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Page 1: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Ir. Liew Shaw Shong

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Page 2: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

IntroductionIntroduction

Scope Site InvestigationInformation on Hydrology, Meteorology, Environment, Natural Resources, Activities &  Topography

Ground InvestigationInformation on Ground & Groundwater conditions

MonitoringTime dependent changes in ground movements,  groundwater fluctuation & movements

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Page 3: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

IntroductionIntroduction

Purpose

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Page 4: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

IntroductionIntroduction

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Page 5: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Why  doing GI?  Why Geotechnical Why  doing GI?  Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Engineer? What Risk & Consequence 

Why doing GI?It is regard as necessary, but not a rewarding expense. (Uncertainty, sufficiently accurate design options for Cost & Benefit study)

Why Geotechnical Engineer?Geotechnical engineer as an underwriter for risk assessment.

What Risk in Ground & its Consequence ?Ground Variability & Geo‐hazards.Financial Viability & Cost Overrun (Construction & Operation).

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Page 6: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Source :http://www.sptimes.com/2004/04/16/Tampabay/At_site_of_collapse__.shtml 6

Page 7: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

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Page 8: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Source :National Geographic (Jan 2008) 8

Page 9: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Source :National Geographic (Jan 2008) 9

Page 10: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

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Page 11: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Geotechnical Engineering

Fluid Control Systemse.g. dams

Underground Geo‐structures

e.g. tunnel

Structural Support Systems

e.g. foundations

Ground Improvemente.g. densification, 

remediation

Surface Geo‐structurese.g. embankments, landfills

Rock MechanicsSoil MechanicsGeology

Hydrology

Structural Mechanics

Continuum Mechanics

Numerical Analysis

Materials

Geochemistry

Site ExplorationGround 

Movements

Construction

Mechanical Engineering

Risk Management

Contract Law

Public Policy

Modified from Morgenstern (2000)

Fracture Mechanics

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Page 12: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Geotechnical Engineering

Fluid Control Systemse.g. dams

Underground Geo‐structures

e.g. tunnel

Structural Support Systems

e.g. foundations

Ground Improvemente.g. densification, 

remediation

Surface Geo‐structurese.g. embankments, landfills

Rock Mechanicsdeformation

failureseepage

Soil Mechanicsdeformation

failureseepage

Geologycomposition

genesisprocesseshydrology

HydrologySurface fluid flow

Structural Mechanicsdeformation

failuremember design

Continuum Mechanicselasticityplasticity

idealisation

Numerical Analysisboundary elementfinite differencediscrete elementfinite element

Materialstypes

propertiesgeosynthetics

Geochemistrywaste

leachatesdurability

Site Explorationreconnaissance

drillingin‐situ testing

laboratory testinggeophysics

Ground Movementsearthquakeliquefactionsinkhole

Constructionpractice

experience

Mechanical Engineeringdrilling

instrumentexcavation

Risk Managementobservation method

risk assessmentinstrumentation

Contract Lawspecification

Public Policycodes

standardlaws & compliance

Modified from Morgenstern (2000)

Fracture Mechanicsblastingquarry

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Page 13: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Genesis/Geology

Ground Profile

Appropriate Model

Ground Behaviour

Precedent,Empiricism,Experience,

Risk‐management

Idealisation followed by evaluation. Conceptual or physical modelling

Analytical modelling

Lab/field testingObservation/measurement

Site investigationGround description

Burland’s Geotechnical 

TriangleMorgenstern (2000)

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Page 14: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

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Captain, no worry!   We are still far from it.

Perceived Cost

Actual Cost

Consequence

How GI cost 

Page 15: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

How GI shall be done ?

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Page 16: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

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Page 17: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Codes & StandardsCodes & Standards

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Page 18: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Process Diagram of Ground InvestigationProcess Diagram of Ground Investigation

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Page 19: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Process Diagram of Ground InvestigationProcess Diagram of Ground Investigation

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Page 20: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Desk Study

Bid Document & Tender

Site Walk‐over Survey

Identify Project  Need

Scope of GI

Stage 1 of GIStage 1 of GI

““Without Site Investigation, Ground is a HazardWithout Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard””

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Page 21: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Field Supervision

Work Certification

Sampling, In‐situ Testing, Geophysical Survey

Monitoring

Laboratory Testing

Stage 2 of GIStage 2 of GI

““Without Site Investigation, Ground is a HazardWithout Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard””

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Page 22: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Factual Data Compilation

Report Preparation

Interpretation

Stage 3 of GIStage 3 of GI

““Without Site Investigation, Ground is a HazardWithout Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard””

