list of nuclear accidents in india

8/13/2019 List of Nuclear Accidents in India

1/101/10en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country

The abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine with the

Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the distance.

List of nuclear power accidents by countryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Worldwide, many nuclear accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster in

1986. Two thirds of these mishaps occurred in the US.[1]The French Atomic Energy

Commission (CEA) has concluded that technical innovation cannot eliminate the risk

of human errors in nuclear plant operation.

An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given the expected growth of

nuclear power from 20052055, at least four serious nuclear power accidents would

be expected in that period.[1]

Contents

1 Overview

2 Canada

3 France

4 Germany

5 India

6 Japan

7 Ukraine

8 United Kingdom

9 United States

10 Nuclear safety

11 See also

12 References

13 External links

Overview

Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents

that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to

define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages. Property damage costs include

destruction of property, emergency response, environmental remediation, evacuation, lost product, fines, and court claims.[2]Because nuclear

power plants are large and complex accidents on site tend to be relatively expensive.[3]

The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania was caused by a series of failures in secondary systems at the reactor, which allowed

radioactive steam to escape and resulted in the partial core meltdown of one of two reactors at the site, making it the most significant accident

in U.S. history.[4]

The world's worst nuclear accident has been the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Ukraine, one of two accidents that has been rated as a level

7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.[5]The accident occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after an unsafe systemstest led to a rupture of the reactor vessel and a series of explosions that destroyed reactor number four. The radiation plume spread to the

surrounding city of Pripyat and covered extensive portions of Europe with traces of radioactivity, leaving reindeer in Northern Europe and

sheep in portions of England unfit for human consumption. A 30 kilometres (19 mi) "Zone of alienation" has been formed around the

reactor.[6]

At least 57 accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and over 56 nuclear accidents have occurred in the USA. Relatively few

accidents have involved fatalities.[2]

Canada



Nuclear power accidents in Canada[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Date Location Description Fatalities

Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

3:07 p.m.

Friday,

December12, 1952

CRL,

Ontario,

Canada

The NRX accident. Explosions occurred in the reactor core.The world's first

(http://www.ottawacitizen.com/health/Chalk+River+toxic+legacy/5874735/story.html)

major nuclear reactor accident.

0See NRX

accident

May 24,

1958

CRL,

Ontario,

Canada

The NRU accident. Fuel rods in the reactor overheated and ruptured inside the

reactor core. A rod caught fire and broke when removed, then dispersed fission

products and alpha-emitting particles.

0See NRU

accident.

November

1978

WR-1

reactor at

Pinawa,

Manitoba,

Canada

LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. 2,739 litres of coolant oil leaked, most of it

into the Winnipeg River.

It took several weeks for workers to repair it. See ref 12.

0

Atomic

Energy of

Canada

named the

report

"Protected".

August 1,

1983

Pickeringnuclear

Reactor 2,

CRL,

Ontario,

Canada

LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. Catastrophic pressure tube rupture. Tube that

holds the fuel rods ruptured. See ref. 11 . Page 8 and 24 of PDF0 Unknown.

March

1986

Bruce

nuclear

Reactor 2,

CRL,

Ontario,

Canada

LOCA Major loss of coolant accident. Catastrophic pressure tube rupture. Tube that

holds the fuel rods ruptured. See ref. 11 . Page 24 of PDF0 Unknown.

France



Nuclear power accidents in France [3][13]


Cost

(in millions

2006 US$)

INES

rating

17 Oct

1969

Saint-

Laurent-des-

Eaux, France

50 kg of uranium dioxide melted inside of the A1 nuclear reactor of

Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux, during a refueling operation0

Unknown (likely

far less than the

13 Mar 1980

accident)

4

25 Jul1979

Saclay,France

Radioactive fluids escape into drains designed for ordinary wastes,seeping into the local watershed at the Saclay BL3 Reactor

