LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20THTH CENTURYCENTURY

Barnum & Bailey Circus

Model T Ford

Flatiron BuildingNYC

Frederick Law Olmsted

Central Park NYC

SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFESCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE

Technology and City LifeTechnology and City Life• Cities expand up and outCities expand up and out• By the turn of the 20By the turn of the 20thth Century, 40% of Century, 40% of

Americans lived in the citiesAmericans lived in the cities• Technological advances in Technological advances in

communication, transportation and use communication, transportation and use of spaceof space

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFETECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

SkyscrapersSkyscrapers• ElevatorsElevators• Steel SkeletonsSteel Skeletons• Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan

Wainwright BuildingSt. Louis, Missouri

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFETECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

Electric TransitElectric Transit• Intricate network of electric streetcars Intricate network of electric streetcars

(Trolley Cars)(Trolley Cars)• SubwaysSubways• El Trains El Trains

Electric Trolley Car

Elevated Train (“El”)

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFETECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

Engineering and Urban PlanningEngineering and Urban Planning• Steel Cable Suspension BridgesSteel Cable Suspension Bridges

John Roebling’s Brooklyn BridgeJohn Roebling’s Brooklyn Bridge

• Landscape ArchitectureLandscape Architecture Frederick Law Olmsted’s Central Park (1876)Frederick Law Olmsted’s Central Park (1876)

• Restore serenity to the environmentRestore serenity to the environment• Recreational areaRecreational area• 840 acres840 acres• $5 million$5 million

CENTRAL PARK NEW YORK CITY

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFETECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

City PlanningCity Planning• Daniel Burnham: ChicagoDaniel Burnham: Chicago

Printing RevolutionPrinting Revolution• 1890 Literacy rate = 90%1890 Literacy rate = 90%• Cheap Paper and High Speed PressesCheap Paper and High Speed Presses

AirplanesAirplanes• Wright BrothersWright Brothers• December 17, 1903December 17, 1903

TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFETECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE

PhotographyPhotography• George EastmanGeorge Eastman• FilmFilm• 1888 Kodak Camera1888 Kodak Camera• $25 = 100 roll of film$25 = 100 roll of film

Send camera backSend camera back $10 Develops film and camera is returned $10 Develops film and camera is returned

reloadedreloaded

EXPANDING PUBLIC EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Schools for ChildrenSchools for Children• 1865-95: Laws passed requiring 12-16 1865-95: Laws passed requiring 12-16

weeks of school/yearweeks of school/year• Reading, Writing, MathReading, Writing, Math• KindergartensKindergartens

The Growth of High SchoolsThe Growth of High Schools• Expanded curriculum in science, civics, Expanded curriculum in science, civics,

social studies, and vocational studiessocial studies, and vocational studies

EXPANDING PUBLIC EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Racial DiscriminationRacial Discrimination• By 1910: 3% of African Americans in By 1910: 3% of African Americans in

high schoolshigh schools Education for ImmigrantsEducation for Immigrants

• Encouraged to go to schoolEncouraged to go to school• ““Americanized”Americanized”• Night School for adultsNight School for adults

EXPANDING HIGHER EXPANDING HIGHER EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Changes in UniversitiesChanges in Universities• 1880-1920: College enrollment quadruples1880-1920: College enrollment quadruples• Research university emergesResearch university emerges• Stricter admissionsStricter admissions

Higher Education for African AmericansHigher Education for African Americans• Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau• 1900: 3880 of 9 million African Americans in 1900: 3880 of 9 million African Americans in

attendance at colleges and professional attendance at colleges and professional schoolsschools

DAWN OF MASS CULTUREDAWN OF MASS CULTURE

As Americans had more time for As Americans had more time for leisure activities, a modern mass leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerged.culture emerged.

Coney Island 1903

Bicycling becomesa fad.

