fukushima 1- nuclear accidents, march
TRANSCRIPT
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 1
Fukushima I nuclear accidents
Fukushima I nuclear accidents
Satellite image of the Unit 3 moments after the second explosion on 14 March, 11:04 JST
Date 11 March 2011
Time 14:46 JST (UTC+9)
Location Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan
Coordinates 37°25′17″N 141°1′57″E
Outcome Level 4 (Accident with local consequences) on the International Nuclear Event Scale[1]
Reported injuries 15 (injuries), 3 (radiation sickness)[2]
[3]
The Fukushima I nuclear accidents are a series of ongoing events at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant,
following the 11 March 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami. Commencing 13 March, other incidents have
developed at the Fukushima Daini plant 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) to the south.
On 11 March 2011, the Japanese government declared a "nuclear power emergency" due to a loss of coolant andevacuated thousands of residents living close to Fukushima I. About 170,000 – 200,000 people were evacuated after
officials voiced the possibility of core damage.[4] [5] Twenty-two residents near the plant showed signs of radioactive
contamination exposure, and three workers from the plant reported symptoms of radiation sickness, according to a
statement in the New York Times,[6] but only one worker was confirmed by Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO) as ill.[7] The release of fission products from the damaged nuclear reactor core, notably radioactive
iodine-131, led Japanese officials to distribute iodine to the people living around Daiichi and Daini, because taking a
dose of iodine can help protect the thyroid gland.[6]
The next day, while evidence of partial meltdown of the fuel rods in Unit 1 was growing, a hydrogen explosion
destroyed the upper story of the building housing Reactor Unit 1. The explosion injured four workers, but the
container of the reactor remained intact.[8] [9] The explosion is believed to be the result of hydrogen reacting with
atmospheric oxygen. Hydrogen is formed when the zircaloy cladding of the fuel rods oxidizes with water under high
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 2
temperatures,[10] which was vented along with steam from the containment vessel into the building in order to
reduce pressure within the containment.[11] [12]
On 13 March 2011, a partial meltdown at Unit 3 appeared also possible. As of 13:00, 13 March, JST, both reactors 1
and 3 had been vented and were being filled with water and boric acid to both cool and inhibit further nuclear
reactions.[13] Unit 2 was reported to have lower than normal water level but to be stable, although pressure inside the
containment vessel was high.
[13]
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the situation atUnits 1 and 3 as Level 4 (accident with local consequences) on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). [14]
170,000 – 200,000 people were evacuated after officials voiced the possibility of a meltdown.[4] [15]
On 14 March, the reactor building for Unit 3 exploded as well,[16] injuring eleven people. It appears there was no
release of radioactive material and TEPCO has said it was contained within the reactor bunker. [17] TEPCO shares
dropped 24% in this first day of trading after the tsunami. [18] The president of the French nuclear safety authority,
Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN), said that the accident should be rated as a 5 or even a 6 on INES. [19]
On 15 March, it was apparent problems with the vents on Unit 2 meant pressure in its containment vessel had
impeded water flow into it to the extent that Unit 2 was in the most severe condition of the three reactors, and an
explosion occurred at 06:14 Japan time.[20] The explosion in Unit 2 happened in the "pressure suppression room",
causing some damage to the reactor’s containment system.[20] [21] A fire broke out at Unit 4 and radiation levels at
the plant rose significantly.[22] The Nikkei 225 stock index plunged more than 1200 points, or 13% in the first few
hours of trading, as the government warned of elevated radiation risks.[23]
Overall assessment of risks by scientists
David A. Lochbaum of the Union of Concerned Scientists pointed to the fact that pools holding spent fuel rods in the
top level of the reactor buildings could release even bigger quantities of hazardous substances than a meltdown and
blow them high up into the atmosphere, if those rods should not be managed to be kept cooled at their position close
to the affected reactors so that the old rods would ignite. [24] [25]
Masashi Goto, a former Toshiba reactor researcher and designer, warned that mixed oxide (MOX) fuel used inreactor 3 of the Fukushima I (Daiichi) plant contained plutonium —a dangerous threat already in tiny doses —and
was, therefore, much more toxic than the fuel used in the other reactors. [26]
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant
Cutaway drawing of a typical BWR Mark I
Containment, as used in units 1 to 5
The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant is located in the town of Okuma
in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It consists of six
light water, boiling water reactors (BWR) with a combined power of
4.7 GW, making Fukushima I one of the 25 largest nuclear power
stations in the world. Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to beconstructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO).
