lifespan development module 1 lesson 3 slides: newborn and prenatal development
DESCRIPTION
Slides from the Open Course Library's Psych 200 Lifespan Development Class: http://opencourselibrary.org/econ-201/.TRANSCRIPT
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Beginnings
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
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What makes us who we are?Photo Courtesy Overstreet
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The Epigenetic Framework
The interplay between nature and nurture
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Many Factors
Polygenic Multifactorial or complex Examples: Diabetes, heart
disease
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Chromosomes and Genes Chromosomes Humans 46 Genes 30,000 in
humans The Human
Genome Project Ethical
considerations
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Conception
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Gametes Reproductive
cells Sperm ova
23 chromosomes
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
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The Zygote
Fertilized egg Fertilization in fallopian tube Meoisis: Genetic material
combines Doubling then differentiation
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Determining the Sex of the Child 22 chromosomes
from each parent are similar in length
23rd is either an X or Y
Half of sperm contain a Y
All of ova contain X
XX female; XY male
Microsort?
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Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins
Monozygotic twins :single fertilized egg
Genetically identical
Less common
Dizygotic twins: two eggs and two sperm
Non-identical Most common
and increasing (2/3rds)
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Degrees of Separation and Types of Twin Variations (Kevin Dufendach)
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Genotype and Phenotype
What you get genetically is not always what you see
Genotype: genetic potential Phenotype: actual physical
traits
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What Determines the Expression of Genes? Additive Pattern: average of
genes (height; skin tone) Dominant/Recessive Pattern
Curly hair Red hair
Partial dominance or codominance
Environmental factors (oxygen deprivation, exertion, etc.)
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Chromosomal Abnormalities Age of mother Down syndrome (20 yr old
woman has 1 in 800 chance; 44yr old 1 in 16 chance)
1/2 zygotes have abnormal number of chromosomes
If occurs anywhere but on 21st or 23rd position, organism usually dies
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Trisomy 21 Most common
chromosomal abnormality
Intellectual developmental delay, distinct physical features
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Sex Linked Chromosomal Abnormalities Abnormal
number of chromosomes on 23rd pair
Numerous sex-linked disorders
XXX, XXY, XO, etc.
Usually sterility and learning difficulties
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Turner’s Syndrome
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Genetic Disorders
Are attributed to specific genes
Dominant gene linked disorders (Huntington’s Disease)
Recessive gene linked disorders(Sickle-Cell Anemia, Cystic
Fibrosis)
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Prenatal Development
The Germinal PeriodThe Embryonic PeriodThe Fetal Period
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The Germinal Period First 14 days Cells differentiate 60% fail (70% in-
vitro)
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The Embryonic Period 3rd through the 8th
week Major structures
begin to form Proximodistal &
cephalocaudal 20 percent fail Human
appearance
Photo Courtesy Lunar Caustic
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The Fetal Period 9th week until birth 12th week genitals
form Development
continues End of 3rd month, all
the parts are present 4-6th month Age of viability (24
weeks) 7-9th month gain 5 lb,
7 inches 5 percent fail
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Teratology
The study of factors contributing to birth defects
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Risks During Prenatal Development Timing of
exposure Amount of
exposure Genetics Gender
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Critical Periods of Development
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Alcohol Most common teratogen Vulnerability during the 2nd month
of development Moderate to heavy drinking or a
single binge (varies)
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Learning
difficulties Impaired motor
skills Flattened nose Widely spaced
eyes Small heads
Long term psychosocial problems
ARND and ARBD Neurological
damage Kidney, bone,
heart problems
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Tobacco Use Fetal growth
restriction Low birth
weight Placenta previa SIDS Neurological
problems (ADHD)
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Other Teratogens Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Pollutants HIV Maternal
Disease
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Pregnancy and Childbirth
A look at complications of pregnancy and methods of childbirth
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Minor Complications of Pregnancy
Nausea, heartburn, gas Hemorrhoids, backache, leg
cramps Insomnia, constipation Shortness of breath Varicose veins Cure? Delivery!!!!
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Major Complications
Severe vomiting Threatened abortion Preelampsia/Toxemia Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy Maternal mortality
Infection Excessive bleeding
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Problems of Newborn LBW <5.8 pounds (8% U.S.)
Tobacco, alcohol, use; poor nutrition; Preterm early < 37 weeks (13%) Fetal Anoxia
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CHILDBIRTHApproaches to
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Dick-Read Method
Dick-Read: “Childbirth Without Fear: The Principles and Practice of Natural Childbirth”
Pain comes from fear Education reduces fear Pregnancy Today - Childbirth W
ithout Fear: The Teachings of Grantly Dick-Read
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The Lamaze Method From Russia to
the US in the 1950s
French obstetrician Fernand Lamaze
Teach control
Breathing, relaxation and focal point
Have a coach Manage rather
than eliminate pain
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Other Methods LeBoyer: gentle birthing Out of hospital births (1 percent of
births) 2/3rds are Home births 1/3rd occur in birthing centers
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Stages of Delivery First Stage
Longest Stage Uterus contracts Cervix dilates Discharge of blood or amniotic
fluid
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Stage of Delivery Second Stage
Baby through birth canal 10-40 minutes Head normally delivered first Mother pushes and relaxes Episiotomy
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Stages of Delivery
Third Stage Placenta or afterbirth is delivered Episiotomy sutured Relatively painless
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Assessing the Newborn The APGAR
Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color
Score 0-2 on each (<5 cause for concern)
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The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Tests neurological condition/behavior in four areas: Motor development Interactive behavior Response to stress Physiological control