0 5

13 Mar

1980

Loir-et-

Cher, France

A malfunctioning cooling system fuses fuel elements together at the Saint

Laurent A2 reactor, ruining the fuel assembly and forcing an extended

shutdown

0 22 4

14 Apr

1984

Bugey,

France

Electrical cables fail at the command centre of the Bugey Nuclear

Power Plant and force a complete shutdown of one reactor0 2

22 May

1986

Normandy,

France

A reprocessing plant at Le Hague malfunctions and exposes workers to

unsafe levels of radiation and forces five to be hospitalised0 5

12 Apr

1987

Tricastin,

France

Tricastin fast breeder reactor leaks coolant, sodium and uranium

hexachloride, injuring seven workers and contaminating water supplies

0 50

27 Dec

1999

Blayais,

France

An unexpectedly strong storm floods the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant,

forcing an emergency shutdown after injection pumps and containment

safety systems fail from water damage

0 55 2

21 Jan

2002

Manche,

France

Control systems and safety valves fail after improper installation of

condensers, forcing a two-month shutdown0 102

16 May

2004

Cattenom-2,

Lorraine,

France

Sub-standard electrical cables at the Cattenom-2 nuclear reactor cause

a fire in an electricity funnel, damaging safety systems [14]0 12 1

13 Jul

2008

Tricastin,

France

Dozens of litres of wastewater contaminated with uranium are

accidentally poured on the ground and runoff into a nearby river0 7 1

9 Aug

2009

Gravelines,

France

Assembly system fails to properly eject spent fuel rods from the

Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant, causing the fuel rods to jam and the

defueling operation to be suspended

0 2 1

5 Apr

2012

Penly,

France

Fire on a primary pump of the second reactor, followed by a small

radioactive leak inside the pump0 ? 1

Germany



Nuclear power accidents in Germany[3][13]


Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

4 May

1986

Hamm-

Uentrop,

Germany

Operator actions to dislodge damaged fuel elements at the thorium high-temperature

reactor release excessive radiation to 4 km2surrounding the facility0 267

17 Dec

1987

Hesse,

GermanyStop valve fails at Biblis Nuclear Power Plant and contaminates local area 0 13

07 Dec

1975

Greifswald,

East

Germany

Electrical error at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant causes a fire in the main trough and

destroys control lines and the electric supply for 5 main coolant pumps (out of a total of

6) and induces a partial meltdown in bloc 1. Ultimately classified as INES 3. The incident

was not reported to the public until 14 years after it occurred.

0

Nov 24,

1989

Greifswald,

East

Germany

A near core meltdown occurs at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant. It's the fifth dangerous

incident at the plant. Three out of six cooling water pumps were switched off for a test. A

fourth pump broke down and control of the reactor was lost; 10 fuel elements were

damaged. The accident was reportedly attributed to sticky relay contacts [15]

443

India

Nuclear power accidents in India[3][13]


Cost

(in millions

2006 US$)

4 May

1987

Kalpakkam,

India

Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam refuelling

accident that ruptures the reactor core, resulting in a

two-year shutdown

0 300

10 Sep

1989

Tarapur,

Maharashtra,

India

Operators at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station find

that the reactor had been leaking radioactive iodine at

more than 700 times normal levels. Repairs to the

reactor take more than a year

0

78

The on line hours of unit 1&2 in 1990 were

7772 and 7827 hrs (source IAEA PRIS.

Repairs lasting more than one year from 10

Sep 1989 can not yield such on line

hours.surely something is wrong.

13 May

1992

Tarapur,

Maharashtra,

India

A malfunctioning tube causes the Tarapur Atomic

Power Station to release 12 curies of radioactivity0 2

31 Mar

1993

Bulandshahr,

Uttar

Pradesh,

India

The Narora Atomic Power Station suffers a fire attwo of its steam turbine blades, damaging the heavy

water reactor and almost leading to a meltdown

0220 The cost data is not on comparable basis.2400 or so US 2006 dollars for TMI and 220

for NAPS unit 1 is wrong.