The reactors for units 1, 2, and 6 were supplied by General Electric,
those for units 3 and 5 by Toshiba, and unit 4 by Hitachi. All
construction was done by Kajima.[27] Unit 1 is a 439 MWe type
(BWR3) reactor constructed in July 1967. It commenced commercial
electrical production on March 26, 1971, and was scheduled for
shutdown in March, 2011.[28] It was designed for a peak ground
acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a response spectrum based on
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 3
the 1952 Kern County earthquake.[29] Units 2 and 3 are both 784 MW type BWR-4 reactors, Unit 2 commenced
operating in July 1974 and Unit 3 in March 1976. All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when
the ground acceleration was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was
discovered.[29]
Units 1 – 5 have a Mark 1 type (light bulb torus) containment structure, unit 6 has Mark 2 type (over/under)
containment structure.
[29]
From September 2010, unit 3 has been fueled by mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel.
[30]
Earthquake and tsunami
Diagrammatic representation of the
cooling systems of a BWR
An earthquake categorised as 9.0MW
on the moment magnitude scale occurred
on 11 March 2011, at 14:46 Japan Standard Time (JST) off the northeast coast of
Japan. On that day, reactor units 1, 2, and 3 were operating, but units 4, 5, and 6
had already been shut down for periodic inspection.[31] When the earthquake was
detected, units 1, 2 and 3 underwent an automatic shutdown (called scram).[32]
After the reactors shut down, electricity generation stopped. Normally the plant
could use the external electrical supply to power cooling and control systems, butthe earthquake had caused major damage to the power grid. Emergency diesel
generators started correctly but stopped abruptly at 15:41, ending all AC power
supply to the reactors. The plant was protected by a sea wall, but tsunami water
which followed after the earthquake easily topped this sea wall, flooding the low
lying generator building.[33] [34] Article 10 of the Japanese law on Special
Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness, heightened alert
condition requires authorities to be informed of such an incident: TEPCO did so
immediately and also issued a press release declaring a "First Level
Emergency".[32]
Cooling is needed to remove decay heat even when a plant has been shut down.
Nuclear fuel releases a small quantity of heat under all conditions, but the chain reaction when a reactor is operating
creates short lived decay products which take several days to entirely cease releasing heat at above the shutdown
level (typically 5% of operating power, here 20MW.). Boiling water reactors have steam-turbine driven emergency
core cooling systems that can be directly operated by steam produced after a reactor shutdown and can inject water
directly into the reactor. Using these pumps, boiling water reactors can provide water without electrically driven
pumps but only while the reactor is at pressure. This results in less dependence on emergency generators but only
operates so long as the reactor is safely producing steam, and some power is still needed to operate the valves and
monitoring systems. Achieving cold shutdown still requires motor-driven pumps to remove decay heat.
After the failure of the diesels, emergency power for control systems was supplied by batteries that would last abouteight hours.[35] Batteries from other nuclear plants were sent to the site and mobile generators arrived within 13
hours,[36] but work to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps was still continuing as of 15:04
on 12 March.[37] Generators would normally be connected through switching equipment in a basement area of the
buildings, but this basement area had been flooded by the tsunami.[33]
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 4
Reactor unit 1
Cooling problems at unit 1
Aerial view of the plant area before accident. Unit
1 is rightmost of block of four reactors centre left.
