Listenership Survey Report Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS)

List of Acronyms

APC All Progressives Congress CEPPS Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening DMEL Design Monitoring Evaluation and Learning TV Television FM Frequency Modulation FRCN Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria IRI International Republican Institute LGAs Local Government Areas PDP People’s Democratic Party SFCG Search for Common Ground SMS Short Message Service SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences WASH Water, sanitation and health

List of Figures

Figure1:Numberofsurveyrespondentsbysex,andstate-Sokoto,Adamawa,BauchiandEbonyistates;March2020Figure2:Numberof survey respondentsby religion -, Sokoto,Adamawa,Bauchi andEbonyistates;March2020Figure3:Totalrespondentsbyagerange-Sokoto,Adamawa,BauchiandEbonyistates;March2020Figure4:Totalrespondentsbyhighestlevelofeducation-Sokoto,Adamawa,BauchiandEbonyistates;March2020Figure5:Distributionofrespondentswholistentoradioforatleast30minuteseverydaybylocation.Figure6:Distributionofrespondentswhoknowoftheradiotalkshowbylocation.Figure7:Distributionofrespondentswhoknowoftheradiomagazinebylocation.Figure8: Distributionof respondentsandwhere they learnedabout theprogrambylocation.Figure9:DistributionofrespondentswhohavelistenedtotheradioTalkshowprogramfromthenumberofrespondentwhoknowabouttheradiotalkshowbylocation.Figure10:Distributionofrespondentswhohavelistenedtotheradiomagazineprogramfromthenumberofrespondentwhoknowabouttheradiomagazinebylocation.Figure11:Distributionofrespondentswholistenedtoradiotalkshowandmagazineprogrambylocation.Figure12and13:Distributionofrespondentsbylocation,dayandtimetheylistenedtoradiotalkshowandmagazine.Figure 14: Distribution of respondents who said the radio program is relevant bylocationandSex.Figure15: Distribution of respondentswho saidwhich program ismore relevant bylocation.Figure 16: Distribution of respondents who took action after listening to the radioprogrambylocation.Figure 17: How aware citizens are about political parties and theirmanifestos in bylocation;March,2020Figure 18: Distribution of respondents who are aware of political partiesmanifestos/policiesbysexandlocation.Figure 19: How knowledgeable citizens are about the content of political partymanifestosbyLocation;March,2020Figure 20: How aware citizens are about political parties and their manifestos bylocation;March,2020Figure21:PerceptionsofcitizensregardingaccountabilityandtransparencyinpoliticalpartiesinNigeriainBauchiandEbonyistates;June,2019

Table1:RadioProgramsDetailsbyState

Table 2: Number of questionnaires collected per LGA and state, Adamawa, Sokoto,Bauchi,andEbonyistates;March,2020

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction 4

1.1: Background 4

1.2: Objectives of the Study 4

Section 2: Methodology 5

2.1: Sampling location 5

2.2: Sampling techniques 6

2.3: Data Collection 6

2.4: Data Analysis 7

2.5: Ensuring data quality 7

2.6: Ethical considerations 8

2.7: Limitations of the study 8

Section 3: Results/Findings 8

3.1: Demographics: 8

3.2: Radio listenership in Adamawa, Sokoto, Bauchi and Ebonyi states 11

3.3: Reach of the Radio program 11

3.4: Relevance of the program 16

3.5: Response to the program 18

Section 4: Knowledge of Political parties 19

4.1: Knowledge of Political parties and their manifestos 19

4.2: Measuring attitudes regarding accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria 22

5.0. Conclusions and Recommendations 24

5.1: Conclusions 24

5.2: Recommendations 25

Section 1: Introduction

1.1: Background The overall objective for the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening (CEPPS) project is to support increased accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria. The Radio Programming is part of a bigger IRI project, implemented in Sokoto, Adamawa, Ebonyi, and Bauchi states, over 11 months between January 1 2019 – March 30, 2020. It is based on the theory of change that If citizens are well informed about policy issues and party platforms, then political parties and candidates will be encouraged to develop issue-based platforms with clear positions on policies that address citizens’ concerns.

The project has two specific objectives and five expected outcomes:

● Objective 1: Increased capacity of local radio stations to provide accurate, reliable, and conflict sensitive information on policies, legislative agendas, and party platforms

○ 1.1. Local radio producers improve their capacity in the design and production of conflict sensitive and inclusive radio programming.

○ 1.2. Context-relevant curriculums for the radio programs are available.

● Objective 2: Increased communication and exchange of information on policies, legislative agendas, and party platforms between citizens and political parties and elected officials

○ 2.1. Listeners in each state are more informed about relevant policy issues and the position of political parties and elected officials on such policies.

○ 2.2. Political parties and elected officials are more informed about the needs and concerns of their constituents.2.3. Citizens in each state have a better understanding of public policies and the extent to which they affect their lives.

