literary concepts k-12 10-23-10
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ELA
CURRICULUMREADING
LITERARY CONCEPTS
(K-12 FORMAT)
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Grade Authors Purpose/Intent
K Begin to understand that authors have a purpose/intent
1 Understand that authors have a purpose/intent
2-4
Identify the authors purpose/intent in the story
5-8 Identify authors purpose/intent using both textual evidence and author background
information
9-11 Discuss open-ended nature of authors intent; distinguish between theme and authors
intent
12 Discuss different methods of analysis (e.g., biographical, psychoanalytic)
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Grade Character (Characterization)
K Begin to identify main characters
1-3 Identify main and supporting characters and their traits
4 Identify character actions, motivations and traits supported by textual evidence
Begin to develop theories about character(s), noting character changes
5-6
Use character roles, personality, motives and traits to develop and revise theories aboutcharacters
Compare characters across texts
7
Determine what the character says, does, thinks, and what others characters say about him/her
Compare motives of characters in literature to people, events, and places in their own lives
Compare characters across texts
Introduce the concept of foils
Use textual evidence to describe how the character changes
Begin to develop a new understanding of the terms protagonist and antagonist: (i.e. the
protagonist is the main character, but not necessarily the good guy or hero; theantagonist is the character or force that stands in the main characters way, but not
necessarily the bad guy)
8
Reinforce and expand the understanding of protagonist and antagonist
Define and recognize dynamic vs. static characters
Recognize various characterization techniques (noting PASTA: physical traits, actions,
speech, thoughts, and anything else) to make accurate inferences about a character
Appreciate the complexity of a character by synthesizing all the characterization, including
seemingly conflicting details (avoid limiting understanding of a character by focusing on toofew details)
Make comparisons between characters from different books and people in real life
9
Refine the understanding of foils Identify and analyze the tools with which an author develops characters, including
psychological realism
Analyze and evaluate the following methods of characterization: what the character says
(and his/her dialect), what the character does, what the character thinks, what othercharacters say and think about a character, and how other characters react to a character
Understand that successful characterization is crucial to the development of a narrative, since
the events that move the story forward are often strongly influenced by the nature of the
persons involved
10
Recognize and analyze the qualities, often including a tragic flaw, that mark a character ofimportance in a tragedy: a serious story of a character involved in a significant moral
struggle, showing great potential but inevitably failing to achieve all he/she sets out to do
Recognize the connections between characters and the historical period
Analyze and evaluate the following methods of characterization: what the character says
(and his/her dialect), what the character does, what the character thinks, what othercharacters say and think about a character, and how other characters react to a character
11 Describe characters and their traits
Analyze character development and motivation: How does the character see him or herself
and others? How does he or she feel about his or her place in society?
12 Review and apply knowledge of characterization
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Grade Conflict/resolution
K Begin to identify problem and solution
1 Identify problem and solution
2 Identify problems and solutions
Begin to recognize attempts at resolution
3
Identify problems and solutions
Begin to recognize attempts at resolution
4 Recognize the main problem in a story and how it is resolved
Begin to recognize that conflict may be person vs. person, person vs. nature, person vs.
self
5
Identify conflicts of person vs. person, person vs. nature, person vs. self Distinguish between primary conflicts and secondary conflicts in the work Analyze the aspects of the conflict resolution and its effect on the authors plot
development
6
Identify conflicts of person vs. person, person vs. nature, person vs. self
Distinguish between primary conflicts and secondary conflicts in the work Analyze the aspects of the conflict resolution and its effect on the authors plot
development
7
Conflict as the keystone of a story
Identify conflicts of person vs. person, person vs. nature, person vs. self, and person vs.
society Distinguish between primary conflicts and secondary conflicts in the work Analyze the aspects of the conflict resolution and its effect on the authors plot
development
8 Identify the different literary conflicts at work in a story
9
Analyze the interplay of conflict and other story elements10 Analyze the interplay of conflict and other story elements
11 Analyze the interplay of conflict and other story elements
12 Review the concept of conflict as it appears in various texts
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Grade Figurative Language and Literary TechniquesK-1 NA
2 Recognize and create similes
3 Begin to recognize and understand metaphor, alliteration, onomatopoeia, personification
4 Use simile, metaphor and personification to create meaning (with assistance)
5-6
Define simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, and hyperbole
Note examples and their effects on the text Understand imagery by visualizing text in a movie style form
7
Determine how the use and meaning of figurative language convey the authors message
Identify these elements in order to interpret poetry
Define and differentiate sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell imagery
Appreciate the purpose/effect of imagery
Notice and appreciate an authors the effective use of specific nouns and strong verbs
(as opposed to over-using adjectives & adverbs)
Begin to recognize the connections between content and technique
8
Define and differentiate sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell imagery
Appreciate the purpose/effect of imagery
Notice and appreciate an authors the effective use of specific nouns and strong verbs (as opposed to over-usingadjectives & adverbs)
Define, recognize, appreciate the impact of, and begin to effectively use alliteration to create an effect in their own
writing
Define, recognize, appreciate the impact of similes, metaphors, alliteration, and personification, and begin to use them
effectively in their own writing
Begin to define, recognize, and understand the purpose of allusions
Begin to recognize the connections between content and technique
9
Recognize motifs
Connect images to other literary elements and mood
Students will be able to identify and analyze a texts recurring images, words, phrases, actions, ideas, objects and/orsituations in order to recognize how motifs work to unify a text and lead to a greater understanding of the authors
purpose/intent/themes.