Unit 3 is second from left. (north is to the right)
On 11 March 2011 at 16:36 JST, a nuclear emergency situation
(Article 15 of the Japanese law on Special Measures Concerning
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness) was declared when "the status of reactor water coolant injection could not be confirmed for the
emergency core cooling systems of Units 1 and 2". The alert was
cleared "when the reactor water level monitoring function was restored
for Unit 1." However, it was reinstated at 17:07 JST. [38] Potentially
radioactive steam was released from the primary circuit into the
secondary containment area to reduce mounting pressure.[39]
In the early hours of 12 March TEPCO reported that radiation levels were rising in the turbine building for Reactor
Unit 1[40] and that it was considering venting some of the mounting pressure into the atmosphere, which could result
in the release of some radiation.[41] Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano stated later in the morning that the amount
of potential radiation would be small and that the prevailing winds are blowing out to sea.[42] At 02:00 JST, the
pressure inside the reactor containment was reported to be 600 kPa (6 bar or 87 psi), 200 kPa higher than under
normal conditions.[34] At 05:30 JST the pressure inside Reactor 1 was reported to be 2.1 times the "design
capacity",[43] 820 kPa.[8] Rising heat within the containment area would have led to increasing pressure, with both
cooling water pumps and ventilation fans for driving gases through heat exchangers within containment dependant
on electricity.[44] Releasing gases from the reactor is necessary if pressure becomes too high and has the benefit of
cooling the reactor as water boils off, but this also means cooling water is being lost and must be replaced. [33] Water
inside the reactor should be only very slightly radioactive, but this assumes no damage to the fuel elements.
In a press release at 07:00 JST 12 March, TEPCO stated, "Measurement of radioactive material (iodine, etc.) by
monitoring car indicates increasing value compared to normal level. One of the monitoring posts is also indicating
higher than normal level."[45] The gamma ray radiation recorded on the main gate was increased from
69 nanogray/hour (nGy/h, 1 gray ≡ 1 sievert for human exposure) (04:00 JST, 12 March) to 866 nGy/h 40 minutes
later and reached the peak of 385.5 μSv/h at 10:30 JST.[46] [45] [47] [48] At 13:30 JST, radioactive caesium-137 and
iodine-131 was detected near reactor 1,[49] which indicates that some of the core was exposed due to a
partial-meltdown or other damage of the nuclear fuel.[50] The NHK website reported that cooling water had lowered
so much that parts of the nuclear fuel rods were exposed. [51] Radiation levels at the site boundary exceeded the
regulatory limits.[45] Kyodo News Service later reported that partial melting may have occurred. [52] [53] [54] [55] On
14 March 2011, Kyodo News reported radiation levels had continued to increase on the premises, measuring at 02:20
an intensity of 751 μSv/hour on one location and at 02:40 an intensity of 650 μSv/hour at another location on the
premises.[56]
Explosion of reactor building
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 5
First explosion at Fukushima power plant, Unit 1.
Before and after images of the Unit 1 explostion.
At 15:36 JST on 12 March 2011 there was an explosion at Unit 1. Four
workers were injured, and the upper shell of the reactor building was
blown away leaving in place its steel frame.[57] [58] The outer building
is designed to provide ordinary weather protection for the areas inside,
but not to withstand the high pressure of an explosion or to act as
containment for the reactor. In the Fukushima I reactors the primarycontainment consists of "drywell" and "wetwell" concrete structures
immediately surrounding the reactor pressure vessel.[8] [59]
Experts soon agreed that the cause was a hydrogen explosion.[9] [60]
[61] Almost certainly the hydrogen was formed inside the reactor
vessel[9] because of falling water levels, and this hydrogen then leaked
into the containment building.[9] Exposed metal fuel rods become very
hot and can then react with steam oxidising the metal and releasing
hydrogen. Safety devices should ignite the hydrogen when it is vented
before explosive concentrations are reached but apparently these
systems failed, or could not be operated due to the shortage of
electrical power.