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Page 23: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Desk StudyDesk StudyInformation for Desk Study :

• Topographic Maps

• Geological Maps & Memoirs

• Site Histories & Land Use

• Aerial Photographs

• Details of Adjacent Structures & Foundation

• Adjacent & Nearby Ground Investigation

Project Site

Pipelines

Project Site

AlluviumGranite

Jurong Formation

Pipeline

sProject Site

1999

PipelinesProject Site

1986

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Page 24: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Site Walkover SurveySite Walkover Survey

• Confirm the findings from Desk Study• Identify additional features & information not captured by Desk Study

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Page 25: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

GI PlanningGI Planning

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Page 26: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Depth of Investigation

Stability Analysis

Foundation Design

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Page 27: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Common ProblemsCommon Problems

Incomplete Survey Information

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Page 28: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

GI PlanningGI Planning

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Page 29: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

GI PlanningGI Planning

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Page 30: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SpecificationSpecification

Objectives (study, design, forensic, construction)Type of investigation, mapping & field surveyVertical & lateral extent (termination depth)Sampling requirements (types, sampling locations & techniques)In‐situ and laboratory testing requirements (standards)Measurement/monitoring requirements (instrument types & frequency)Skill level requirements in specialist works & interpretationReport format & data presentation

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Page 31: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SpecificationSpecification

Work schedule & GI resources planningPayments for services, liability, indemnity, insurance cover

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Page 32: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Boring/DrillingBoring/Drilling

MonitoringMonitoring

InIn‐‐situ situ TestingTesting

Recover Recover SampleSample

‐ Subsurface stratification/profile‐Material classification & variability‐ Laboratory tests

‐ Allow in‐situ tests down hole (profiling)‐Direct measurement of ground behaviours

‐Allow monitoring instruments installed down hole

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Page 33: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Direct Method Direct Method –– Boring, Sampling, InBoring, Sampling, In‐‐situ situ & Laboratory Testing& Laboratory TestingMedical Applications‐ Biopsy sampling

Geotechnical Applications‐ Boring, Trial Pitting & Sampling

• Thin‐walled, Piston Sampler• Mazier Sampler• Block Sample

‐In‐situ Testing• SPT, MP, CPTu, VST, PMT, DMT, PLT, • Permeability Test• Field Density Test

‐Laboratory Testing• Classification Test• Compressibility Test (Oedometer/Swell)• Strength Test (UU/UCT/CIU/DS)• Permeability Test• Compaction Test• Chemical Test (pH, Cl, SO4, Organic Content, 

Redox, etc)• Petrography & XRD

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Page 34: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Indirect Method Indirect Method –– Geophysical SurveyGeophysical Survey

Medical Applications

‐ X‐ray, Computer Tomography & MRI

‐ Ultra‐sound  

Geotechnical Applications 

Geophysical Survey

‐ Electromagnetic Waves(Permeability, Conductivity & Permittivity)

‐Mechanical Wave (Attenuation, S‐waves & P‐waves)

• Resistivity Method• Microgravity Method• Transient Electro‐Magnetic Method• Ground Penetration Radar• Seismic Method

Santamarina, J. C. (2008) ‐ http://www.elitepco.com.tw/ISC3/images/Keynote‐03‐Santamarina.pdf 34

Page 35: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Geophysical SurveyGeophysical Survey

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• Merits• Lateral variability (probing location)• Profiling (sampling & testing)• Sectioning (void detection)• Material classification• Engineering parameters (G0 & Gdynamic)

• Problems•Over sale/expectation•Misunderstanding between engineers, engineering geologists & geophysicists•Lack of communication•Wrong geophysical technique used•Interference/noise

Page 36: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

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Page 37: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

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Page 38: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

38

Page 39: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

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Page 40: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

40

Page 41: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplerSamplerSplit Spoon

Thin‐Walled

Piston Sampler

Mazier Sampler

Core Barrel

Wire‐line

41

Page 42: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Sample Storage, Handling, Sample Storage, Handling, TransportationTransportation

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Page 43: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Sample PreparationSample Preparation

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Page 44: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

SamplingSampling

• Sample Sizes

• Representative mass (particle sizes, fabric, fissures, joints)

• Adequate quantity for testing• Sample Disturbance

• Stress conditions• Deformation behaviours• Moisture content & void• Chemical characteristics

Before During After

Stress relief Stress relief Stress relief

Swelling Remoulding Moisture migration

Compaction Displacement Extrusion

Displacement Shattering Moisture loss

Base heave Stone at cutting shoe

Heating

Piping Mixing or segregation

Vibration

Caving Poor recovery Contamination

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Clayton et al (1982)

