library 25

November 2010Meeting No 25

WWRF Library

www.mobilevce.com

© 2010 Mobile VCE

Core 5 Programme

Green Radio....Sustainable Wireless Networks

Saving the planet, and Opex

For WWRF 2010.11.16

Simon Fletcher

Industrial Steering Group Chair

for Green Radio

V1.0

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Overview

• Green Radio Objectives

• Leadership…Industry in partnership with academia

• Energy Profiling

• Metrics

• Traffic Profiling

• High Load Traffic

• Low Traffic Load

• Delay Tolerance

• Integration of Findings

• Conclusions

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Green Radio Programme Organisation

Industry Steering Group

Flexible Networks

(+ non-VCE Programs)

GR2: Techniques

To identify the best radio

techniques across all layers

of the protocol stack that

collectively achieve

100x power reduction

GR1: Architecture

To identify a green network

architecture - a low power

wireless network & backhaul

that still provides good

quality of service

Energy Focus Group

(GR Industrials think tank)

Liaison

collaborate

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Target Innovations: Architecture

Establishing Baselines

To develop a clear understanding of energy consumption in

current networks and the network elements, base sites,

mobiles, etc for the scenarios defined in the Book of

Assumptions

Backhaul Options

To determine the best backhaul strategy for a given

architecture

Deployment Scenarios

To determine what is the optimum deployment scenario for a

wide area network given a clearly defined energy efficiency

metric

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Target Innovations: Techniques

Overall Base Station Efficiency

Techniques to deliver significant improvements in overall

efficiency for base stations, measured as RF power out to total

input power

Improving the QoS/RF Power Ratio

Techniques that will reduce the required RF output power

required from the base station whilst still maintaining the

required QoS

Optimization of a Limited Energy Budget

Given a base station nominal daily energy requirement derived

from renewable energy sources (eg 2.4 kWh - 100W x 24hrs) to

determine how this would be best used for communication

Scaling of Energy Needs with Traffic

Sleep mechanisms that deliver substantial reduction in power

consumption for base stations with no loads and techniques

that allow power consumption to scale with load

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Industrials

Companies Steering

Academics

GR - The Leadership Team

Prof. Tim O'Farrell

Co-ordinator

Simon Armour

Techniques WA Lead

John Thompson

Linkage (inter-WP and external)

David Lister

Deputy Chairman

Simon Fletcher

Chairman

Vasilis Friderikos

Architecture WA Lead

Terence Dodgson

Deputy Chairman

Lajos Hanzo

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Two types of Energy

Operating energy

Energy expended over

the operational lifetime

of the product (part of Opex).

RBS

57%

Retail

2%

Core

15%

Data Centre

6%

MTX

20%

9kg

4.3kg

2.6kg

8.1kg

Mobile

CO

2

emissions per subscriber

per year

Operation

Embodied

energy

Base station

Embodied energy

Energy used in raw material

extraction, transport, manufacture,

assembly, installation of a product or

service including disassembly,

deconstruction and decomposition.

In VLSI devices the embodied energy can be 2.5

– 3 times the operating energy, recycling helps

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Key Metrics for Energy Use

Energy Consumption Ratio (ECR)

This is a measurement of a single system in Joules per bit

and is simply the Energy consumed by the system divided by

the number of data bits communicated

Energy Consumption Gain (ECG)

This compares the energy consumed by a system under test,

relative to a reference system, where both communicate the

same number of data bits

An ECG >1 indicates an improvement in efficiency.

edCommunicat Bits Data

ConsumedEnergy

ECR

Test Under Systemby ConsumedEnergy

System Referenceby ConsumedEnergy

ECG

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

1. Conventional

Cellular

Considering many architectural variants of deployments

Femto

Cell

2. In-Building

Relay

3. Multi-hop

Relay

4. Heterogeneous

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Cell Size Analysis

Macro Micro Pico Femto

RRM

BER/FER vs Eb/No

Link Budget

Mobility/Traffic Models

Packet scheduling, handover, power and load

control

Differentiated QoS, fast fading effects, UE speed, MIMO

Energy consumption is proportional to distance

User Equip (UE) movement, traffic types & mixes

Step2: Overlay Source & Network Coding and/or Cooperative

Networking

Step3: Evaluate optimum cell size from the following

perspectives…….

Step1: Large vs. small cells applying the energy metrics

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High Traffic

Load Scenario

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Small cell architectures an important component

High SNR, close to RBS, will support 64 QAM

Reduced SINR at cell edge permits only QPSK Tx

Smaller cells will thus secure high data throughput

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Power Consumption Analysis based on the Penetration Power Consumption Analysis based on the Penetration

of Femtocellsof Femtocells

Relationship between fraction of customers with femtocells and the

power consumption per user, for different user densities.