Officials indicated that the container of the reactor had remained intact and there had been no large leaks of
radioactive material,[8] [9] although an increase in radiation levels was confirmed following the explosion. [62] [63]
ABC news reported that according to the Fukushima prefectural government, the hourly radiation from the plant
reached 1,015 µSv.[64] Two independent nuclear experts cited design differences between the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant and the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant,[65] [66] one of them saying he did not believe that a
Chernobyl-style disaster will occur.[65]
Seawater used for coolingAt 20:05 on 12 March 2011, according to the nuclear regulation act and to the directives of the Prime Minister, the
Japanese government ordered seawater to be used in Unit 1 in an effort to cool down the degraded reactor core.[37]
At 21:00 JST TEPCO announced that they planned to cool the leaking reactor with seawater (which started at 20:20
JST), then using boric acid to act as a neutron absorber to prevent a criticality accident.[67] [68] The water would take
five to ten hours to fill the reactor core, after which it would need to stay for cooling for around ten days. [9] At 23:00
JST TEPCO announced that due to the quake at 22:15[69] the filling of the reactor had been temporarily stopped but
has been resumed after a short while.[8] [70] Filling the reactor with seawater will contaminate the reactor with
impure water, a substance not usually allowed in reactors, meaning the reactor will likely be decommissioned, since
it is not cost effective to decontaminate.[71]
NISA reported that injection of sea water into the primary containment vessel through the fire extinguisher system
commenced at 11:55 on 13 March. At 01:10 on 14 March injection of sea water was halted because all available
water in the plant pools had run out (similarly, feed to unit 3 was halted). Water supply was restored at 03:20.
Radiation levels around the plant were measure at around 0.03 µSv/hr at 05:00 and 15:00 on 14 March. [72]
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 7
Reactor unit 3
Unlike the other five reactor units, reactor 3 runs on mixed uranium and plutonium oxide, or MOX fuel, making it
potentially more dangerous in an incident due to the neutronic effects of plutonium on the reactor and the
carcinogenic effects in the event of release to the environment.[52] [93] [94]
Cooling problems at unit 3
Early on 13 March 2011, an official of the Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency told a news conference that
the emergency cooling system of Unit 3 had failed, spurring an urgent search for a means to supply cooling water to
the reactor vessel in order to prevent a meltdown of its reactor core. [95] At 05:38 there was no means of adding
coolant to the reactor due to loss of power. Work to restore power and vent pressure continued.[96] At one point, the
top three meters of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel rods were exposed. [97]
At 07:30 JST, TEPCO prepared to release radioactive steam, indicating that "the amount of radiation to be released
would be small and not of a level that would affect human health"[98] and manual venting took place at 08:41 and
09:20.[73] At 09:25 JST on 13 March 2011, operators began injecting water containing boric acid into the primary
containment vessell (PCV) via a fire pump.[99] [100] When water levels continued to fall and pressure to rise, the
injected water was switched to sea water at 13:12.[96] By 15:00 it was noted that despite adding water the level in the
reactor did not rise and radiation had increased.[101] A rise was eventually recorded but the level stuck at 2m below
the top of reactor core. Other readings suggested that this could not be the case and the gauge was
malfunctioning.[73]
Injection of sea water into the PCV was discontinued at 01:10 on 14 March because all the water in the reserve pool
had been used up. Supplies were restored by 03:20 and injection of water resumed. [100]
Explosion of reactor building
At 12:33 JST on 13 March 2011, the chief spokesman of the Japanese government, Yukio Edano said that hydrogen
was building up inside the outer building of unit 3 just as it had in unit 1, threatening the same kind of explosion. [102]
At 11:15 JST on 14 March 2011, the envisaged explosion of the building surrounding Reactor 3 of Fukushima 1
occurred, presumably due to the ignition of the built up hydrogen gas. [103] [104] There is no health risk reported,
though 600 people have been ordered to stay indoors. Within minutes, it was reported that as with Reactor 1, the
outer reactor building was blown apart, but the inner containment vessel was not breached. Eleven people were
reported injured in the blast.[105] [106] On the morning of 15 March 2011 (JST),Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano
announced that according to the Fukushima prefectural government, the hourly radiation from the reactor unit 3
reached 400,000 μSv.[107]
Reactor unit 4At 09:40 JST on 15 March 2011, the Unit 4 structure caught fire, likely releasing radioactive contamination from the
spent fuel stored there.[108] [109] TEPCO said workers extinguished the fire by 12:00. As radiation levels rose, some
of the fifty employees still at the plant were evacuated.[110] [111]
On the morning of 15 March 2011 (JST), Secretary Edano announced that according to the Fukushima prefectural
government, the hourly radiation from the reactor unit 4 reached 100,000 μSv.[107]
