60. (a) 0,013 M (b) 2,2x10-4 M (c) 3,3x10-3 M 62. (a) 1,0x10-5 M (b) 1,1x10-10 M 62.

(a) 1,0x10-5 M (b) 1,1x10-10 M 64. (b), (c), (d) nig (e) 66. (a) 0,016 M (b) 1,6x10-6

M 68. ) aT 72. [Cd2+] = 1,1x10-18 M, [Cd(CN)42-] = 4,2x10-3 M, [CN-] = 0,48 M

74. 3,5x10-5 M 76. (a) Cu2+ + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)42+ (b) Ag+ + 2CN-

Ag(CN)2- (c) Hg2+ + 4Cl- HgCl4

2- 80. 0,011 M 82. eR bIGIu yu: g Cl- rWets þ G Nþa teeP Iøg 84. B I 2,51 eTA 4,41 86. 1,28 M 88. [H+] = 3x10-13 M, [OH-] = 0,0335

M , [HCOO-] = 0,0500 M , [HCOOH] = 8,8x10-11 M , [Na+] = 0,835 M 90. 9,97g ,

pH = 13,04 92. 6,0x103 94. 0,036 g/L 96. (a) 1,37 (b) 5,97 (c) 10,24 98. enA vtþm a nsUl uysü úg KI eR cIn enaH kkr HgI2 G acr la y) aned ayb e gáI tGi uy u:g HgI4

2- 100. 7,82

– 10,38 102. (a) 3,60 (b) 9,69 (c) 6,07 104. (a) MCO3 + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2O + CO2 , HCl + HaOH → NaCl + H2O (b) 197 g/mol, Ba 106. 2 108.

(a) 12,6 (b) 8,8x10-6 M 110. (a) su‘lpa t (b) s‘u lpY (c) GIu y: UDY 112. eR BaH eK minG ac

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rla ykñ úgT wk 114.GuI yu :gb : U lIepN ulm an BN’ cas ; . GuI yu: g H+ BITw kR kUcqµ areF VIl Mnw gE R b R bYlnig plitmU :el kulb : UlIe pNu lE dlm anB N’R s alC ag. 116. ) aT 118. (c) 120. (a) 1,7x10-7 M

(b) MgCO3 G acrl ay kñú gTwk eR cInC a g CaCO3 (c) 12,40 (d) 1,9x10-8 M (e) Ca+

BIeR BaH m aneR cI nC ag.

lmn wg gasiut -)asnig lmn wgkmrit rlay · lmn wg gasiut -)asnig lmn wgkmrit rlay (acid – base...

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