1.2: Objectives of the Study At the start of project implementation, Search conducted a baseline to gather information to inform the development of radio programs that increase the exchange between citizens and political parties on policy issues and provide information on the work of the parties and elected officials in advancing policies as well as the role of citizens within this space. The radio program was aired in the four state as seen in Table 1

Table 1: Radio Programs Details by State

Sokoto Adamawa Bauchi Ebonyi

Radio Station Vision FM 92.1 Fombina FM 101.5

Albarka Radio 97.5

Unity FM 101.5 Radio Nigeria

Language Sokoto Hausa Hausa Hausa English and Igbo

Talk Show Format: One-hour live phone-in discussion

Title Wakilai Na Gari Wakilai Na Gari Wakilai Na Gari Common Ground on Radio

Day and Time Thursdays 8-9 AM

Tuesdays 10-11 AM

Wednesdays 10-11 AM

Tuesdays 10-11 AM

Radio Magazine Format: 30-minute pre-recorded segments of vox pop, features, and interviews

Title Kan Daki Sai An Taru

Kan Daki Sai An Taru

Kan Daki Sai An Taru

Amaoha

Day and Time Sunday 8:30-9 PM

Saturday 7:30-8 PM

Friday 9-9:30 PM

Wednesday 4:30-5 PM

Thus, a final listenership survey is planned in Adamawa, Sokoto, Ebonyi and Bauchi states to evaluate the reach, relevance and response of the radio program.

The objectives of the survey are to determine:

● The reach of the radio program in different locations in the selected states ● To explore the relevance of the program and to what extent has the program been

able to increase the exchange between citizens and political parties on policy issues ● The response and attitudes of citizens regarding accountability and transparency in

political parties on policy issues. ● Document lessons learnt from this media program so as to inform such media

programmes in future

Findings from this survey will be used to inform further programme planning and implementation. The report will be shared widely with project participants, and partners and presented during SFCG Nigeria programs. The reports – with sensitive details redacted – will eventually be published on SFCG’s website and shared with other learning networks in order to enhance the broader field of peace-building in Nigeria and the world.

Section 2: Methodology

2.1: Sampling location Primary data was collected in both rural and urban locations within Adamawa, Sokoto, Ebonyi and Bauchi states. As the Nigeria Radio Programming is part of a bigger IRI project, locations where IRI is implementing community based interventions were prioritized for ease of mobilization of respondents. The survey thus sought to determine the reach, relevance and response of the radio program across where the project is being implemented.

The assessment was based on the 3-R framework, measuring the: ● “Reach” – who are listening to the radio program (disaggregated listenership rates); ● “Relevant” explores to what extent issues raised in the program and the overall format

of the program are relevant to the communities in concern; and ● “Response” – what changes the radio program has brought in the audience behavior

or actions.

2.2: Sampling techniques A combination of purposive and convenience sampling techniques was used to draw the respondents. The sample population was drawn from the general population in select LGAs in the selected states. For the survey, a sample size of 400 per state was targeted, based on a round up to the nearest hundred from the sample size of 3841 per state, at 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level. This sample size was calculated based on the projected population per state estimated by 20122 to be 6,537,300 in Bauchi, 4,248,400 in Adamawa, 4,998,100 in Sokoto and 2,880,400 in Ebonyi state. The roundup of the sample size per state to the nearest hundred was to allow for incompletely filled questionnaires in the survey, and other errors. Thus, the total target sample size across the four states for the survey was 1600, with 1622 questionnaires filled in all by the end of the survey. In addition, it was planned that data will be collected from a close to equal number of females (50%) and males (50%) within these communities. To facilitate this, an almost equivalent number of male and female data collectors were engaged. In total, data was collected from 672 (41%) female and 950 (59%) male respondents.

2.3: Data Collection Primary quantitative data was collected using a survey questionnaire (see appendix 1). The questionnaire was split into different sections based on the objectives of the survey – Reach, relevant and response. The draft questionnaire was jointly developed by the DMEL team, Project Media team, and the Regional DMEL Coordinator, Lake Chad Basin. It was also piloted during the training of enumerators, and following simulations and feedback, the questionnaire was finalized. The survey was administered electronically by trained data collectors in the target areas, using the KoboCollect mobile application of KoboToolBox of the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. KoboToolBox is a free and open source suite of tools for field data collection which aids data collection in difficult locations. With the availability of the data on KoboToolBox, data quality checks were conducted daily, and feedback provided to the team of enumerators for modifications where necessary. Table 1 below shows the breakdown of proposed and actual number of survey questionnaires per location.