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the whole core suffers a meltdown”.[102] Soon after, Edano disclaimed that a meltdown was in progress. He stated
that the radioactive fuel rods had not partially melted and he emphasized that there was no danger for the health of
the population.[126] [127] Cabinet Secretary Edano said around 17 UTC on March 14 that there were signs that the
fuel rods were melting in all three reactors. "Although we cannot directly check it, it's highly likely happening". The
government does not use the term "meltdown", because that term could be misunderstood to mean radioactive
material had breached containment.[128] [129]
Evacuations
After the declaration of a nuclear emergency by the Government at 19:03 on 11 March, the Fukushima prefecture
ordered the evacuation of an estimated 1,864 people within a distance of 2km from the plant. This was extended to
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and 5,800 people at 21:23 by a directive to the local governor from the Prime Minister,
together with instructions for residents within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the plant to stay indoors.[37] [35] The
evacuation was expanded to a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) radius at 5:44 on 12 March, and then to 20 kilometres (12 mi)
at 18:25, shortly before ordering use of sea water for emergency cooling. [37] [130]
Evacuations were also ordered around the nearby Fukushima II (Daini) plant. Residents within 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
were ordered to evacuate at 07:45 on 12 March, again with instructions for those within 10km to stay indoors.Evacuation was extended to 10km by 17:39.[37] A journalistic investigation was stopped 60 kilometres (37 mi) from
the plants by police.[116] Over 50,000 people were evacuated during 12 March.[131] The figure increased to
170,000 – 200,000 people on 13 March, after officials voiced the possibility of a meltdown. [4] [5]
On the morning of 15 March, the evacuation area was again extended, as well as the area in which residents should
stay indoors. Prime Minister Naoto Kan stated, "The last remaining people within a 20km (12 mile) exclusion zone
around the plant had to leave, and that those living between 20km and 30km from the site should remain
indoors."[132] [133]
Reactions of nuclear authoritiesAt 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March 2011, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the
Fukushima accidents at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0 – 7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES),
below the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident in seriousness[14] which was at 5, a rating that would make the severity
of the Fukushima event comparable to Sellafield accidents between 1955 and 1979 that were also at 4.
This has been questioned by the French ASN nuclear safety authority. They say the accident can be classed as a 5 or
6, which would be comparable to or worse than the Three Mile Island accident.[134]
International reaction
As a result of the incident, many energy companies reliant on non-renewable sources and listed on stock exchangeshave seen drops in their stock prices, while, conversely, renewable energy companies have had dramatic increases in
value.[135]
Germany
During the chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder, the social democratic-green government had decreed Germany's
final retreat from using nuclear power by 2022, but the phase-out plan was delayed in late 2010, when during the
chancellorship of Angela Merkel the conservative-libertarian government decreed a 12-year delay of the
schedule.[136] This delay provoked protests, including a human chain of 50,000 from Stuttgart to the nearby nuclear
plant in Neckarwestheim. This protest had long been scheduled for March 12, which now happened to be the day of
the explosion of reactor block 1.[137] Merkel on 14 March 2011 about-faced and declared a 3-months moratorium onthe reactor lifespan extension passed in 2010.[138] It is not yet clear what Merkel's moratorium will mean in practice,
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 10
but there is a possibility that older nuclear plants like Neckarwestheim I might be shut down - for just three months
or for good.[138]
Switzerland
Switzerland was considering replacing a nuclear plant. By March 14, Federal Councillor Doris Leuthard, stopped the
assessment process for this replacement.[139]
USA
President Obama went on the air and stated that he was "heartbroken" by the images of devastation and pledged any
support Japan might need. The US Navy dispatched aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan and other vessels flew a
series of helicopter operations.[140] [141] A spokesman for 7th fleet naval personnel stated that monitoring equipment
indicated that the warship had been exposed to radiation. Separate hand-held equipment also picked up the
contamination on 17 crew members, (presumably those who had participated in rescue operations). Commander Jeff
Davis said that the exposure was low enough that after the crew washed with soap and water, follow-up tests were
negative. Davis minimized the exposure as comparable to routine civilian activities and reiterated the US Navy's
committment to the relief operation. [142]
The U.S. Marines are sending the USS Tortuga amphibious dock ship to transport 300 Japanese civil defense
workers from the island of Hokaido to the island of Honshu with 90 vehicles. [143]
Operation Tomodachi is being sent by the U.S. Marines to aid Japan.