2 Feb

1995

Kota,

Rajasthan,

India

The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station leaks

radioactive helium and heavy water into the Rana

Pratap Sagar River, necessitating a two-year

shutdown for repairs

280

22 Oct

2002

Kalpakkam,

India

Almost 100 kg radioactive sodium at a fast breeder

reactor leaks into a purification cabin, ruining a

number of valves and operating systems

0 30

Japan

See also: Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents and Nuclear power in Japan



Nuclear power accidents in Japan


Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

INES

rating

2 Nov

1978

Fukushima

No1, Japan

Japan's first criticality accident at No 3 reactor, this accident was hidden

for 29 years and reported on 22 Mar 2007

1981 Tsuruga,Japan

Almost 300 workers were exposed to excessive levels of radiation after afuel rod ruptured during repairs at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant.[16]

December

1995

Tsuruga,

Japan

The fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak.[16]State-run

operator Donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that

showed extensive damage to the reactor.[17]

March

1997

Tokaimura,

Japan

The Tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion. 37 workers

were exposed to low doses of radiation. Donen later acknowledged it had

initially suppressed information about the fire.[16][17]

18 Jun

1999Shiga, Japan

A fuel loading system malfunctioned and set off an uncontrolled nuclear

reaction and explosion.[16]

September

1999

Tokaimura,

Japan

The criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility.[16]Hundreds of

people were exposed to radiation and two workers later died. This is not a

nuclear power plant accident, however.[17]2 4

2002Onagawa,

Japan

Two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered

minor burns during a fire.[17]

9 Aug

2004

Mihama,

Japan

A steam explosion at the Mihama-3 station; the subsequent investigation

revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in Japanese nuclear plants,

which led to a massive inspection program.[18]5 1

2006Fukushima

No1, Japan

A small amount of radioactive steam was released at the Fukushima Dai-

ichi plant and it escaped the compound.[17]

16 Jul

2007

Kashiwazaki,

Japan

a severe earthquake (measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale) hit the region

where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is

located and radioactive water spilled into the Sea of Japan; as of March

2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and

repairs; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power

station in the world.[18]

December

2009

Hamaoka,

Japan

Leakage accident of Radio active water. 34 workers were exposed to

radiation

11 Mar

2011

Fukushima

No1, Japan

The world's second INES 7 accident. A magnitude 9.0 earthquake and

associated tsunami triggered cooling problems at Fukushima 1 & 2 stations

with several reactors. Hydrogen explosions cause structural damage, and

loss of coolant results in meltdowns in three units and a fire in overheated

spent fuel rods. Radioactive steam was released into the atmosphere, and

highly radioactive water spilled into the ocean through utility trenches.

Some immediate injuries resulted.

7

Ukraine



Nuclear power accidents in Ukraine[3][13]


Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

26 Apr

1986

Pripyat,

Ukraine

Steam explosion and meltdown (see Chernobyl disaster) necessitating the

evacuation of 300,000 people from Pripyat and dispersing radioactive material

across Europe (see Chernobyl disaster effects)

Fewer than 50

directly, Eventually as

many as 4,000[19]

6700

United Kingdom

Nuclear power accidents in the UK[3][13]


Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

8 Oct

1957

Windscale,

UK Fire ignites plutonium piles, contaminating surrounding dairy farms 0 78

May

1967

Scotland,

United

Kingdom

Partial meltdown at Dumfries and Galloway. Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel

channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire at the Chapelcross nuclear power

station. Contamination was confined to the reactor core. The core was repaired and

restarted in 1969, operating until the plant's shutdown in 2004.[20][21]

19 Apr

2005

Sellafield,

UK

20 tonnes uranium and 160 kg plutonium leak from a cracked pipe at the Thorp nuclear

fuel reprocessing plant0 65

United States

Main article: Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States

Nuclear reactor accidents in the U.S.[3][13]


Cost

(in

millions

2006

US$)

INES

rating

November

29, 1955

Idaho Falls,

Idaho, US

Power excursion with partial core meltdown at National Reactor Testing

Station's EBR-1 Experimental Breeder Reactor I0 5

July 26,1959

Simi Valley,

California,USA

Partial core meltdown at Santa Susana Field Laboratorys SodiumReactor Experiment 0 32