Identify and recognize allusions
Distinguish the difference between a conventional symbol (anything that signifies/stands for something else) and aliterary symbol (usually something concretean object, a place, an action)
Begin to recognize connections between symbols and themes
Recognize and begin to analyze the connections between content and technique
10
Recognize motifs
Connect images to other literary elements and mood
Locate patterns of images and the role they play in the development of a theme
Recognize allusions and analyze the layers of meaning they add to the current context
Identify symbols and examine their connection to themes
Recognize and analyze the connections between content and technique
11
Generate responses to imagery: What stands out? What do readers instinctively react to?
Identify significant imagery (based on readers response) and connect it with themes
Identify motifs and interpret their significance to the work as a whole
Identify metaphors and explore the multiple layers of meaning present in a metaphor
Identify allusions, with particular emphasis on allusions with which students are already familiar
Identify symbolic elements of texts, based on readers reactions: Which aspects have certain energy, attractingattention?
Explore the multiple layers of symbolism present in a text: Which aspects seem to have symbolic meaning to thecharacters? How do different characters see the symbols? How does the narrator relate to the symbols?
Analyze the connections between content and technique
12 Review the use and contributions of various literary techniques to the work as a whole
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Grade Genre
K Begin to understand that there are both fiction and nonfiction texts
1-2 Recognize and discriminate among a variety of fiction and nonfiction texts
3 Begin to recognize common characteristics of fiction and nonfiction texts
4 Recognize common characteristics of fiction and nonfiction genres
5-6 Identify and define the consistent traits of the major genres
7 Identify and define the consistent traits of the major genres, adding drama
8 Appreciate the literary differences between fiction, autobiographical works, articles, and
essays
Recognize and be able to describe the various radio theater genres
9 Identify the characteristics of an epic
Review and discuss the purposes of the structures of drama
10 Identify and define the consistent traits of tragedy, bildungsroman, local color, novella,
satire, drama, and literary non-fiction
11 Review the genres of drama, satire, and literary non-fiction
12 Review various genres
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Grade Irony1-4 NA
5-7 Note examples of the use of irony in literature and their effects on the story
8-9
Differentiate between different types of irony (verbal, situational, dramatic)
Recognize (with support) ironic elements in a story
Use textual evidence to support ideas
10-12
Identify the presence of irony.
Respond to the irony as readers: What impact does it leave? How does ironyinfluence the readers view of the subject?
Reflect on ironys contribution to the work as a whole
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Grade Literary Movements/Periods1-9 NA
10
Recognize characteristics of and identify seminal works of literature in these
periods of American literature:o Romanticism
o
Transcendentalismo Realismo
(additional periods studied in Honors: naturalism, modernism)
11
Recognize characteristics or and identify seminal works of literature in these
periods of British literature::
o Middle Ages
o Renaissanceo
Enlightenmento Romanticism
12 Examine works from various periods, with greater emphasis on modern, post-
modern, and contemporary
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Grade Mood/Atmosphere1-7 NA
8 Introduce the concept of mood: What does the air in the room of the text feel
like?
9 Recognize the mood of particular texts
10
Identify the mood and discuss its impact in particular texts
11
Describe the mood of the text.
Describe the atmosphere and how it impacts readers: What is it like to be in that
text?
Connect the mood to the theme and to the text as a whole
12 Discuss the contribution of mood to the text as a whole
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Grade Plot lineK Begin to identify sequence of events (beginning, middle, end)
1-3 Identify sequence of events (beginning, middle, end)
4 Identify sequence of events, including rising and falling action
Recognize flashbacks
5
Identify and trace story events
Recognize flashbacks
Introduce the concept of foreshadowing
Make story predictions of plot events and character development
6
Identify and trace story events
Recognize flashbacks
Further develop the concept of foreshadowing
Make story predictions of plot events and character development
7
Identify the points and structure of the plot line
Identify how/why author uses a particular plot line/structure
Make story predictions of plot events and character development Address instances of foreshadowing as they arise
Recognize the use of flashback to establish trust/mistrust of character
8
Differentiate between plot line and time line (i.e. appreciate how/when an author reveals
various details/events out of logical time sequence)
Recognize an authors use of foreshadowing
Understand what event is being foreshadowed
Recognize the use of flashback and the ways it supports theme/character, etc.