Operation Tomodachi (“friendship” in Japanese) was confirmed by U.S.
Marine officials in a news statement this weekend. Initial resources
being deployed include personnel and services.
U.S. Marines stationed in Okinawa will be sent including to the Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 265, the 3rd
Marine Expeditionary Brigade and the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit utilizing KC-130J cargo aircraft and CH-46E
transport helicopters. The effort is being headed out of the Yokota Air Base in Japan which has also sheltered 600
people.
The III Marine Expeditionary Force said in its news statement that it was promptly “prepositioning forces and
supplies in support of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations. ”
[144]
The New York Times editorialized that "the unfolding Japanese tragedy also should prompt Americans to closely
study our own plans for coping with natural disasters and with potential nuclear plant accidents to make sure they
are, indeed, strong enough. We've already seen how poor defences left New Orleans vulnerable to Hurricane Katrina
and how industrial folly and hubris led to a devastating blowout and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico" [145]
Mark Hibbs, a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment's Nuclear Policy Program, reiterated the theme that
"[T]his was a wake-up call for anyone who believed that, after 50 years of nuclear power in this world, we have
figured it out and can go back to business as usual." [146]
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[125] Donn, Jeff; Yamaguchi, Mari (13 March 2011). "Japan quake causes emergencies at 5 nuke reactors" (http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/
42025478). MSNBC . Associated Press. . Retrieved 13 March 2011.[126] "Government: No meltdown in Japanese nuclear plant" (http://www. monstersandcritics. com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1625701.
php/Government-No-meltdown-in-Japanese-nuclear-plant). Monsters and Critics. 2011-03-13. . Retrieved 2011-03-13.
[127] "Water injected into Fukushima reactor" (http://search. japantimes. co. jp/cgi-bin/nn20110314a1. html). The Japan Times Online. .
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[128] "Meltdown Threat Rises at Japanese Nuclear Plant" (http://www. foxnews. com/world/2011/03/13/
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[129] "Japanese Officials: Nuclear Fuel Rods Appear to be Melting in 3 Reactors" (http://www. nationaljournal. com/energy/
japanese-officials-nuclear-fuel-rods-melting-in-3-reactors-20110314). NationalJournal.com. 14 March 2011. .
[130] "Blast destroys part of Japan nuclear plant" (http://ca. news. yahoo. com/blast-destroys-part-japan-nuclear-plant-20110312-024412-523.
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[132] http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-12740843
[133] http://en. rian. ru/world/20110315/163008635. html
[134] "French nuclear agency rates Japan accident 5 or 6" (http://uk. reuters. com/article/2011/03/14/
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[136] "Germany Reconsiders Reactor Lifespan Extensions" (http://www. spiegel. de/international/germany/0,1518,750836,00. html). DER
SPIEGEL. . Retrieved 14 March 2011.
[137] "Nuclear safety worries spread to Europe" (http://www. guardian. co. uk/environment/2011/mar/12/
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[138] "AKW Neckarwestheim muss vom Netz" (http://www. spiegel. de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,750872,00. html). DER SPIEGEL. .