AMERICAN LEISUREAMERICAN LEISURE Amusement ParksAmusement Parks

• Small playgrounds and playing fieldsSmall playgrounds and playing fields• Coney Island (roller coaster)Coney Island (roller coaster)• First Ferris Wheel in ChicagoFirst Ferris Wheel in Chicago

Bicycling and TennisBicycling and Tennis• At first, male-onlyAt first, male-only• Frees womenFrees women• Hersheys and Coca-ColaHersheys and Coca-Cola

Spectator SportsSpectator Sports• Boxing and BaseballBoxing and Baseball• Become profitable businessesBecome profitable businesses

BASEBALLBASEBALL

Becomes a professional sportBecomes a professional sport 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1876 National League1876 National League 1900 American League1900 American League First World Series in 1903 (Boston First World Series in 1903 (Boston

Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates)Pilgrims beat Pittsburgh Pirates)

Negro League 1920

SPREAD OF MASS CULTURESPREAD OF MASS CULTURE

Popular FictionPopular Fiction• Mark TwainMark Twain

Mass Circulation of NewspapersMass Circulation of Newspapers• Sensational HeadlinesSensational Headlines• Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer• William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Promoting Fine ArtsPromoting Fine Arts• Art Galleries in major citiesArt Galleries in major cities• Ashcan School of American ArtAshcan School of American Art

Snow in NewYork…RobertHenri (1902)

NEW WAYS TO SELL GOODSNEW WAYS TO SELL GOODS

Urban ShoppingUrban Shopping• First shopping center in Cleveland, OHFirst shopping center in Cleveland, OH

The Department StoreThe Department Store• Marshall Field of ChicagoMarshall Field of Chicago

The Chain StoreThe Chain Store• WoolworthsWoolworths

AdvertisingAdvertising Catalogs and Rural Free Delivery (RFD)Catalogs and Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

• Montgomery Ward and Sears RoebuckMontgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck

Social IssuesSocial Issues

GoodGood• More productsMore products• More MarketsMore Markets

Sears CatalogSears Catalog

• Higher standard of Higher standard of living.living.

• Longer life spansLonger life spans• More populationMore population• Growth of urban areasGrowth of urban areas• Better communication Better communication

and transportationand transportation• immigrationimmigration

BadBad• PollutionPollution• Over use of natural Over use of natural

resourcesresources• PovertyPoverty• Mass MediaMass Media• CrimeCrime• ImmigrationImmigration• Over populationOver population• Changes in attitudeChanges in attitude• Decline of rural areasDecline of rural areas

Political corruption, greed and Political corruption, greed and machinesmachines

Social ProblemsSocial Problems

Social Darwinism- Concept that certain Social Darwinism- Concept that certain social groups are better than others. Apply social groups are better than others. Apply Darwin to Human societyDarwin to Human society• Might makes rightMight makes right• Position based on skill poverty is a genetic Position based on skill poverty is a genetic

problem.problem.• J P MorganJ P Morgan

Gospel of Wealth- God made me richGospel of Wealth- God made me rich• Andrew CarniageAndrew Carniage

Focus on the Workforce:Focus on the Workforce:

surplus of unskilled surplus of unskilled and semiskilled and semiskilled workers.workers.

wide spread wide spread unemploymentunemployment

Employers respond byEmployers respond by• Cutting ProductionCutting Production• Closing DownClosing Down• Reducing WagesReducing Wages• Laying off WorkersLaying off Workers

Problems (The Gilded Age) Problems (The Gilded Age)

Railroad Corruption- Credit Mobillier Railroad Corruption- Credit Mobillier skimming funds, over charging and skimming funds, over charging and limiting tradelimiting trade

Monopolies and Trusts- using holding Monopolies and Trusts- using holding companies to control the industrycompanies to control the industry• Horizontal integrationHorizontal integration• Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration

Lack of regulation of trade and standardsLack of regulation of trade and standards Political Corruption, political machines and Political Corruption, political machines and

GraftGraft

UnionsUnions

Founded because Founded because worker was worker was virtually helpless virtually helpless but together we but together we can change.can change.