1 Sample Size Calculator, Creative Research Systems https://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm [accessed 26th February, 2020] 2 Annual Abstract of Statistics (2012) National Bureau of Statistics, Federal Republic of Nigeria. http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/annual_abstract_2012.pdf [accessed 26th February, 2020]

Table 2: Number of questionnaires collected per LGA and state, Adamawa, Sokoto, Bauchi, and Ebonyi states; March, 2020

State Population

Sample Size

Proposed number of survey questionnaire

Actual Number of survey questionnaires

State Population

Sample Size

Proposed number of survey questionnaires

Actual Number of survey questionnaires

Bauchi 493,810 42% 168 171 Ezza North 193,400 32% 128 128 Ganjuwa 387,192 33% 132 136 Abakaliki 198,100 33% 132 133

Giade 286,388 25% 100 95 Afikpo North 207,300 35% 140

139 Bauchi Total 100% 400 402 Ebonyi Total 100% 400 400

Michika 207500 30% 118 125 Sokoto North 314500 35% 141

188 Yola north 266800 37% 149 153 Gwadabaw

a 312500 35% 141 122

Demsa 238400 33% 133 142 Dange Shuni 261000 30% 118

90 Adamawa Total 100% 400 240 Sokoto Total 100% 400 400

2.4: Data Analysis Quantitative data was collected through the Kobo Collect mobile application and uploaded on the KoboToolBox database. Data was then downloaded in Microsoft Excel format, and cleaned to exclude entries with incomplete data. Following this, the cleaned data was exported into SPSS version 2.0 for analyses. Data analysis included frequencies and means, as well as cross tabulations of variables of interest.

2.5: Ensuring data quality To ensure data quality, the following were done: All members of the research team were fully part of pre field work training and provided with an overview of the project. This was to help them contextualize the responses they received from the field.

● The training included a review of the data collection tool, including translation of technical terms to the local language without losing the meaning of the term. This was aimed at all data collectors having a mutual understanding of these terms in local parlance in anticipation of the possibility that data collection will be conducted in the local language for community members who do not speak English.

● The training included simulations using the data collection tool among the research team in pairs. This was followed by a feedback and learning session to discuss the experience, lessons identified, and recommendations for mitigating anticipated challenges in the field work.

● Daily debriefing sessions were held with the research team to discuss progress, observations, challenges and good practices. This also enabled the team to learn from each other’s experiences, and plan for the next day’s activities. Data uploaded on the Kobo database was reviewed daily, with random spot checks conducted and feedback to the research team provided.

2.6: Ethical considerations To ensure that the study was ethical, participation was voluntary for all respondents. Respondents were informed of the purpose of the study, and given the option to opt in or out of the study. Only participants who freely gave their consent to be part of the study were interviewed. In addition, data was collected not from respondents less than 18 years of age.

2.7: Limitations of the study 1. The number of male respondents was much higher compared to that of the females

because most of the female respondents did not respond or give audience to the interview without their husband’s permission and the husbands where not at home at the time of the interview.

2. Despite employing deliberate sampling techniques to avoid selection bias, participation in the assessment was voluntary. This could contribute to selection bias, as people who voluntarily choose to participate in the assessment may already be those interested and engaged in some way, in the topic of discussion.

3. Respondents of the survey may, in a bid to provide answers perceived as ‘favorable’, have provided responses that are not an accurate reflection of their perceptions and opinions.

4. Furthermore, as the process leveraged on the use of enumerators’ personal mobile phones for data collection, this contributed to delay in data collection when calls or SMS came in on these devices.

Section 3: Results/Findings

3.1: Demographics: As stated above, the listenership survey returned 1622 responses across the four survey locations, 672 (41.4%) are female and 950 (58.6%) male. The number of male respondents is much higher compared to that of the females because most of the women in Sokoto, Bauchi and Adamawa needed to seek permissions from their husbands before responding to the interview as stated in the limitation above. All of the major religions were represented in the survey. However, majority of the respondents (52.9%) are Muslim, 46.2% are Christian, 0.7% are traditional worshippers and 0.2% did not specify their religion. 65.2% of respondents are married, 28.6% are single, 3.6% are widowed, 8% are separated and 0.2% are cohabiting.

Figure 1: Number of survey respondents by sex, and state - Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi and Ebonyi states; March 2020

Figure 2: Number of survey respondents by religion -, Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi and Ebonyi states; March 2020

In addition, 25.6% of all respondents were aged 30 – 35 years, 18.9% were aged 36 – 45, and 15.4% and 15.72% were aged between 26-29 and 46-55 while 1.23% are between ages 18 to 25 years.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Adamawa

Bauchi

Ebonyi

Sokoto

178

174

199

121

242

228

201

279

SexoftheRespondent

Male Female

46,2

52,9

0,2 0,7Religion

Christianity Islam Noreligion Traditionalworship

Figure 3: Total respondents by age range - Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi and Ebonyi states; March 2020

Regarding the highest level of education completed by respondents, 32.8% had completed tertiary education, 14.7% had completed only Islamic education, 31.9% had completed secondary education, and 8.8% had completed primary education. Furthermore, 6.8% had no formal education, 0.6% had other forms of education and 4.3% had completed vocational education.

Figure 4: Total respondents by highest level of education - Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi and Ebonyi states; March 2020

2.7% of all respondents were people living with disabilities. Of these, 33% were respondents from Adamawa state. In addition, 56% of respondents living with a disability were physically impaired, while 30% were visually impaired.