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[139] "„Sicherheit hat oberste Priorität“" (http://www. uvek. admin. ch/dokumentation/00474/00492/index. html?lang=de&msg-id=38101)..(in german)
[140] "Relief efforts still getting started days after earthquake (http://www. stripes. com/news/
relief-efforts-still-getting-started-days-after-earthquake-1. 137703)
[141] BBC
[142] http://www. kspr. com/sns-ap-us-japanupdate,0,4351563. story
[143] AP report cited by Idaho Times
[144] http://news. lalate. com/category/operation-tomodachi/
[145] http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698
[146] http://www. usatoday. com/money/industries/energy/2011-03-14-japan-nuclear-crisis-a-wake-up-call_N. htm
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Fukushima I nuclear accidents 16
External links
• TEPCO News Releases (http://www. tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/index-e.html), Tokyo Electric
Power Company
• Official web site (http://www. nisa. meti.go. jp/english/), Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA), the
nuclear safety authority of Japan
• Official web site (http://www. jaea. go. jp/english/), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)• Update on Japan Earthquake (http://www.iaea. org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01. html), International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• Second "Explosion" at Reactor No. 3 (http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=LuQOFasEOhQ) on YouTube
• Anatomy of a meltdown (http://blogs. nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/
fukushima_crisis_anatomy_of_a. html), Nature
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Article Sources and Contributors 17
Article Sources and ContributorsFukushima I nuclear accidents Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=418915544 Contributors: 84user, A. B., ACSE, Abductive, Adam Majer, Ancheta Wis, Andre.holzner,
Andycjp, Ardric47, Argos42, Asdfsfs, Atmoz, Azure777, BMT, Bdell555, Beagel, Berny68, Blelbach, Boardersparadise, Brandmeister, Brokendata, Bzee91, C628, Chaosprimus, Chaser,
Chingchingchingching1234, Chzz, Cjdobber01, Coffeepusher, Colfer2, Cs32en, Cwill151, Cybercobra, Cyberia23, Darrell Greenwood, Daytona2, Dwalin, Edison, Edward Vielmetti, Elen of the
Roads, Frandomar, Frank A, Frau Holle, Fsbr1908, Funandtrvl, Gatyonrew, Geni, Geofferybard, Hans Dunkelberg, Henk Poley, Henrik, Hydrox, Ingolfson, Itinerant1, Iwavns, JCDenton2052,
JPLeRouzic, JTSchreiber, Jjron, Joefromrandb, John, John KB, John Moss, Julesd, Jusses2, KDesk, KFP, Kaini, Kalin.KOZHUHAROV, Katharina giesler, Kenrick95, Knowledgekid87, Kolbasz,
Komap, Kslotte, Ksnow, L.tak, LarryMorseDCOhio, LemonMonday, Lilac Soul, LjL, LovesMacs, Lynntoniolondon, Marie Poise, MartinezMD, Mikael Häggström, Miss Madeline, Mjr162006,
Monty845, Mouramoor, Mr. D. E. Mophon, Mxn, N2e, Nergaal, Nihola, Now wiki, Numero4, Obankston, Oracleofottawa, Pasrich, Pmarshal, Pontificalibus, Porttimies, Prodego, Ptroxler,Qqchose2sucre, R. S. Shaw, RAN1, Raamin, Racerx11, Radical Edward2, Rdfox 76, Reebzz, Rememberway, Reywas92, RicHard-59, Roger.nkata, Rootover, Rtc, Rwendland, SKS2K6,
SamuelRiv, Sandpiper, Seaphoto, Serazahr, Sexandlove, Shadow Android, Shinkolobwe, SimonEdward, Skizzik, Slum125, Snori, Spitzl, Stageivsupporter, Stifynsemons, SuperSaiyaMan,
Supreme Deliciousness, Tallard, Tariqabjotu, Theanphibian, Thfledrich, Thunderbird, Topamo, Tpbradbury, Truthanado, U5K0, Xanthis, Zidane2k1, Zirconscot, 115 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Fukushima I 14 March 2011 satellite image by DigitalGlobe.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fukushima_I_14_March_2011_satellite_image_by_DigitalGlobe.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Hydrox
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Bandersnatch, TwoWings
Image:Japan Nuclear power plants map.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japan_Nuclear_power_plants_map.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Original
uploader was Calmos at f r.wikipedia
File:BWR Mark I Containment sketch.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BWR_Mark_I_Containment_sketch.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:84user
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File:Fukushima I NPP 1975 medium crop.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fukushima_I_NPP_1975_medium_crop.jpg License: unknown Contributors:
User:Qurren
File:Fukushima explosion.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fukushima_explosion.jpg License: unknown Contributors: F, Kiteinthewind, 1 anonymous edits
File:2011-03-12 1800 NHK Sōgō channel news program screen shot.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2011-03-12_1800_NHK_Sōgō_channel_news_program_screen_shot.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Barrylb, Beao, Gotyear, King of Hearts,
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