prenatal development
TRANSCRIPT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
AND BIRTH
Prepared for: Dr. Nor Azian Md Noor
Prepared by: Khadijah Qiaojuping ( G0831416)
Suzlim Abdullah (G0810294)
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH
Prenatal development and birth
Prenatal development
Birth
Postpartum period
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Prenatal
Development
The course of prenatal
development
Teratology and hazards to prenatal development
Prenatal care
Cultural beliefs about pregnancy
Normal prenatal development
THE COURSE OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Three periods Three trimesters
The germinal period (1st 2 weeks)
First trimester (First three months)
The embryonic period (2-8 weeks) First trimester (First three
months)
The fetal period (2-9 months) First trimester (First three months) Second trimester (Middle three months)Third trimester (Last three months)
THE GERMINAL PERIOD (1ST 2 WEEKS)
THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (2-8 WEEKS)
Three layers
Life-support systems
The endoderm
The mesoderm
The ectoderm
Digestive and respiratory systems
Circulatory system, bones, muscles,
excretory system and reproductive system
Nervous system, sensory receptors and
skin parts
The Amnion
The Umbilical cord
The Placenta
THE PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD
THE FETAL PERIOD
3 months after conception Become active, moving its arms and legs, opening and closing its mouth and moving its head
6 months after conception A grasping reflex is present, and irregular breathing movements
occur
8 months after conception The fetus grow longer and gains substantial weight
Prenatal development:video on prenatal dev.flv
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
"Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm."
[AL-QUR'AN 76:2]
"That He did create in pairs---male and female, from a seed when lodged (In its place)."
[AL-QUR'AN 53:45-46]
"He makes you, in the wombs of your mothers, in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness.”
[AL-QUR'AN 39:6]
"Man we did create from a quintessence (of clay); then we placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed; then we made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot we made a (fetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be ALLAH, the best to create!"
[AL-QUR'AN 23:12-14]
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE Was He not a drop of sperm emitted (In lowly form)? Then did he become
a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion. And of him He made two sexes, male and female.“
[AL-QUR'AN 75:37-39]
"Him who created thee, fashioned thee in due proportion, and gave thee a just bias; in whatever form He wills, does He put thee together.“
[AL-QUR'AN 82:7-8] "And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and
understanding)." [AL-QUR'AN 32:9]
"Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: so we gave him (the gifts), of hearing and sight."
[AL-QUR'AN 76:2] "It is He who has created for you (the faculties of) hearing, sight, feeling
and understanding: little thanks it is ye give!"
[AL-QUR'AN 23:78]
TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Teratogen- refers to any environmental agent that cause
damage during the prenatal period. It comes from the Greek word teras, meaning “malformation” or “monstrosity”. The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is called teratology.
Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs
TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Fetal alcohol syndrome
1.Wide-set eyes2.Flat bones3.Thin upper lip
TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Fetal nicotine syndrome
1.Poor language 2.Cognitive skills3.Attention disorder
HAZARDS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTPsychoactive and Illegal Drugs Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and
heroin
Incompatible Blood Types Rh factor
Maternal Diseases Rubella, Syphilis, Genital herpes, AIDS (immune deficiency syndrome)
Maternal Diet and Nutrition Mother’s diet, pollution fish
Maternal Emotional States and Stress
intense fears, anxieties and other emotions
Maternal Age Adolescence & more than 30’s woman
Paternal Factors Abnormalities in sperm, father’s age
Environmental Hazards Radiation, toxic wastes, chemical pollutants
ISLAMIC PERCEPTIVE "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the
flesh of swine, and that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah.”
[Al-Qur’an 5:3]
"Oh you who believe! Verily, without a shadow of a doubt, wine, gambling, idol worshipping, instruments used for divining, for telling the future, are all impurities and pollutants from the activities of Shaytaan." "and he wishes to prevent you and stop you and hinder you from the remembrance of Allah and he wants to prevent you from performing salah."