13,7

15,4

25,6

18,9

15,7

9,4 1,2Age

18-25years 26– 29years 30– 35years 36– 45years

46– 55years 56yearsandabove Lessthan18years

6,8 0,68,8

14,7

31,9

32,8

4,3EDUCATION

Noformaleducation Others Primaryeducation Qu’raniceducation

Secondaryeducation Tertiaryeducation Vocationaleducation

3.2: Radio listenership in Adamawa, Sokoto, Bauchi and Ebonyi states Across the implementing states, 92% (n=1622) of all respondents said they listen to radio for at least 30 minutes every day while 8% of the respondents said they do not -listen to radio and would rather watch TV and/or get information from the internet. From the 92% who listen to radio for at least 30 minutes every day, 41% are female and 59% are male. .

Figure 5: Distribution of respondents who listen to radio for at least 30 minutes every day by location.

3.3: Reach of the Radio program The ‘Talk Show and Radio Magazine’ was the first of its kind in the implementing state using a combination of talk shows and radio magazine to reach out to citizens in order to increase communication and exchange of information on policies, legislative agendas, and party platforms between citizens, political parties and elected officials.

Of the 92% (n=1622) respondents who had reported that they listen to radio for at least 30 minutes every day, almost two-thirds 63% (n=1490) know and are aware of the radio talk show -- ‘Wakilai Na Gari’ aired in Adamawa, Sokoto, and Bauchi and ‘Common Ground On Radio’ aired in Ebonyi, while 38% (n=1490) of the respondents know and are aware of the radio magazine-- ‘Kan Daki Sai An Taru’ aired in Adamawa, Sokoto, and Bauchi and ‘Amaoha’ aired in Ebonyi. Overall, in all LGAs visited, respondents were aware of the radio talk show. However, very few were fully aware of the magazine.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Adamawa Bauchi Ebonyi Sokoto

State:

No Yes

Figure 6: Distribution of respondents who know of the radio talk show by location.

Figure 7: Distribution of respondents who know of the radio magazine by location.

Among those respondents from all four survey locations who had heard of the radio talk show and radio magazine program, most (49%) of the total respondents (n=941) report to have first heard about it from program countdown on radio. 23% of respondents (n=941) had learned about the program through friends, while relatively few respondents in the project locations stated that they had first heard about the radio program through family and public service announcement (PSA)/Jingles while listening to the radio. (see figure 8 below). This clearly shows that the radio countdown was very efficient in sharing information about the radio programs compared to other methods. .

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Adamawa

Bauchi

Ebonyi

Sokoto

No Yes

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Adamawa

Bauchi

Ebonyi

Sokoto

No Yes

Figure 8: Distribution of respondents and where they learned about the program by location.

When asked if they had listened to the radio talk show or radio magazine in the last three months. Across the four implementing states, 83% (n=941) of those who know and are aware of the radio program said they have listened to the radio talk show in the last three month while 85% (n=569) of those who know of the radio magazine said they have listened to the radio magazine in the last three month. Comparing this with and the number of respondent who listen to radio, 53% (n=1490) of the respondents said there listen to the radio talk show and 33% (n=1490) said they have listened to the radio magazine. The low percentages of listeners of the radio magazine compared to the talk show is because majority of the respondents said while the radio magazine focused on engaging citizens throughout the electoral period, highlighting the importance of inclusive elections and accountability for elected officials, it was not as interactive as the talk show as people are not allowed to call in since the program is pre-recorded. Also the allocated time for the magazine program was too short compared to the talk show.

0 50 100 150 200

Others

Throughfamily

Throughfriends

Throughprogramcountdownonradio

ThroughPublicserviceannouncement(PSA)/Jingles

Sokoto Ebonyi Bauchi Adamawa

Figure 9: Distribution of respondents who have listened to the radio Talk show program from the number of respondent who know about the radio talk show by location.

Figure 10: Distribution of respondents who have listened to the radio magazine program from the number of respondent who know about the radio magazine by location.

Of those who listened to the radio talk show, 32% were female and 52% male while for the radio magazine 20% are female and 31% are male. In addition, those aged 30 – 35 years had most frequently listened to talk show at 33.1% and 27% the magazine. Respondents aged 36 – 45 years made up 23% of those who listened to radio talk show, and 17% reported to have listened to the radio magazine.

Figure 11: Distribution of respondents who listened to radio talk show and magazine program by location.

Regarding the days most respondents listen to the program, majority of the respondents (87%) who listen to the radio talk show, listen to the program on Wednesday between the hours of 10am to 11am in Bauchi, 80% in Ebouyi listen to the program on Tuesday between 10am to 11am, 49% in Sokoto between 8am to 9am Thursday and 43% in Adamawa between 10am to 11am Tuesday.

50% of respondent who listen to the radio magazine in Adamawa listen to the program between the hours of 4:30pm to 5pm Wednesday, 89% in Bauchi between 9pm to 9:30 pm on Friday, 82% in Sokoto listen to the radio magazine Sunday between 8:30pm to 9pm and 98% in Ebouyi list to the radio magazine between 4:30pm to 5pm Wednesday which clearly validates the radio program time table above.

Figure 12 and 13: Distribution of respondents by location, day and time they listened to radio talk show and magazine.

