life is cellular spi.1.1 identify the cellular organelles associated with major cell processes....
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Life is CellularSPI.1.1 Identify the cellular
organelles associated with major cell processes.
SPI.1.2 Distinguish between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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The Cell Theory• All living things are composed of cells• Cells are the basic units of structure
& function in living things• New cells are produced from existing
cells
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Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic– No Nucleus– No
Membrane Covered Organelles
– Circular DNA
• Eukaryotic–Nucleus–Membrane
covered organelles
–Linear DNA
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Two Types of Eukaryotic Cells• Animal
–Cell membrane
–Mitochondria–Small to no
vacuole
• Plant–Cell wall &
membrane –Chloroplast &
Mitochondria–Large
Vacuole
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Eukaryotic Components• Cell Membrane (& Cell Wall)• Nucleus• Ribosomes• Endoplasmic Reticulum • Mitochondria (& Chloroplast)• Golgi Complex• Vesicle• Vacuole• Lysosome
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Cell Membrane• Made of phospholipids
–Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic
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Cell Membrane• Functions:
–Keep in cytoplasm–Allow in nutrients–Excrete waste
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Cell Wall• Found in plants and algae• Made of cellulose
–Carb
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Cell Wall• Functions
–Strength–Support
• Prevents the tearing of thecell membrane
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Nucleus • Functions:
–Control center–Stores genetic info–Instructs protein synthesis
• Contains DNA• Contains Nucleolus
–Make ribosomes
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Ribosomes• Makes proteins
–Proteins = amino acids• Smallest organelle• No membrane
–Made of RNA
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Cytoskeleton• Network of filaments & tubes that
cross in the cytosol• Functions
–Give shape (tent)–Tracks to move items
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• AKA – ER• Functions as the
intracellular highway• Two types
–Rough ER–Smooth ER
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Rough ER• Flattened sacs covered with ribosomes• Produces:
–Phospholipids–Proteins
• Most abundant: –Digestive–Antibody producing
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Smooth ER• No ribosomes on surface • Less than rough ER• Functions
–Produces estrogen & testosterone–Detoxifies in liver & kidney
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Chloroplast • Plants and algae• Contains chlorophyll
–Traps sunlight
• Performs photosynthesis
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Mitochondria• Where most of the ATP is produced
–Produced in the inner membrane–ATP= energy–Needs oxygen
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Endosymbiotic Theory• Mitochondria & chloroplast originated from a
symbiotic relationship b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells
–Mitochondria = aerobic bacteria–Chloroplast = cyanobacteria
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Endosymbiotic Theory• Evidence
–Own DNA–Double membrane–Binary Fission (independent)–Size–Own ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus• Process and ships out proteins & other
materials out of the cell• Close to cell membrane• Modify the ER products
–Add carb labels =
direction to other cells
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Lysosomes • Special vesicles that contain enzymes• Originate from Golgi• Functions
–Break down carbs, lipids, & proteins from food
–Destroy worn out organelles–Rid cell of waste
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Vacuoles • Store water for the cell• Large in plant cells
–Supports the cell• Wilting
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Movement Through Membranes
SPI.1.7 Predict the movement of water and other molecules across selectively permeable
membranes.
SPI.1.8 Compare and contrast active and passive transport
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Cell Membrane• Lipid Bilayer
–phospholipids• Protein channels
–Allows molecules to pass
• Carbohydrate chains–Cell to cell recognition
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Selectively Permeable • Selective = picky
• Permeable = allows things to pass through
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Selectively Permeable
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Solutions• A homogenous mixture in a liquid form• Mixture = solute + solvent• Solute – dissolved particles• Solvent – dissolving liquid
–Usually water
• Solutions are formed by diffusion
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Solutions
Solutes
Solvent Solution
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The Formation of a Sugar-Water Solution
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Concentrations__Mass of Solute__Volume of Solution
Concentration of Solution
=
Example: If you dissolve 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water, what is the concentration?
4 g/L
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Movement Across Membranes
• Passive – NO energy required– Diffusion – Osmosis– Facilitated diffusion– Ion Channels
• Active – Energy Required– Pumps– Endocytosis– Exocytosis
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Diffusion• Movement of particles across
membranes• Move by concentration gradient• High conc. Low conc.• No energy required• Goal = Equilibrium• Rate determined by steepness of
gradient
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Diffusion Demonstration• Dialysis tubing = selectively
permeable membrane• Phenolthalien - Indicator
– Base – pink
• Iodine – indicator –Starch - black
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Osmosis• The diffusion of water across a membrane• Movement determined by solute
concentrations– Hypotonic– Hypertonic– Isotonic
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Hypotonic Solutions• LOWER concentration of solutes
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Hypertonic Solutions• HIGHER concentration of solutes
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Isotonic Solutions• Equal concentrations of solutes
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Water Movement (Osmosis)–Water moves from hypotonic to
hypertonic solution–Isotonic water moves both ways
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Effects of Osmosis
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Osmosis in Blood Cells
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Facilitated Diffusion• Movement of specific molecules
across the cell membrane by protein channels
• No energy required• Moved by concentration
gradients• Ex: Glucose
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Active Transport• Movement of particles through proteins
against the normal direction of diffusion• Lower conc. higher conc.
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Ion Pumps• Similar to channels but move AGAINST the conc. gradient
• Na-/K+ pumps– 3 Na- ions (inside) bind to carrier protein– ATP opens protein by changing channel shape– Na- released to outside and 2 K+ (outside) bind– Protein resumes its original shape – releasing K+
into cell
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Endocytosis• Cells surround a particle and
encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
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Exocytosis • Vesicles formed in the ER or Golgi
complex carry particles out of the cell by fusing membranes
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Organization of LifeChapter 7Section 4
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Unicellular Organisms• Single celled organism• Prokaryotes
–Bacteria
• Eukaryotes–Yeast
• Colonial–Volvox
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Multicellular Organisms• Organisms composed of many cells• Cells work as groups for specialized
functions
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Specialized Cells • They will have specialized functions• Examples
–Bone–Blood–Skin
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Organization • Cell• Tissues • Organs• Organ Systems• Organism
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Tissues • Examples
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Organs• Animal
–Stomach
• Plants –Roots
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Organ Systems• Failure of one part can affect the
others in the system• Digestive
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Organism • Unicellular • Multicellular
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After Organisms?• Populations• Communities • Ecosystem