Evaluation metric: System power consumption per user; includes

embodied and operational energy.

System power consumption decreases with the initial increase in

femtocell adoption rate.

When femtocells’

deployment rate is

greater than 60%,

system power

consumption

increases again.

A lower user density

leads to increased

power saving.

Energy reduction in the order of 40%.

Now add small cell sleeping

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

Fraction of customers with femtocells

Av

era

ge

p

ow

er c

on

su

mp

tio

n

pe

r u

se

r (W

)

30 users/macrocell

60 users/macrocell

120 users/macrocell

240 users/macrocell

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

SISO vs MIMO with Packet Scheduling

Compared SISO and MIMO techniques with fast

packet scheduling.

Determine ECR of LTE as a function of required

spectral efficiency in different channel scenarios.

Study the impact of control signalling overhead on

ECR

RF

for MIMO and SISO.

Investigating different MIMO transmission and

precoding techniques in combination with multi-

user diversity.

MU-MIMO techniques can achieve in the order of

80% RF energy reduction over a single-user SISO

scheme.

but we mustn’t overlook power consumption model of the

underpinning basestations…

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Low Traffic Load

Scenario

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Daily Traffic Variation

4

Vertical bars show variability in cell traffic load over 24 hour period

Change by factor of ~2 from lowest load at 7am to highest at 9pm

Significant periods of low network utilisation

Expect major load variations between cells

Solid trace shows % data in overall carried traffic (3-6%) in 2009

Further analysis shows that 90% of data traffic is carried in only

40% of network cells

MidnightMidday

Midnight

7am

9pm

4

H Holma and A Toskala, “LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access” John Wiley 2009

www.mobilevce.com

© 2010 Mobile VCE

Spectrum Sharing Techniques

Dynamic intra-operator cross-band spectrum management concepts:

(a) to power down selected radio equipments,

(b) to take advantage of band with superior propagation characteristics,

(c) to increase channel bandwidths, and

(d) Improve the hierarchical spectrum management.

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Saving by disabling and/or changing transmission frequencies

Spectrum Sharing SimulationsSpectrum Sharing Simulations

AC power saving by switching of

parts of networks at a frequency, or

reducing network sectorisation, by

reallocating users as in (a) to other

frequencies, when under low load.

RF transmission power saving by

reallocating links to a lower

frequency band as in (b) to improve

propagation, whenever

transmission capacity is available.

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Delay Tolerant

System Scenario

e.g. for FTP or email or ……

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Store-Carry Forward (SCF) Relay

Considerable reductions (up

to 1000 times) in the

communication energy

consumption can be achieved

by delaying communication

for preferable transmit

locations (note the

logarithmic y-axis).

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Radio basestation models

(including backhaul configuration)

Traffic

Energy

(BS + BH)

Architectures Techniques

Femto vs Relay

Scheduling and MIMO

Green Architectures

Green Basestations

Traffic

Today Future

Energy

(BS + BH)

Embodied Energy

Constraints

minimise

Integration Framework

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© 2010 Mobile VCE

Conclusions

Green technologies relevance to business and politics will

only continue to increase, Green Radio offers timely Industry

driven research.

Recognised globally as the 1st research programme of it’s size

and type

See the GSMA Green Manifesto

1

for the wider motivation of

the industry and EU directive M/462

2

Green Radio is a cutting edge programme running until

2012 that offers…

An in-depth and systematic study of architecture issues to

identify trade-offs in energy efficient network design

Evaluation of Techniques across the protocol stack to select

the most promising approaches to reduce power.

Green Radio is already providing insights of value to…

Operators considering the impact of Green for future networks

deployments

Equipment Vendors for identification of key techniques

enabling green solutions.

1

http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_planet/mobile_environment/green_manifesto.htm

2

Mandate M/462: Standardisation mandate to the ESOs to enable efficient energy use in fixed and mobile information

and communication networks ETSI Board#78, Sophia Antipolis, 17-18 June 2010

www.mobilevce.com

© 2010 Mobile VCE

For further information on this presentation please contact:

Simon Fletcher

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: +44 1372 381824

Further information on mVCE contact:

Dr Walter Tuttlebee,


Tel: +44 1256 338604

WWW: www.mobilevce.com

GREEN TELECOM –

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

FOR THE NEXT GENERATION

Presented by:

T.R. DUA

Dy. Director General, COAI

Functional since 1995, the COAI

started with all private sector

companies engaged in provision

of GSM based Cellular Mobile

Services in India.

Objective - to protect, promote

and upgrade CMTS operations in

India and also to look after the

collective interests of its

members.

VISION

To facilitate the

establishment of a

world class cellular

infrastructure

and deliver the

benefits of affordable

mobile telephony

services to the

people of India.