050100150200250300350400450500

No Yes No Yes

Talkshow RadioMagazineFemale Male

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

Adamawa Bauchi Ebonyi Sokoto

RadioTalkshow

Thursdaysat8:00am– 9:00am

Tuesdaysat10:00am– 11:00am

Wednesdaysat10:00am– 11:00am

0%20%40%60%80%100%

Adamawa

Bauchi

Ebonyi

Sokoto

RadioMagazine

Fridayat9:00pm– 9:30pm

Sundayat8:30pm– 9:00pm

Wednesdayat4:30pm– 5:00pm

3.4: Relevance of the program The programme was found to have contributed to increasing citizen awareness, interaction with policy makers and building relationships. Majority of the participants agreed that the radio program was delivered at an appropriate time and met the needs of citizens. This was said to be true in light of the 65% (n=785) of the respondents who listened to both programs said the program is relevant and addresses issues in reality without compromise.

In line with the above statement, 63% of male respondents and 37% of female respondents agreed that the program is relevant and raises service delivery issues, including how government elected and appointed officials can be held accountable to the citizens. It also gives citizens the right to air their views and listen to other opinion.

The radio program shows a great level of understanding and interaction between the citizens and policy makers. It also gives opportunities, especially for women, to contribute to the development of their society.

‘Because before now, I couldn’t differentiate between the responsibilities of the governors, legislatures, the house of assembly members in the area of project execution. I’ve also come to understand that I can make a demand as a citizen. I’ve also understood that elected politicians can be recalled when they fail to deliver to society and the recalling has a process’. Respondent in Bauchi

‘I was so happy when I saw women as part of the guest speakers. It really encouraged me that the needs of women in the society were not forgotten’. Respondent in Ebonyi

Figure 14: Distribution of respondents who said the radio program is relevant by location and Sex.

When asked why respondents listen to Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground on Radio, most of the respondents said the Radio talk show is so educative and informative because it keeps citizens aware and provides a platform for interactive discussion between policy makers and citizens. It also gives the opportunity to listen to everyone's opinion on matters that concern the growth of the society. Similarly to the radio talk show, the majority of the respondents said they listen to the radio magazine because the program is very educative, providing

020406080100120140

Adamawa Bauchi Ebonyi Sokoto

Female Male

relevant information about government policy and the program addresses different important topics that affect citizens and policy makers.

‘I was really impressed by their topic. I've never been a political fan. But I just enjoy listening to valuable contributors on air and what they have to say about governance or any issue at hand’. Male Respondent Bauchi state.

‘I love it because I use it as a platform to learn about happenings in the state and in the country also because it is a call in programs, it helps to know what other people think about issues and matters arising in the environment’ . Female Respondent Sokoto state.

‘Amaoha is very interesting with also interesting topics highlighted through dramas and more. I love the topics because they are not the regular topics discussed and also these topics are discussed extensively’. Male Respondent Ebonyi state.

The respondents also stated that topics in the radio program addresses the needs of citizens to an extent that the number of women participating and contributing in the program has increased compared to when the program started. However, some respondents do not know much about the radio program because most of the respondents got to find out about the program at a later time.

There is a need to create more awareness about such programs before they start. Also it will be very educative if the program always does a recap of what was discussed in the last episode before presenting the topic of the day; this would help respondents and listeners to understand the flow of the both programs.

The difference between live shows and recorded programs is clear looking at the percentage respondent who listen to both program. Even though majority of the respondent confirm to the fact that both program are very useful and relevant.

The talk show give citizen opportunity to share ideas concern however, some respondents feel the recorded program provides an opportunity for the interviewer to go deep in the topic while the live program comes with the fear of disseminating the sensitive information to the society or public to avoid being victimised by the government of politicians.

Figure 15: Distribution of respondents who said which program is more relevant by location.

3.5: Response to the program One of the intended outcomes of the project was to foster dialogues among citizens and policy makers in order to promote interaction, inclusivity and differentiate between the responsibilities of the governors, legislatures, the house of assembly in policy making and projects execution. The vast majority of respondents (86.1%) who listen to the radio program from the listenership survey stated that the radio program inspired them to talk to people from other political parties, religious or cultural backgrounds.

From the 86.1% respondent who said they have been inspired by the radio program, most of them share their concerns, learning and importance of the program with close friends and family members. The continuity of the program will increase the relevance of the program in the society and there is need to be deliberate around structuring the program to give more time to interaction and contribution also more program should be focused on educating men on women inclusivity as this played out in the listenership gender ratio.

The percentage of listeners who reported that they had been inspired to open communication channels with people from other political parties, religions and/or ethnicities was slightly higher in Bauchi, Sokoto and Adamawa compared to Ebonyi state this was most affected because the radio program started late. There was no obvious variation between the different ages, genders, religions, or ethnic groups.

With the focus on elections and policy makers, such a program should run for a longer period before and after the election. This will bring about better impact of the program because of its importance in bridging the gap between citizens and government and also creating awareness on critical issues, policies and service delivery solutions.

Figure 16: Distribution of respondents who took action after listening to the radio program by location.