January 3,

1961

Idaho Falls,

Idaho, US

Explosion at National Reactor Testing Station's SL-1 Stationary Low-

Power Reactor Number One3 22

October

5, 1966

Monroe,

Michigan,

USA

Sodium cooling system malfunctions at Enrico Fermi demonstration

breeder reactor causing partial core meltdown0 19

August 11,

1973

Palisades,

Michigan,

USA

Steam generator leak causes manual shutdown of pressurized water

reactor0 10

March 22,

1975

Browns Ferry,Alabama,

USA

Fire burns for seven hours and damages more than 1600 control cablesfor three nuclear reactors at Browns Ferry, disabling core cooling

systems

0 240

November

5, 1975

Brownsville,

Nebraska, Hydrogen gas explosion damages the Cooper Nuclear Facilitys Boiling



USA Water Reactor and an auxiliary building 0 13

June 10,

1977

Waterford,

Connecticut,

USA

Hydrogen gas explosion damages three buildings and forces shutdown of

Millstone-1 Pressurized Water Reactor0 15

February

4, 1979

Surry, Virginia,

USA

Surry Unit 2 shut down in response to failing tube bundles in steam

generators0 12

March 28,

1979

Middletown,

Pennsylvania,

US

Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown, see Three Mile Island

accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects0 2,400 5

October

17, 1981

Buchanan,

New York,

USA

100,000 gallons of Hudson River water leaked into the Indian Point

Energy Center Unit 2 containment building from the fan cooling unit,

undetected by a safety device designed to detect hot water. The flooding,

covering the first 9 feet of the reactor vessel, was discovered when

technicians entered the building. Two pumps which should have removed

the water were found to be inoperative. NRC proposed a $210,000 fine

for the incident.[22]

0 -

March 20,1982

Lycoming,New York,

USA

Recirculation system piping fails at Nine Mile Point Unit 1, forcing twoyear shutdown

0 45

March 25,

1982

Buchanan,

New York,

USA

Damage to steam generator tubes and main generator resulting in a shut

down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 for more than a year0 56

June 18,

1982

Senaca, South

Carolina, USA

Feedwater heat extraction line fails at Oconee 2 Pressurised Water

Reactor, damaging thermal cooling system0 10

February

12, 1983

Fork River,

New Jersey,

USA

Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Plant fails safety inspection, forced to shut

down for repairs0 32

February

26, 1983

Fort Pierce,

Florida, USA

Damaged thermal shield and core barrel support at St Lucie Unit 1,

necessitating 13-month shutdown0 54

September

15, 1984

Athens,

Alabama, US

Safety violations, operator error, and design problems force six year

outage at Browns Ferry Unit 20 110

March 9,

1985

Athens,

Alabama, US

Instrumentation systems malfunction during start-up, which led to

suspension of operations at all three Browns Ferry Units0 1,830

April 11,

1986

Plymouth,

Massachusetts,

US

Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston

Edisons Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant0 1,001

March 31,

1987

Delta,

Pennsylvania,US

Peach Bottom units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and

unexplained equipment problems 0 400

December

19, 1987

Lycoming,

New York,

US

Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down

Nine Mile Point Unit 10 150

September

10, 1988

Surry, Virginia,

USA

Refuelling cavity seal fails and destroys internal pipe system at Surry Unit

2, forcing 12-month outage 0 9

March 5,

1989

Tonopah,

Arizona, USA

Atmospheric dump valves fail at Palo Verde Unit 1, leading to main

transformer fire and emergency shutdown0 14

March 17,

1989

Lusby,

Maryland, US

Inspections at Calvert Cliff Units 1 and 2 reveal cracks at pressurized

heater sleeves, forcing extended shutdowns 0 120

November

17, 1991

Scriba, New

York, USA

Safety and fire problems force shut down of the FitzPatrick nuclear

reactor for 13 months0 5

April 21, Southport,



1992 North

Carolina, USA

NRC forces shut down of Brunswick Units 1 and 2 after emergency

diesel generators fail

0 2

February

3, 1993

Bay City,

Texas, USA

Auxiliary feed-water pumps fail at South Texas Project Units 1 and 2,

prompting rapid shutdown of both reactors0 3

February

27, 1993

Buchanan,

New York,

USA

New York Power Authority shuts down Indian Point Energy Center Unit

3 after AMSAC system fails0 2

March 2,

1993

Soddy-Daisy,

Tennessee,

USA

Equipment failures and broken pipes cause shut down of Sequoyah Unit

10 3

December

25, 1993

Newport,

Michigan,

USA

Shut down of Fermi Unit 2 after main turbine experienced major failure

due to improper maintenance0 67

14 January

1995

Wiscasset,

Maine, USA

Steam generator tubes unexpectedly crack at Maine Yankee nuclear

reactor; shut down of the facility for a year0 62

May 16,

1995

Salem, New

Jersey, USAVentilation systems fail at Salem Units 1 and 2 0 34

February

20, 1996

Waterford,Connecticut,

US

Leaking valve forces shutdown Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Units 1