Page 45: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Poor recoveryLonger rest period for sample swellingSlight over‐samplingUse of sample retainer

Sample contamination

Sample DisturbanceSample Disturbance

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Page 46: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Sample Quality ClassificationSample Quality ClassificationSample Quality

Soil Properties

ClassificationMoisture Content Density Strength Deformation Consolidation

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Class 4

Class 5

46BS 5930 (1981)

Page 47: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

InIn‐‐situ Testssitu Tests

Piezocone (CPTu)

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Page 48: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

InIn‐‐Situ TestsSitu Tests

• BS1377 : Part 9• Suitable for materials with difficulty in sampling

• Very soft & sensitive clay• Sandy & Gravelly soils• Weak & Fissured soils• Fractured rocks

• Interpretation• Empirical• Semi‐empirical• Analytical

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Applicability of InApplicability of In‐‐situ Testssitu TestsTest Stress Strength Stiffness Permeability

K0 φ’ Cu σc E’/G Eu Gmax k

SPT G C R G C G

CPT/CPTu G C G

DMT G, C G

Borehole PMT C G, R C

PLT C G, R C

VST C

Seismic G, C, R

SBPMT G, C G C G, C

Falling/Rising Head Test

G

Constant Head Test C

Packer Test R49Clayton , et al (1995)                                           G = granular, C = cohesive, R = Rock

Page 50: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Applicability of InApplicability of In‐‐situ Testssitu Tests

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InIn‐‐situ Testssitu Tests

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InIn‐‐situ Testssitu Tests

Pressuremeter (PMT)

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InIn‐‐situ Testssitu Tests

Dilatometer (DMT)

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Page 54: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Instrumentation MonitoringInstrumentation Monitoring

• Inclinometer

• Extensometer

• Rod Settlement Gauge/Marker 

• Piezometer 

• Observation Well

Toward River

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Page 55: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests

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Source : Life Style Magazine ‐ EDGE 56

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Ground CharacterisationGround CharacterisationFocus of Geological Model

Stratification WeatheringHistorical Geological Processes

Hydrogeology

Geological Structures

Geo‐morphology

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Page 58: LiewShaw Shong - gnpgeo.com.mygnpgeo.com.my/download/publication/L2008_03.pdf · Why doing GI? Why Geotechnical Engineer? What Risk & Consequence Why doing GI? It is regard as necessary,

Geological MappingGeological MappingMapping of :

‐ Geological features (Structural settings)

‐Weathering profile

‐Outcrop exposure

‐ Seepage conditions 

‐ Geomorphology

‐ Lithology

‐ Stratification

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Ground CharacterisationGround CharacterisationFocus of Geotechnical Model

Subsurface Profile StiffnessStrength Permeability

Chemical CharacteristicsMaterial 

Type

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General Dilemma of GI IndustryGeneral Dilemma of GI Industry

• Lack of pride & appreciation from consultant/client in GI industry.

• Actions done is considered work done!                           Poor professionalism.

Financial survival problem due to competitive rates in uncontrolled environment (cutting corner)

No appropriate time frame for proper work procedures (shoddy works)

Shifting of skilled expert to Oil & Gas or other attractive industries

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Poor Planning & InterpretationPoor Planning & Interpretation

Inadequate investigation coverage vertically & horizontally

Wrong investigating tools

No/wrong interpretation

Poor investigating sequence

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Poor Site ImplementationPoor Site Implementation

Lack of level & coordinates of probing location

Sample storage, handling, transportation

Inappropriate equilibrium state in Observation Well & Piezometer

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Poor InPoor In‐‐situ & Laboratory Resultssitu & Laboratory Results

Equipment calibration

(Variation of pH Values)

Improper sample preparation

Inadequate saturation

Inappropriate testing rate

Inadequate QA/QC in testing processes

Inherent sample disturbance before testing

Lack of calibration

Wear & Tear Errors

Equipment systematic error (rod friction, electronic signal drift, unsaturated porous tip)

Defective sensor

Inappropriate testing procedures

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Poorly Maintained ToolsPoorly Maintained Tools

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OverOver‐‐confidence in Geophysicsconfidence in Geophysics

‐We detect everything in geophysical data, but indentify almost nothing (Rich but Complex).‐Not a unique solution in tomographic reconstruction (Indirect method)‐ Poor remuneration to land geophysicist as compared to O&G‐ Poor investigation specification‐ Lack of good interpretative skill (human capital)‐High capital costs in equipment & software investment

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Communication ProblemCommunication Problem

We are connecting the bridge deck at the same level successfully!