I’ve decided that I would reciprocate or apply the same method “Kan Daki Said an Taru” has employed in my own state since I am not a Sokoto citizen in order to call the attention of the government’. Respondent, Sokoto

Sometimes I personally collect the recording of each program and post it on a social media platform I belong and some of my colleagues do the same. Like the WhatsApp group I belong in Bauchi and Kano’. Respondent Bauchi

Notably, 67% of both Male and Female the respondents agree that the program has improved a lot of interaction between citizens and policy makers. It has also educated citizens on policies that directly and indirectly affect them. The program was very sensitive to all citizens irrespective of gender, religion and ethnicity.

‘Because of this program our water problem was addressed We had water issues in our area for over 3 years now but during one of the programs someone called to make a complaint and it was addressed’. Respondent Sokoto.

Section 4: Knowledge of Political parties 4.1: Knowledge of Political parties and their manifestos This section explores how knowledgeable citizens are about political parties and their manifestos. Regarding this, citizens were first asked if they are aware that political parties have manifestos/policies for delivering on key service delivery priorities of the citizens. 75% of the respondents said they are aware, 12% are not sure while 13% are not aware of the manifestos.

Democratic Party (PDP) at 33% and All Progressives Congress (APC) at 61% proved to be the most mentioned political parties by respondents in all states because these two parties are the ruling parties. Also have similar manifestos which focus on addressing issues round

primary health care, basic education and WASH services. However some respondents were not sure as to whether political parties and their elected officials understand the key service delivery priorities of citizens. This is due to the fact that so many assumptions are made when coming up with key priorities and needs of citizens as it clearly played out in the radio program.

Figure 17: How aware citizens are about political parties and their manifestos in by location; March, 2020

Among the 75% of respondents who said they are aware of party manifestos, 63% are male while 37% are female.

Figure 18: Distribution of respondents who are aware of political parties manifestos/policies by sex and location.

However, 75.1% of all respondents were able to identify distinct components of party policy proposals and/or platforms. In all states, primary health care was found to be most mentioned as what is included in party manifestos, regardless of if these manifestoes are from

APC or PDP. This was followed by basic education, and then water, sanitation and health (WASH) services.

Figure 19: How knowledgeable citizens are about the content of political party manifestos by Location; March, 2020

While 39.3% of the respondents mention the basic manifestos they are knowledgeable of, this is based on what they heard from others. They have not seen nor have read the content of the manifestos and policies themselves, or know the implementation process. This clearly shows that most respondents have not seen most party manifestos or understand the evaluation and accountability processes because accessible or shared by political parties.

Even though 43% of the respondents feel most political parties and their elected officials are knowledgeable of their parties' manifestos, they rarely involve citizens in the process of deciding what political parties should focus on, or get to understand the real needs of citizens because of the gap of power created between these two groups

Figure 20: How aware citizens are about political parties and their manifestos by location; March, 2020

4.2: Measuring attitudes regarding accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria To measure how inclusive these parties are towards women, youths and people living with disabilities, a number of questions were asked using likert scales. Figure 18 below shows the perceptions of respondents in Adamawa, Sokoto, Bauchi and Ebonyi states, regarding the statements asked.

Overall, the responses show that while respondents in Sokoto state reported being more aware of party proposals, and feel that elected officials understand the needs of citizens, politics in Ebonyi and Adamawa state is more inclusive of women, youths and people living with disabilities.

0 100 200 300 400

Citizensawareofpartymanifestoes

Politicalpartiesandtheirelectedofficialsunderstandthekeyservicedeliveryprioritiesof

citizens

Citizensareinvolvedintheprocessofdecidingwhatpoliticalpartiesshouldfocuson

Sokoto Ebonyi Bauchi Adamawa

Figure 21: Perceptions of citizens regarding accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria in Bauchi and Ebonyi states; June, 2019

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Iknowwhatisincludedinpartypolicyproposalsand/orplatformsregardingservicedeliveryfor

citizens

Politicalpartiesandtheirelectedofficialsunderstandthekeyservicedeliveryprioritiesofthecitizenssuchasprimaryhealthcare,basiceducation,and/orWASH

services

Womenparticipateinleadershipanddecisionmakingprocessesandpolicymakingonservicedelivery

issuessuchasprimaryhealthcare,basiceducation,and/orWASHservices

Peoplewithdisabilitiesparticipateinleadershipanddecisionmakingprocessesandpolicymakingonservicedeliveryissuessuchasprimaryhealthcare,

basiceducation,and/orWASHservices

Youngpeopleparticipateinleadershipanddecisionmakingprocessesandpolicymakingonservicedeliveryissuessuchasprimaryhealthcare,basic

education,and/orWASHservices

Sokoto Ebonyi Bauchi Adamawa

5.0. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1: Conclusions While the project was largely viewed positively among participants, one of the most frequently recommendation made by most respondents was the decision to utilise radio Talk Show and Radio Magazine to increase communication and exchange of information on policies, legislative agendas, and party platforms between citizens and political parties and elected officials.

The radio talk show and magazine is the first of its kind in the implementing state using a combination of talk shows and radio magazines to reach out to citizens.