9
Differentiate inside/outside framework of story
Identify in media res opening of some plot lines
Connect foreshadowing with motifs and symbols Recognize the use of flashback to help determine tone and reliability of narrator
10
Understand the role foreshadowing plays in the entire work
Identify the role of flashback in creating dramatic
irony and in working with other story elements
Review and discuss framed stories
Address issues of plot as they connect to historical period
11 Understand the roles of flashback and foreshadowing in the entire work
Address issues of plot as they connect to historical period
12 Understand the roles of flashback, foreshadowing in the entire work
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Grade Point of View
K NA
1-3 Identify narrator
4 Identify the point of view from which the narrative is told (e.g., first person vs. third
person)
5-6
Identify the point of view from which the narrative is told (e.g., first person vs. third
person)
Determine how the point of view affects the story
7 Identify and analyze points of view
Determine how the point of view affects the story
8 Recognize different kinds of point of view (first person; third person limited; third person
omniscient)
Consider the impact of the point of view on the story/reader
9 Recognize and evaluate the influence of the particular point of view
10
Recognize and evaluate the influence of the particular point of view
Analyze the narrators point of view in relation to the historical context
11
Identify the point of view of a poem or prose piece
Analyze the narrators point of view in relation to the historical context
Analyze and question how the point of view impacts the readers experience of the text
Connect the point of view with the theme/s
12 Examine the significance of the point of view in the work as a whole
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Grade Setting
K Begin to identify setting (time and place) of a story
1-2 Identify the setting of a story
3 Identify the setting and begin to understand its effect on the story
4 Identify the setting and its effect on the story
5 Identify the setting and its effect on the story
Determine how setting affects a characters decisions
6 Identify the setting and its effect on the story
Determine how setting affects a characters decisions
7 Determine how the setting impacts the story and influences the character (clothing,
language, etc.)
Consider how the author uses setting for his/ her purpose in writing the novel
8 Appreciate the influence of the setting on the characters and on the controlling idea of the
text
9
Analyze and evaluate how the setting (now including social situation) influences the plot,
conflict, characterization and theme of a text
10-11 Describe and analyze the setting: How does the setting impact the readers experience?
How does it impact the characters and the tone and mood of a text?
12 Examine the role of setting and its relationship to the work as a whole
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Grade Theme (including Lesson/Moral)
K-1 Begin to develop an awareness of lesson/moral in a story
2 Develop an awareness of a lesson/moral in a story
3 Identify the lesson/moral in a story
Begin to recognize the big ideas in a story
4
Infer themes using evidence from the text
5-6 Identify textual evidence to support theme development
7 Identify themes of texts
Recognize that one text may generate multiple interpretations
8
Transition away from understanding theme as a moral or lesson (which is applicable
to childrens literature) to understanding theme as an observation or statement aboutlife that the text expresses (which is more applicable to literature for older students)
Understand that themes are generalizations that apply to life as well as to the story
Recognize theme indicators (friendship; prejudice; honesty, etc)
Understand that themes are statements, not words
Recognize that a story can/will have various themes that can be stated in different ways Be able (with support) to identify and articulate a theme of a story
Use textual evidence to support ideas
9
Distinguish the difference between a texts subject (the topic or thing described in a
work) and theme (a comment, observation, or insight about the subject)
Evaluate and analyze a texts recurrent images, actions, characters and symbols in order
to identify possible themes/authors intent
10
Identify the authors point about some aspect of life, the thesis or point the author wants
to make ABOUT an issue (not just the issue itself); e.g., the issue might be racism, butthe theme might be that the effects of racism are far-ranging, harming both the victim and
the victimizer
11
Identify and describe the theme or themes of a text
Analyze literary devices contribute to theme
Practice connecting literary devices with themes and the text as a whole
Examine the complexity of themes: How do several themes relate to one another in a
single text?
12 Examine complex themes in a variety of contexts
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Grade Tone/Voice1-8 NA
9 Introduce the concepts of tone and voice, related to elements of fiction
10
Determine the authors tone and voice and their impacts
Analyze the methods through which the author conveys the tone
11
Identify and describe the tone
Connect the tone and voice with the theme: How does the tone impact a readers
experience? How do readers feel about the voice of the text? Is it inviting?Sympathetic? Challenging? How does the voice connect with the texts themes?
Discuss differences between voices of character, narrator, and author
12 Review and apply the concepts of tone in various works of literature