and 2, multiple equipment failures found0 254

September

2, 1996

Crystal River,

Florida, US

Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive

repairs at Crystal River Unit 30 384

September

5, 1996

Clinton,

Illinois, USA

Reactor recirculation pump fails, prompting shut down of Clinton boiling

water reactor0 38

September

20, 1996

Senaca,

Illinois, USA

Service water system fails and results in closure of LaSalle Units 1 and 2

for more than 2 years0 71

September

9, 1997

Bridgman,

Michigan,USA

Ice condenser containment systems fail at Cook Units 1 and 2 0 11

May 25,

1999

Waterford,

Connecticut,

USA

Steam leak in feed-water heater causes manual shutdown and damage to

control board annunicator at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant0 7

September

29, 1999

Lower

Alloways

Creek, New

Jersey, USA

Major Freon leak at Hope Creek Nuclear Facility causes ventilation train

chiller to trip, releasing toxic gas and damaging the colling system0 2

February

16, 2002

Oak Harbor,

Ohio, US

Severe corrosion of control rod forces 24-month outage of Davis-Besse

reactor 0 143

January

15, 2003

Bridgman,

Michigan,

USA

A fault in the main transformer at the Donald C. Cook nuclear power

plant causes a fire that damages the main generator and back-up turbines0 10

June 16,

2005

Braidwood,

Illinois, USA

Exelons Braidwood nuclear station leaks tritium and contaminates local

water supplies0 41

August 4,

2005

Buchanan,

New York,

USA

Entergys Indian Point Energy Center Nuclear Plant leaks tritium and

strontium into underground lakes from 1974 to 200530

March 6,

2006

Erwin,

Tennessee,

USA

Nuclear fuel services plant spills 35 litres of highly enriched uranium,

necessitating 7-month shutdown

0 98

January 7,

2010

Buchanan,

New York,

USA

NRC inspectors reported that an estimated 600,000 gallons of mildly

radioactive steam was intentionally vented after an automatic shutdown of

Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2. The levels of tritium in the steam were

below those allowable by NRC safety standards.[23]

0 -



February

1, 2010

Montpelier,

Vermont, US

Deteriorating underground pipes from the Vermont Yankee Nuclear

Power Plant leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies0 700

This list is incomplete; please help to expand it.

Nuclear safety

Main article: Nuclear safety

The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested)

reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly.[24]Mistakes do occur and the

designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems

that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. [25]According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast

doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety.[26]Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are

also conceivable.[24]An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 20052055,

at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period.[1][27]To date, there have been five serious accidents (core damage)

in the world since 1970 (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011),

corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. This leads to on average one serious accident happening every eight

years worldwide.

See also

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

Nuclear and radiation accidents by country

References

1. ^ abcBenjamin K. Sovacool (January 2011). "Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" (http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policy-

briefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf) . National University of Singapore. p. 8.

http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/policy-briefs/201101_RSU_PolicyBrief_1-2nd_Thought_Nuclear-Sovacool.pdf.

2. ^ abBenjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia

(http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a923050767~db=all~jumptype=rss) Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3,

August 2010, pp. 379-380.3. ^ abcdefgBenjamin K. Sovacool (2009). The Accidental Century - Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years

(http://www.touchoilandgas.com/ebooks/A1ioj0/eandpvol7iss2/resources/134.htm)

4. ^Stencel, Mark. "A Nuclear Nightmare in Pennsylvania" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/tmi/tmi.htm) , The

Washington Post, March 27, 1999. Accessed July 5, 2010.