Of the 92% (n=1490) of respondents who reported they listen to radio for at least 30 minutes every day, almost two-thirds 63% (n=1490) know and are aware of the radio talk show, ‘Wakilai Na Gari’ aired in Adamawa, Sokoto, and Bauchi and ‘Common Ground On Radio’ aired in Ebonyi). In addition,38% (n=1490) of the respondents know and are aware of the radio magazine, ‘Kan Daki Sai An Taru’ aired in Adamawa, Sokoto, and Bauchi and ‘Amaoha’ aired in Ebonyi.

The low percentages of listeners of the radio magazine is because said the radio magazine focuses on engaging citizens throughout the electoral period, highlighting the importance of inclusive elections and accountability for elected officials, was not as interactive as the talk show. This is because people are not allowed to call in since the program is pre-recorded. Also the allocated time for the magazine program is too short compared to the talk show.

Majority of the participants agreed that the radio program was delivered at an appropriate time. This was said to be true in light of the 65% (n=785) of respondents who listened to both programs. They also said the programs are relevant and address issues in reality without compromise. Furthermore, the programs show a great level of interaction between the citizens and policy makers and gives opportunities, especially by coming up with programs for women, for citizens to contribute to the development of their society.

However, some respondents do not know much about the radio program because they got to find out about the program at a later time. Some respondents were also not sure as to whether political parties and their elected officials understand the key service delivery priorities of citizens.

From the 86.1% respondents who said they have been inspired by the radio program, most of them share their concerns and open communication with close friends and family members. The continuity of the program will increase the relevance of the program in the society and there is need to be deliberate around structuring the program to give more time to interaction and contribution also more program should be focused on educating men on women inclusivity.

APC and PDP proved to be the most active political parties as mentioned by respondents in all states. In all states, primary health care was found to be most mentioned as to what is included in party manifestos, regardless of if these manifestoes are from APC, PDP, or other

political parties. Overall, while respondents in Sokoto, Adamawa and Bauchi states reported being more aware of party proposals and feel that elected officials understand the needs of citizens, political parties in Ebonyi and Adamawa state are more inclusive of women, youths and people living with disabilities.

5.2: Recommendations 1. Recognizing that the current project was the first of its kind and that it was highly

ambitious even within a short time, future or follow-up projects should seek to achieve even greater reach if additional plans are included to work with more than one radio station in each state.

2. There should be an effective and free feedback mechanism which can be created to address the needs of citizens.

3. Should be structured in a way it accommodates and recognizes more female guests and contributors.

4. Beyond radio jingles, another way of increasing community interest in the program is to conduct a range of community outreach activities before the program, leveraging on IRI’s community processes. This will not only increase the profile of the project among local communities, but also their level of engagement. Community outreach activities could also include opportunities for feedback or opinions from community members to facilitate involvement and ownership of the program.

5. Existing women and community groups should be leveraged on to promote radio listenership groups, this would help to increase the reach of the program and women and youth participation.

6. There is a need to create more awareness about such programs before they start. Also it will be very educative if the program always does a recap of what was discussed in the last episode before presenting the topic of the day; this would help respondents and listeners to understand the flow of the both programs.

7. The continuity of the program will increase the relevance of the program in the society and there is need to be deliberate around structuring the program to give more time to interaction and contribution also more program should be focused on educating men on women inclusivity as this played out in the listenership gender ratio.

Appendix 1: Survey questionnaire

Search for Common Ground, Nigeria

Listenership Survey Questionnaire

This study is aimed at evaluating the radio programs that increase the exchange between citizens and political parties on policy issues and provide information on the work of the parties and elected officials in advancing policies as well as the role of citizens within this space. The interview will last for a maximum of 30 minutes and the information you provide will be highly confidential. You can choose not to answer any question if you so wish, and can opt out of the interview at any point. Are you willing to be part of this interview?

Are you willing to be part of this interview? Consent Gotten (please tick): Yes/No Date:…………………………………... Form No:…………………… LGA:………………………… Community:……………………………

No Questions and filters Responses Coding categories

Section 1: Demographics

1.1 Do you listen to the radio at least 30 minutes per week?

Yes 1

No 2 (end interview)

1.2 What age group do you belong to?

Less than 18 years 1 (Ensure consent from caregiver; if none, end interview)

18- 25 years 2

26 – 29 years 3

30 – 35 years 4

36 – 45 years 5

46 – 55 years 6

56 years and above 7

1.3 What is your Sex? Female 1

(No need to ask this) Male 2

1.4

What is the highest level of school you completed?

No formal education 1

Qu’ranic education 2

Vocational education 3

Primary education 4

Secondary education 5

Tertiary education 6

Others (specify) …………………………………………..

7

1.5

What religion do you practice or adhere to?

No religion 1

Christianity 2

Islam 3

Traditional worship 4

Others (specify) …………………………..................

5

1.6

What is your marital status?

Single 1

Married 2

Divorced 3

Widowed 4

Separated 5

Living together with unmarried partner (cohabiting)

6

Others (specify) ………………………………………..