To give the worker To give the worker a sense of power a sense of power through combined through combined numbersnumbers

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

founded in 1869founded in 1869 welcomed all welcomed all

workers skilled and workers skilled and unskilled, male and unskilled, male and female, black and female, black and white ,immigrant white ,immigrant and nativeand native

Excluded bankers, Excluded bankers, lawyers, gamblers lawyers, gamblers and liquor dealersand liquor dealers

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

wanted an 8 hour workdaywanted an 8 hour workday end of child laborend of child labor equal pay for equal workequal pay for equal work safety codessafety codes graduated income taxgraduated income tax Unsuccessful strikes & competition Unsuccessful strikes & competition

lead to declinelead to decline

American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor

Formed 1886Formed 1886 loose union for craftsmenloose union for craftsmen Unskilled workers excludedUnskilled workers excluded founded by Samuel Gompers founded by Samuel Gompers United Mine WorkersUnited Mine Workers first integrated Unionfirst integrated Union work for mine safety and wageswork for mine safety and wages

StrikesStrikes

Blacklisting- List of trouble makers Blacklisting- List of trouble makers circulated by businesscirculated by business

The Great RR Strike 1877The Great RR Strike 1877• cut wages cause RR workers to strikecut wages cause RR workers to strike• Pittsburgh-Riots 10 people killedPittsburgh-Riots 10 people killed• Pres. Hayes ends strikePres. Hayes ends strike

The Haymarket RiotThe Haymarket Riot• Workers want 8 hour weekday at McCormickWorkers want 8 hour weekday at McCormick• Bomb thrown at strike 2 Cops killed. Radical Bomb thrown at strike 2 Cops killed. Radical

executed. Public turns on Unions.executed. Public turns on Unions.

StrikesStrikes

The Homestead StrikeThe Homestead Strike• company will not bargain and brought in scabscompany will not bargain and brought in scabs• riots cause troops to be sent inriots cause troops to be sent in

Pullman strikePullman strike• constant riots cause troops to be sent inconstant riots cause troops to be sent in

End resultEnd result• public turns on Unionspublic turns on Unions• Union gets some demands weakening UnionsUnion gets some demands weakening Unions• Unions declineUnions decline

THE PROGRESSIVE ERATHE PROGRESSIVE ERA

Political, Economic, and Social Change Political, Economic, and Social Change in late 19in late 19thth Century America led to Century America led to broad progressive reforms.broad progressive reforms.

Reforms such as labor and voting Reforms such as labor and voting rights have shaped America into rights have shaped America into what it is today!what it is today!

Suffrage Parade 1916

FOUR GOALS OF FOUR GOALS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement: Return : Return control of the government to the control of the government to the people, restore economic people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices opportunities, and correct injustices in America.in America.

1.1. Protect Social WelfareProtect Social Welfare

2.2. Promote Moral ImprovementPromote Moral Improvement

3.3. Create Economic ReformCreate Economic Reform

4.4. Foster EfficiencyFoster Efficiency

FOUR GOALS OF FOUR GOALS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

1.1. Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare Settlement House MovementSettlement House Movement Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley

2.2. Promoting Moral ImprovementPromoting Moral Improvement ProhibitionProhibition Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Frances WillardFrances Willard

3.3. Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform 1893 Economic Panic…begin questioning capitalism1893 Economic Panic…begin questioning capitalism Eugene V. Debs…Socialist Party 1901Eugene V. Debs…Socialist Party 1901 MuckrakersMuckrakers

4.4. Fostering EfficiencyFostering Efficiency Frederick Winslow Taylor (“Taylorism”)Frederick Winslow Taylor (“Taylorism”) Scientific ManagementScientific Management

CLEANING UP LOCAL AND CLEANING UP LOCAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTSTATE GOVERNMENT

Natural disasters often prompted Natural disasters often prompted reformreform

Robert M. La FolletteRobert M. La Follette• Rep. Governor (WI)Rep. Governor (WI)• Works on regulating big business, esp. Works on regulating big business, esp.

railroadsrailroads• The “Wisconsin Idea”The “Wisconsin Idea”

The boundaries of the University should be The boundaries of the University should be the boundaries of the state.the boundaries of the state.

STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM secret ballotssecret ballots direct primarydirect primary Robert M. Robert M.

LaFolletteLaFollette Seventeenth Seventeenth

Amendment Amendment (1913)(1913)

initiativeinitiative referendumreferendum recallrecall

Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette, , Wisconsin Governor Wisconsin Governor

1900-061900-06

MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM

council-manager plan council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)(Dayton, 1913)

COUNCIL MEMBER

CITY MANAGER

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBERCOUNCIL

MEMBER

strong mayor system

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBER

COUNCIL MEMBER

MAYORMAYOR

CITY SERVIC

ES

CITY SERVICES

PROTECTING CHILDREN AND PROTECTING CHILDREN AND LIMITING WORKING HOURSLIMITING WORKING HOURS

Protecting Working ChildrenProtecting Working Children• Prone to accidents due to fatigueProne to accidents due to fatigue• National Child Labor committeeNational Child Labor committee

Efforts to Limit Working HoursEfforts to Limit Working Hours• Muller vs. Oregon (1908)Muller vs. Oregon (1908)

Louis BrandeisLouis Brandeis

• Compensation for families of workers Compensation for families of workers who got hurt or died on the jobwho got hurt or died on the job

REFORMING ELECTIONSREFORMING ELECTIONS

InitiativeInitiative: bill originated by the people.: bill originated by the people. ReferendumReferendum: Vote on the initiative.: Vote on the initiative. RecallRecall: Remove public officials from : Remove public officials from

elected positions by forcing them to face elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their another election before the end of their term if enough voters ask for it.term if enough voters ask for it.

1717thth Amendment Amendment: (1912) Direct election of : (1912) Direct election of SenatorsSenators

TEDDY ROOSEVELTTEDDY ROOSEVELT

A Rough-Riding PresidentA Rough-Riding President• Rep. Gov. from NYRep. Gov. from NY• Urged to run as McKinley’s Urged to run as McKinley’s

VPVP• President w/in 6 monthsPresident w/in 6 months• Born into wealthy family, Born into wealthy family,

Harvard grad, Harvard grad, outdoorsman, leader in NY outdoorsman, leader in NY politicspolitics

• Rough Riders (battle of Rough Riders (battle of San Juan Hill)San Juan Hill)

• President 1901-1909…President 1901-1909…youngest at 42 years of youngest at 42 years of ageage

• Helped create the Helped create the “modern presidency”“modern presidency”

ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEALROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEAL

Thought federal government should Thought federal government should take control whenever state take control whenever state government proved incapable of government proved incapable of dealing with problems.dealing with problems.

““Bully Pulpit”Bully Pulpit” Square DealSquare Deal

USING FEDERAL POWERUSING FEDERAL POWER

TrustbustingTrustbusting• Sought to curb actions Sought to curb actions

of trusts that hurt the of trusts that hurt the public interestspublic interests

• Administration Filed 44 Administration Filed 44 antitrust suitsantitrust suits

1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike• Demonstrates a new Demonstrates a new

principle: when a strike principle: when a strike threatens public threatens public welfare, the fed. Gov. is welfare, the fed. Gov. is expected to intervene.expected to intervene.

USING FEDERAL POWERUSING FEDERAL POWER

Railroad RegulationRailroad Regulation• Elkins Act (1903)Elkins Act (1903)

Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for and shippers to receive, rebates for particular railroads.particular railroads.