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Difficulties in Identification of Complex Difficulties in Identification of Complex Geological SettingsGeological Settings

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Difficulties in Identification of Complex Difficulties in Identification of Complex Geological SettingsGeological Settings

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Weathering ProfileWeathering Profile

Deviation of material classification between borehole and excavation (Claim issue –Soil or Rock ?)

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Complexity of Rock Mass PropertiesComplexity of Rock Mass PropertiesComplicated rock mass strength ( slope & excavation design)Requiring judgement (involving subjectivity)Information normally only available during construction

a

ubu sm

⎥⎥⎦

⎢⎢⎣

⎡+⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=

σσ

σσσ'

'' 331

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Unexpected Blowout of Underground GasUnexpected Blowout of Underground Gas

Gas pockets at 32m bglFlushing out of sand 

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SupervisionSupervision

Work compliance & certificationDocument critical informationTimely on‐course instruction (sampling, in‐situ testing & termination)Checking between field records and reported information

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Future Trend Future Trend ‐‐ Electronic Data Collection, Electronic Data Collection, Transfer & ManagementTransfer & Management• AGS data transfer format & AGS‐M format (monitoring data)

• First Edition in 1992, AGS(1992)

• Second Edition in 1994, AGS(1994)

• Third Edition in 1999• Advantages :

• Efficient & Simplicity• Minimised human error• GI & Monitoring Data 

Management System• Record keeping• Spatial data analysis

75http://www.ags.org.uk/site/datatransfer/intro.cfm

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ConclusionsConclusions

Nature of GI works & Geotechnical design (Uncertainties)Role of Geotechnical Engineer, Engineering Geologist & GeophysicistStages of GI works (Planning, Implementation, Interpretation & Report)SpecificationsMethodology of GI (Merits & Demerits)

Fieldworks (Direct/Indirect) + Geological MappingLaboratory tests

Common Problems & Future Trend

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ReferencesReferencesAnon (1999). “Definition of Geotechnical Engineering”.  Ground Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 39.

BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Site Investigation, BS 5930”. British Standards Institution, London.

BSI (1981). “Code of Practice for Earthworks, BS 6031”. British Standards Institution, London.

BSI (1986). “Code Practice for Foundation, BS8004”. British Standards Institution, London.

BSI (1990). “British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, BS 1377”.  British Standards Institution, London.

Clayton, C. R. I., Matthews, M. C. & Simons, N. E. (1995). “Site Investigation”, Blackwell Science, 2nd edition.

Gue,  S.  S.  &  Tan,  Y.  C.  (2005),  “Planning  of  Subsurface  Investigation  and  Interpretation  of  Test  Results  for Geotechnical Design”, Sabah Branch, IEM.

Liew, S. S. (2005). “Common Problems of Site Investigation Works in a Linear Infrastructure Project”, IEM‐MSIA Seminar on Site Investigation Practice, 9 August 2005, Armada Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.

European  Group  Subcommittee  (1968).  “Recommended  method  of  Static  and  Dynamic  Penetration  Tests  1965”. Geotechnique, Vol. 1, No. 1.

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ReferencesReferencesFHWA (2002), “Subsurface Investigations —Geotechnical Site Characterization”. NHI Course No. 132031. Publication No. FHWA NHI‐01‐031

GCO (1984). “Geotechnical Manual for Slopes”. Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong 

GCO (1980). “Geoguide 2 : Guide to Site Investigation, Geotechnical Control  Office, Hong Kong

Gue, S. S. (1985). “Geotechnical Assessment for Hillside Development”. Proceedings of the Symposium on  Hillside Development; Engineering Practice and Local By‐Laws, The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia.

Head, K. H. (1984). “Manual of Soil Laboratory testing”. 

Morgenstern, N. R. (2000). “Common Ground”. GeoEng2000, Vol. 1, pp. 1‐20.

Neoh, C. A. (1995). “Guidelines for Planning Scope of Site Investigation for Road Projects”. Public Works Department, Malaysia

Ooi, T.A. & Ting, W.H. (1975). “The Use of a Light Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Malaysia”. Proceeding of 4th Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 3‐62, 3‐79

Ting, W.H. (1972). “Subsurface Exploration and Foundation Problems in the Kuala Lumpur Area”. Journal of Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, Vol. 13, pp. 19‐25

Santamarina, J. C. (2008). “The Geophysical Properties of Soils”, 3rd Int. Conf. on Site Characterisation, Keynote Lecture No. 3, Taiwan.

Site Investigation Steering Group, “Without Site Investigation, Ground is a Hazard”, Part 1, Site Investigation in Construction, Thomas Telford Ltd.

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