7

1.7 What is your occupation? Student 1

Trader 2

Farmer 3

Artisan (barbers, hairdressers, masons, carpenters, vulcanisers, mechanics, tailors, drycleaners, wheelbarrow

4

pushers, mai shayi, mai suya, plumbers, electricians)

Civil Servant 5

Lecturer/teacher 6

Government Official 7

Religious Leader 8

Community/Traditional Leader 9

Uniform Service Personnel 10

Development Worker (NGO/CBO) 11

Media/Press Personnel 12

Housewife 13

Unemployed (Seeking For Job) 14

Others (specify)…………………………………………..

15

1.8 Do you have any disabilities? Yes (Specify type)………………………………………..

1

No 2

Section 2: Reach of (Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi) Wakilai Na Gari or (Ebonyi) Common Ground radio

2.1 What radio program do you listen to the most?

2.2 Do you know of the Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground program on radio?

□ Yes □ No

2.3 Do you Know of the Radio Magazine

Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi (Kan Daki Sai An Taru)

Ebonyi ( Amaoha)

□ Yes □ No (skip to section 4)

2.4 How did you find out about the Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground program?

□ Through friends

□ Through family

□ Through Public service announcement (PSA)/Jingles

□ Through program countdown on radio

□ Others (specify)…………………………..

2.5 Have you listened to Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground in the last three months?

□ Yes □ No

2.6 Have you listened to

Sokoto (Kan Daki Sai An Taru)

Ebonyi ( Amaoha) in the last three months?

□ Yes □ No

2.7 When do you listen to Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground most? (Select one only)

□ Tuesdays at 10:00 am – 11:00 am

□ Wednesdays at 10:00am – 11:00am

□ Thursdays at 8:00am – 9:00 am

□ Wednesdays at 2:30pm – 3:00pm

□ Fridays at 6:00pm – 6:45pm

2.8 When do you listen to Radio Magazine

Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi (Kan Daki Sai An Taru)

Ebonyi ( Amaoha) most? (Select one only)

□ Wednesday at 4:30pm – 5:00pm

□ Friday at 9:00pm – 9:30pm

□ Saturday at 7:30pm – 8:00pm

□ Sunday at 8:30pm – 9:00 Pm

2.9 What language do you prefer to listen to Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground On radio

□ Hausa

□ English

□ Others (Specify)…………………………..

2.10 Why do you like listening to Wakilai Na Gari or Common Ground On Radio?

2.11 Why do you like listening to Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi

(Kan Daki Sai An Taru) Ebonyi ( Amaoha)

Section 3: Relevance of the program

3.1 Do you think the radio program is relevant to you?

□ Yes □ No

3.1b If yes or No why?

3.2 Do you think Radio Magazine is relevant to you?

Sokoto, Adamawa, Bauchi (Kan Daki Sai An Taru)

Ebonyi ( Amaoha)

□ Yes □ No

3.2b If yes or No why?

3.3 What topics discussed during the program that were relevant and why?

3.4 What topics discussed in the Radio Magazin (Kan Daki Sai An Taru) or (Amaoha) were relevant and why?

3.5 Do you think the topics discussed are addressing the needs of the citizens?

□ Yes □ No

3.6 Do you think the program in any way increased your exchange with policy makers?

□ Yes □ No

3.6b If yes, how? If not, why?

3.7 In your opinion what do you feel can be done to make the program more relevant to the needs of the community/people?

Section 4: Knowledge of Political parties and their manifestos

4.1 Are you aware that political parties have manifestoes/policies for delivering on key service

Yes

Not sure Go to Q4.4

No Go to Q4.4

delivery priorities of the citizens?

4.2 If yes, which party’s manifesto are you aware of?

4.3 What is included for citizens in the manifesto you are aware of?

Primary health care 1

Basic education 2

WASH services 3

Others (specify)……………………………………….. 4

4.4 In your opinion, do political parties and their elected officials understand the key service delivery priorities of citizens?

Yes

Not sure

No

1

2

3

4.4b Why do you think so?

4.5 Do you feel that citizens are involved in the process of deciding what political parties should focus on in the areas related to primary health care, basic education, and/or WASH services?

Yes 1

Not sure 2

No 3

4.5b Why do you feel this way?

5. Measuring attitudes regarding accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria Can't Say (0) Strongly Disagree (1) Disagree (2) Neutral (3) Agree (4) Strongly Agree (5)

Statement 0 1 2 3 4 5

5.1 I know what is included in party policy proposals and/or platforms regarding service delivery for citizens

5.2 Political parties and their elected officials understand the key service delivery priorities of the citizens such as primary health care, basic education, and/or WASH services

5.3 Women participate in leadership and decision making processes and policy making on service delivery issues such as primary health care, basic education, and/or WASH services

5.4 People with disabilities participate in leadership and decision making processes and policy making on service delivery issues such as primary health care, basic education, and/or WASH services

5.5 Young people participate in leadership and decision making processes and policy making on service delivery issues such as primary health care, basic education, and/or WASH services

Thank you for participating in our survey. The information will be used to inform a program on accountability and transparency in political parties in Nigeria. Your responses will be highly confidential.