List 3 pieces of evidence that hinted at the cold war

The Cold War

The Roots of the Cold War

• Russian Revolution 1917– Comintern– 1919 organization to spread

communisim – Red Scare of 1919 • Palmer Raids, strikes, etc

• WWII– Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Non-aggression pact)– US Strategy in Europe

Yalta and Potsdam• Disagreements regarding

post-war Europe– Soviets—Buffer states– America– Allies or Self

determination

• Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany became Soviet-run nations either directly or indirectly.

• Yugoslavia –Tito

1946—A View of the Future

• Soviets at war with capitalism• Soviets sought to spread

communism• Soviet ideology was

impervious to logic and reasoning

• Containment was the key to defeat

George Keenan’s

“Long Telegram

• US is attempting to spread influence throughout the world (military and ideological

Novikov Telegram

• “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe.”

Iron Curtain Speech

(Churchill)

The US Plan

Marshall Plan “European Recovery Program”

• Secretary of State, George Marshall • 17 nations 13 billion dollars

• What is the impact of this?

Truman Doctrine– 400,000,000 to aid Turkey and Greece

• British told Truman they were leaving• Soviets looking to access Dardanelles

and Bosporus• Fear of losing access to oil and

Soviet Influence

The New German Division

Yalta=4 zones (Britain, France, US, Soviet)

1948 Britain, France and US =Federal Republic of Germany (or West Germany)

1949 Soviets = German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

1949 Berlin Airlift by allies

• Berlin Blockade by Soviets

– More than 277,000 British and American flights

– 13000 tons– YES TONS of goods in one day

– 2.5 million tons total

NATO Established

• 1949– US, Canada and 10 European nations – An attack against one=an

attack against all– Economic, military and

political cooperation– Obvious contentions in congress???

• 1955—Warsaw pact to counter

Events of 1949• Soviets test an

atomic bomb.– US did not expect it

so soon

• Mao Zedong and the Peoples Republic of China

US Steps up its Game• New Government Bureaucracies

– 1949 Department of Defense– Created from the Navy and War departments• The National Security Council was

developed under the DOD to plan foreign policy– Air Force and Central Intelligence Agency

under NSC

NSC-68

• Developed by Paul Nitze

• Signed by Truman in 1950• Established on the principles

of Keenan’s containment• Military over diplomacy• Buildup of weapons• Research h-bomb• Buildup of forces and

traditional military goods• Make certain the US

militarily superior to Soviets• Required mass money • How were we to get this

money?

• ARMS RACE

The Korean War• June 1950 N Korea, led by Kim Il Sung, attacked S.

Korea• Soviets held responsible

– Assistant SOS said that the relationship between Soviets and N. Korea was like the relationship between “Walt Disney and Donald Duck.”

• Truman warned of domino theory

Ridiculously Brief History of Korea

• Japan occupation 1905—WWII

• Post WWII– Koreas sought independence

• Soviet North and US South until elections held

• Leaders

• Video 1

• N. Invades S.• MacArthur– Troops to Inchon and

drive south• Drive communists N. to border of

China• Communist China enters war• Stalemate near 38th develops • WHAT NOW?

Deaths

35,000 US½ Million South Koreans

½ Million Chinese 1+ Million North Koreans

1953– New Leadership

Eisenhower Continues Truman’s policy of Deterrence

Khrushchev Softens stance but continues on path

Further Escalation

US tests Hydrogen Bomb•750 times more powerful than Hiroshima bomb

Soviets soon began developing a thermonuclear bomb of their own

Race to increase the number of weapons and military goods– Note Espionage Spy planes

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) developed by both countries

Space race – Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957

EisenhowerCovert Containment

• Less money on ground forces and more on Nukes and Air Power

• More CIA agents (15,000 v 6,000)

• More money to anti-communist regimes

Containment Implemented

• US supports Israel and Soviets support Arab interests

• Iran—US helps Shah Pahlavi gain office to prevent communist takeover

Middle East

• US backed takeovers by American-friendly regimes across Latin America• CIA sponsered coup

overthrew elected leader Jacobo Arbenz (left leaning and nationalized land) in Guatemala.

Latin America

• US supports France in their struggle to hold on to Indochina

• This leads to…?

Southeast Asia

Better relations and then…• By 1956 the US was flying recon missions with their new U2 spy plane

undetected 70,000 feet above Soviet Airspace• In 1960 the Soviets shot down Francis Gary Powers • US, not knowing Powers was alive, covered up the incident and in

doing so were made to look bad by the Khrushchev when he released information about Powers and the plane being alive and intact.

• Soviet-US tensions returned to heightened levels and hopes for a more friendly future ended.

Berlin Wall

• Eastern Berliners fleeing to West

• Kennedy refuses to give up W. Berlin

• Soviets begin constructing a wall between E. and W. Berlin

The pinnacle of the Cold War• On October 16, 1962 a U2 spy plane

took photographs of missile-base sites in Cuba

• The Soviets began overtly supporting Castro in Cuba (due to Bay of Pigs)

Options• Further Diplomacy

• Invasion of Cuba

• Blockade of Cuba

• Bombing of Missile Sites