5. ^"International Nuclear Event Sc ale Enhances Public Communications"

(http://www.nei.org/keyissues/safetyandsecurity/policybriefs/internationalnucleareventscale3) , Nuclear Energy Institute. Accessed July 5,

2010.

6. ^Mulvey, Steve. "Chernobyl diary - Part One" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4843316.stm) , BBC News, April 4, 2006. Accessed July 5,

2010.

7. ^"Radiation spill at Point Lepreau nuclear plant probed" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/12/13/nb-pt-lepreau-

radiation-detector.html) . CBC news. December 13, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/story/2011/12/13/nb-pt-lepreau-

radiation-detector.html.

8. ^"Nuclear emergency planning at Canada's power plants" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/03/14/f-nuclear-power-plants-canada-emergency-preparedness.html) . CBC news. March 14, 2011. http://www .cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/03/14/f-nuclear-power-plants-

canada-emergency-preparedness.html.

9. ^"Pickering nuclear plant reports water leak" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/03/16/pickering-nuclear-leak.html) . CBC

news. March 16, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2011/03/16/pickering-nuclear-leak.html.

10. ^"Leak from Darlington" (http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/741975--leak-from-darlington-station-poses-no-harm-opg) . The Star.

Dec 22, 2009. http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/741975--leak-from-darlington-station-poses-no-harm-opg.

11. ^"Ontarios Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs"

(http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/appendix2.pdf) . http://pubs.pembina.org/reports/appendix2.pdf.

12. ^"Manitoba's forgotten nuclear acc ident:By: Dave Taylor" (http://ww w.winnipegfreepress .com/opinion/westview/manitobas-forgotten-

nuclear-accident-118563039.html) . http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/manitobas-forgotten-nuclear-accident-

118563039.html.

13. ^ abcdefBenjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia,

Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393400.

14. ^Autorit de Sret Nuclaire (2004) (http://www.asn.fr/index.php/content/view/full/94986)

15. ^nuclearfiles.org,Accidents 1980's (http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/accidents/accidents-1980%27s-

09.htm)

16. ^ abcdeBenjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia,

Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 380.

17. ^ abcdeAssociated Press (March 17, 2011). "A look at Japan's history of nuclear power trouble"


10/1010/10iki di / iki/Li f l id b

(http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M0VHR82.htm) .Bloomberg Businessweek.

http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9M0VHR82.htm.

18. ^ abThe World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 (http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf) p. 23.

19. ^"The international experts have est imated that radiation could cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobyl

populations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986-1987, evacuees and res idents of the most contaminated areas". World Health Organization.

Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident (http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/index.html) 5 September 2005.

20. ^[1] (http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/552/5297.html)

21. ^[2] (http://www.kare-uk.org/magnoxes.htm)

22. ^Perrow, CharlesNormal Accidents(New York: Basic Books 1984) ISBN 0-465-05142-1 pp. 45-46

23. ^Luby, Abby (January 7, 2010). "Nuclear steam leak intentional: Response to Indian Point plant shutdown"

(http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/01/08/2010-01-08_nuclear_steam_leak_intentional_response_to_indian_point_plant_shutdown.html) . Daily News(New York).

http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2010/01/08/2010-01-

08_nuclear_steam_leak_intentional_response_to_indian_point_plant_shutdown.html.

24. ^ abJacobson, Mark Z. and Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). "Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I:

Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials"

(http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf) .Energy Policy. p. 6.

http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WWSEnergyPolicyPtI.pdf.

25. ^Hugh Gusterson (16 March 2011). "The lessons of Fukushima" (http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-

lessons-of-fukushima) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/hugh-gusterson/the-lessons-of-

fukushima.

26. ^James Paton (April 4, 2011). "Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says"

(http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html) . Bloomberg

Businessweek. http://www .businessweek.com/news/2011-04-04/fukushima-crisis-worse-for-atomic-power-than-chernobyl-ubs-says.html.

27. ^Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). "The Future of Nuclear Power" (http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-

full.pdf) . p. 48. http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-full.pdf.

External links

The Worst Nuclear Disasters (http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html) TIME magazine

U.S. Nuclear Accidents (http://www.lutins.org/nukes.html) Compiled by allen lutins

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country&oldid=509298764"

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