[Al- Qur’an 5:90-91]
PRENATAL CARE
Food Dos and Don’ts
Health Care Dos and Don’ts
Lifestyle Dos and Don’ts
Environmental Dos and Don’ts
Prenatal care
CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT PREGNANCY
Expectant mothers behave during pregnancy may depend in part on the prevalence of traditional home-care remedies and folk beliefs, the importance of indigenous healers, and the influence of health-care professions in their culture.
Identify beliefs, values, and behaviors related to childbearing.
Affect women’s attitudes about the care needed during pregnancy (e.g. Religious, language)
NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
It is important to remember that, although things can do go wrong during pregnancy, most of the time pregnancy and prenatal development go well.
Avoiding teratogens helps ensure a positive outcome.
BIRTH
Birth
The birth process
Assessing the newborn
Low birth weight and preterm infants
THE BIRTH PROCESS
Stages of birth
Childbirth setting and attendants
Methods of childbirth
The transition from fetus to
newborn
The birth
process
STAGES OF BIRTH
First stage (12-24 hours) Contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 4 inches so that the baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal
Second stage ( 1 ½ hours) The baby’s head start to move through the cervix and the birth canal
After birth stage (last only minutes)
The placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled
METHODS OF CHILDBIRTH
Medications
Natural and Prepared childbirth
Cesarean delivery
Three basic kinds of drugs: analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
Natural childbirth
Prepared childbirth
Childbirth: delivery and birth.flv
THE TRANSITION FROM FETUS TO NEWBORN
Pregnancy
Oxygen
Anoxia
At Birth
The placenta and umbilical
cord
Well prepared and adapted
the fetus Adrenaline,
noradrenalin and hormones
Vernix caseosa
Fetus
Brain damage
Skin
ASSESSING THE NEWBORN
Scales Definition Role
Apgar Scale A widely method to assessment the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
Evaluates infants’ heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle
tone, body color, and reflex irritability.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale(NBAS)
A test given several days after birth.
Assess newborns’ neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale(NNNS)
Described as an “offspring” of the NBAS.
.Provides a more comprehensive analysis of newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS
Low birth weight and
preterm infants
Three related conditions post
threats to newborn
The incidence and causes of low birth
weights
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS
Three related
conditions post
threats to
newborn
Low birth weight
Being preterm (early delivery)
Being small during the pregnancy
Less than 2.3kg at birth
35 or fewer weeks at
birth
Birth weight is below
normal when duration of
pregnancy is considered
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM INFANTS
The incidence and causes of low birth weights
Incidences and causes of low birth weight
Mother’s poor health and nutrition (Developing countries)Cigarette smoking (Developed countries)
Consequences of low birth weights
Survival rates for infants, Brain injuries, Lung and liver diseases (at birth)Learning disabilities, Attention deficit, Breathing problem
Kangaroo care and massage therapy
Stabilized the preterm infants, heartbeat, temperature, and breathingLonger period of sleep, gain more weight, decreasing crying….
THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD
The period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth.
Physical adjustment
Emotional and psychological development
This period lasts for about six weeks or until the body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near pre-pregnant state.
Bonding
PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENT
A woman’s body makes numerous physical adjustments in the first days and weeks after childbirth.
Physical changes after the delivery
Involution is the process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size, 5 and 6 weeks after birth
Returned to normal life before pregnancy
EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Emotional and psychological development
“Baby Blues” and Postpartum Depression
A father’s adjustment
Women begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset about two and three days after childbirth
Relationship with the wife and baby
BONDING
A physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth.
An emotional attachment between the parents and newborn.
The weakness' of the maternal infant bonding.
Bonding: bonding.flv
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
( :] أمه ] حملته بوالديه اإلنسان ووصينا لقمان سورة في رقم على اآلية وهنًـاعامين في وفصاله ( .31:14 )وهن
“And We enjoined on man concerning his parents- his mother bore him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning was
in two years ”.
xةxاعxَض zالَّر zم| {ت ي xن أ xاَد xرx أ |مxن� ل �ن| xي xام|ل َك �ن| xي و�ل xح zه{نxَدx و�َال
x أ xَض|ْع�ن {َّر� ي |دxاُت{ �وxال ( 2:233 ) وxال.
“Mothers shall breastfeed their children for two whole years, for such as desire to complete the term ”.