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTHEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

Regulating Food and DrugsRegulating Food and Drugs• The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair by Upton Sinclair• Meat Inspection Act (1906)Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Strict cleanliness requirements for Strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackersmeatpackers

Federal Meat Inspection programFederal Meat Inspection program

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Halted the sale of contaminated foods and Halted the sale of contaminated foods and

medicines medicines Truth in labelingTruth in labeling

ROOSEVELT AND ROOSEVELT AND CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION

Natural environment was being exploitedNatural environment was being exploited Roosevelt makes conservation a primary Roosevelt makes conservation a primary

concern:concern:• 148 million acres of forest preserves148 million acres of forest preserves• 1.5 million acres of water-power sites1.5 million acres of water-power sites• 80 million acres for mineral and water 80 million acres for mineral and water

resourcesresources• More than 50 wildlife sanctuaries More than 50 wildlife sanctuaries • National Reclamation Act (1902)National Reclamation Act (1902)

CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION::National Parks and ForestsNational Parks and Forests

PROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFTPROGRESSIVISM UNDER TAFT

Main IdeaMain Idea: : Taft’s ambivalent Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform led approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican Party and to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the the loss of the presidency to the Democrats. Democrats.

TAFT PRESIDENCYTAFT PRESIDENCY

Taft wins election of 1908Taft wins election of 1908 A cautious progressive agendaA cautious progressive agenda

• Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff• Disputing Public LandsDisputing Public Lands

REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITSREPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS Progressives who sought change vs. Progressives who sought change vs.

conservatives who did not.conservatives who did not. Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

• 1912 Roosevelt runs for third term1912 Roosevelt runs for third term• Direct election of senators and adoption in all Direct election of senators and adoption in all

states of the initiative, referendum, and recall.states of the initiative, referendum, and recall.• Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage• 8 hour workday8 hour workday• Minimum wage for womenMinimum wage for women• Federal law against child-laborFederal law against child-labor• A federal trade commission to regulate A federal trade commission to regulate

businessbusiness

DEMOCRATS WIN IN 1912DEMOCRATS WIN IN 1912

Woodrow Wilson (Dem)…the New Woodrow Wilson (Dem)…the New Freedom:Freedom:

Stronger antitrust legislation, banking Stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffsreform, and reduced tariffs

Taft…conservatismTaft…conservatism Roosevelt…progressivismRoosevelt…progressivism Eugene V. Debs…Socialist Party Eugene V. Debs…Socialist Party

policiespolicies

ELECTION OF 1912ELECTION OF 1912

WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMWILSON’S NEW FREEDOM

New FreedomNew Freedom: attack the : attack the trusts, trusts, tariffs, and high finance.tariffs, and high finance.• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthen the Sherman Antitrust ActStrengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act Labor and farm organizations could exist, Labor and farm organizations could exist,

strike, peacefully picket, and boycott.strike, peacefully picket, and boycott.

• Federal Trade Commission (1914)Federal Trade Commission (1914) ““Watchdog” agency Watchdog” agency

A NEW TAX SYSTEMA NEW TAX SYSTEM

Wilson worked to lower tariff ratesWilson worked to lower tariff rates Federal Income TaxFederal Income Tax

• 1616thth Amendment (1913) Amendment (1913)• Graduated taxGraduated tax

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System• Federal Reserve Act (1913)Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Divides nation into 12 districts with a regional central Divides nation into 12 districts with a regional central bank in each districtbank in each district

Issue new paper currency and make loans’Issue new paper currency and make loans’ Transfer money to member banks in troubleTransfer money to member banks in trouble

LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMLIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM

Wilson placed segregationists in Wilson placed segregationists in charge of federal agenciescharge of federal agencies

Opposed federal antilynching Opposed federal antilynching legislationlegislation

Segregation resumes at the Capitol Segregation resumes at the Capitol and in federal offices in Washington, and in federal offices in Washington, D.C. D.C.