Laboratorium Nutrisi Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian

Program Studi Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan

Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian

FTP - UB

2015

Lipid

• structural component of all living cell

• Integral to membranes, gives form to a cellular components

Major classes

• Acylglycerides, energy source and storage

• Complex lipid : Phospholipids, Lipoprotein, Glikolipids, Aminolipids (active cellular lipids, transport)

• Lipid derivat : Fatty acids, sterols, hormone and bile acids, eicosanoids (essential metabolite)

• Sources of energy (9 kcal/g)• Increase palatability

Other functions include:1. provide means whereby fat-soluble nutrients

(e.g., sterols, vitamins) can be absorbed by the body

2. structural element of cell, sub cellular components

3. components of hormones and precursors for eicosanoids synthesis

Visible Lipid

• Clearly seems in food system

• Ex : Oil, lard, butter, margarine

Invisible Lipid

• Not clearly seems in food systems

• Be emulsified, homogenated or be a apart

• Ex : egg yolk, coconut milk, peanut

• Hydrocarbon chains of from 2 to 20 and more carbons with a carboxyl at one end

• 4-6 carbon, short chain• 8-12 carbon, medium chain• 14-18 carbon, long chain• >20 carbon, very long chain, individual names

Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources

Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)

C6:0 n-hexanoic caproic Milk fat

C8:0 n-octanoic caprylic Milk fat, coconut

C10:0 n-decanoic capric Milk fat, coconut

C12:0 n-dodecanoic lauric Coconut, palm

C14:0 n-tetradecanoic myristic Milk fat, coconut

C16:0 n-hexadecanoic palmitic Most SFA in plant and animal

C18:0 n-octadecanoic stearic Animal fat, cocoa butter

C20:0 n-eicosanoic arachidic Widespread minor

C22:0 n-docosanoic behenic Minor in seeds

C24:0 n-tetracosanoic lignoseric Minor in seeds

Symbol Systematic name Common name Sources

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

C16:1 cis-9-hexadecanoic palmitoleic Most fat and oil

C18:1 cis-9-octadecanoic oleic Most fat and oil

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

C18:2 n-6 cis-6,9-octadecadienoic linolenic Most plant oils

C18:3 n-6 all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoat

γ-linolenic Primrose, borage oil

C18:3 n-3 all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic

α-linolenic Soybean, canola oils

C20:4 n-6 all-cis-8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic

arachidonic meat

C20:5 n-3 all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic

EPA Fish oil

C22:6 n-3 all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic

DHA Fish oil

Lipid Digestion

Gastric

• Gastric lipase

• Triacylglycerol -> 3 fatty acid + glycerol

• Lipid digestion limited to SCFA

• Not efficient

Lipid Digestion

Small Intestine (duodenum)

• Lipid emulsified : bile salt

• Small droplet and lipid globule, increase surface area, high digestibility

• Pancreatic lipase

• 40-50% FA + glycerol, and monoglycerides, 10% diglycerides, triglicerides

Lipid Absorption

Small Intestine (Ileum)

• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles

• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell

• Resynthesize triglycerides in cell endoplasmic reticulum

• Some SCFA and MUFA – direct absorb to blood circulation

Lipid Transport

Small Intestine (Ileum)

• Lipid digestion (fatty acid, glycerol and monoglycerides) + bile salts -> form micelles

• Micelles absorb by mucosa cell

• Resynthesize triglycerides (TG) in endoplasmic reticulum of enterocyte (epithelial cell of ileum)

• Triglycerides + lipoprotein + phospolipid -> chylomicron -> lymphatic circulation -> blood circulation -> liver and adipose cells

Lipid Metabolism

Liver and Miosit Tissue

• Chylomicron breakdown (lipoprotein lipase), TG + cholesterol is transported into adipose tissue or miosit tissue (muscle)

• Beta oxidation of fatty acid in miosit(mitochondrion) -> energy

Lipid Deposit

• Fatty acid is transported into adipose tissue (by VLDL form)

• TG from adipose tissue could transported into miosit and oxidized into energy

Next..?

Write short review, handwritten, max 1 page (A4 letter), choose 1 topic only :

• Trans FA metabolism

• Health aspect of Omega-3 FA

• Cholesterol metabolism

• Eicosanoids metabolism

Trans Fatty Acid

• Unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans configuration

• Are formed during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils

• Food industry: long shelf life, their stability during deep-frying, and their semi solidity, which can be customized to enhance the palatability of baked goods and sweets

Trans Fatty Acid

Trans Fatty Acid

• Naturally occurring trans fats are consumed in smaller amounts (about 0.5 percent of total energy intake) in meats and dairy products from cows, sheep, and other ruminants

• Consumption of trans fatty acids increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Trans Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid Metabolism

• MUFA intake from food and enzymatically synthesis from SFA (9-desaturase enzyme)

• C16:0 C16:1, C18:0 C18:1

• PUFA (linoleat and linolenat) are essential FA

• ω3 are synthesized from linolenic acid, but ω6 form linoleic acid

• Oleic acid C20:3 ω9 (essential FA deficiency)

Fatty Acid Metabolism

• Delta 6 desaturase: limiting enzyme

(preferred substrate : linoleic)

• Linoleic abundant in food > linolenic

• EPA and DHA : slowly shynthesized(increased from food intake)

Omega-3 FA vs CVD

• decrease risk for arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden cardiac death.

• decrease risk for thrombosis, which can lead to heart attack and stroke.

• decrease triglyceride and remnant lipoprotein levels.

• decrease rate of growth of the atherosclerotic plaque.

• improve endothelial function.• (slightly) lower blood pressure.• reduce inflammatory responses

Cholesterol Synthesize

Cholesterol Regulation

Eicosanoids

• Hormone likes compound

• Short half-life

• C20 FA : precursors of eicosanoidssynthesize (ALA, Arachidonic acid, EPA)

• Prostaglandin, tromboxan, prostacyclin, leukotriena, lipoxin

Eicosanoids

ω6 eicosanoids

• TXA2 : platelet pro agregation, vasoconstriction

• PGI2 : capillary vasoconstriction

• LTB4 : inflamation mediator

ω3 eicosanoids

• TXA3 : platelet pro agregation (weak)

Evaluation of Lipid• Invitro

rancidity test (peroxides, FFA, TBA test), iod test, cholesterol content, lipid-trans, fatty acid profile

• Invivo

(hypocholesterolemia, hypotrigliseridemia effect)

blood lipid profile, level of cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL level, foam cell analysis, Intima Media Thickness Level, etc