About COAI

CORE MEMBERS

AIRCEL LTD.

BHARTI AIRTEL LTD.

ETISALAT DB TELECOM INDIA PVT. LTD.

IDEA CELLULAR

LOOP MOBILE (INDIA) LTD.

S-TEL LTD.

UNITECH WIRELESS

VIDEOCON TELECOMMUNICATIONS

VODAFONE ESSAR

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

TECHNOLOGY PARTNERS

ERICSSON

MOTOROLA

NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORK

CHIP MANUFACTURERS

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDERS

ASCEND INFRASTRUCTURE PVT. LTD.

ATC TOWER COMPANY OF INDIA PVT. LTD.

ESSAR TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE PVT. LTD

GTL INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.

INDIA TELECOM INFRA LTD.

INDUS TOWER LTD.

QUIPPO TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.

TOWER VISION INDIA PVT. LTD.

XCEL TELECOM PVT. LTD.

COAI Members

0

200

400

600

800

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Aug'2010

wireline wireless

• ~ 670 Mn mobile

subscribers as on August

2010

• Rs. 150,000 crores

Investments

• Lowest Tariffs in the World

Leading to lowest ARPU’s

i.e. subscriber bills

• High minutes of use (MoU)

• Telecom sector is also

driving growth in

Manufacturing and R&D.

• For every 10% increase in

mobile penetration rate

there is a 1.2% higher

growth rate

Indian Cellular Industry - Snapshot

Mobile Infrastructure - Global Perspective

• Total Mobile Subscribers in India: 670 Mn

• Overall Teledensity : 59.6%

• Rural Teledensity: 25.3%

• Estimated BTS Towers : 300000

• BTS Towers by 2012: 450000

• DG Sets Operational: >250000

• Diesel Consumption: 2 bn Litre

• CO

2

EMISSION/ LITRE of DIESEL: 2.7Kg

• ESTIMATED YEARLY CO2 EMISSION: 5.4 mn tons

Need for Cell Sites

• Wireless Communication from & to Handset.

• A Cell Site receives and transmits signals on certain Frequencies

to/from:

Handsets in its area , Nearby Cell Sites.

• Also when a person is moving – subscriber location/call is handed over

from one cell site to another.

• As the number of users increase, the cells become smaller thus

increasing the number of towers to cover the same area.

• Scarcity of Spectrum is also a big reason for decreasing the inter- site

distance and increasing the number of Towers.

Cellular towers are key infrastructure element used to propagate radio

frequency signals, which consumes loads of energy for running.

BSC

BSC

MSC

MGW

MSC/HLR/VLR

PDSN

FA

AAA

Internet

PLMN/PSTN

Abis

RADIO ACCESS NETWORK

Packet Network

Circuit Network

BTS

Um

MS

BTS

Um

MS

BTS

Um

MS

GBT

RTT

BTS

Mobile Network – Generic Overview

Energy Requirement

• Global: Number of mobile telephones currently is 4.1 billion and

is

expected to reach 5 billion by 2015. In India currently the mobile

subscriber base is 670 Million (Aug’10) and is expected to reach

around 900 Million by 2012.

• More than 90% of the additions will come from emerging

economies globally, with 60 to 80 % of them located in rural

areas.

• In India we expect that the number of new additional Base

stations needed/to be set up by 2011 will exceed 2,00,000. By the

end of Mar’10 we have more than 3.7 Lacs BTS in India.

Energy related expenditure accounts for nearly 70% of total

operating cost per cell site in the rural areas.

• The Power requirement of a BTS currently varies from 1300 –

2500 watts.

• A large percentage of these deployments are still indoor type

needing air conditioning.

• Current SLAs (with operators) need shelter temperature to be

maintained between 22 – 30

0

C range.

• Powering systems are based on grid supply as primary source

with diesel generators as stand by sources and Storage

batteries as secondary sources.

• In case of indoor shelters where specified temperature needs

to

be maintained:-

Energy Requirement: Continued

a) DG set needs to be switched “on” to power the A/Cs and

maintain the temperature.

b) Battery Capacity is not fully utilized.

Current Power Scenario

1,50,323.41Total

13.524,987.75Private Sector

34.048,970.99Central Sector

52.576,364.67State Sector

%ageMWSector

Total Installed Capacity

1,50,323.41Total

7.713,242.41RES**

2.94,120.00Nuclear

24.736,916.76Hydro (Renewable)

0.91,199.75Oil

10.516,385.61Gas

53.378,458.88Coal

64.6 96,044.74 Total Thermal

%ageMWFuel

Renewable Energy

Sources(RES) include

SHP, BG, U&I and Wind

Energy.

Abbreviation:---

SHP= Small Hydro

Project

BG= Biomas Gasfier

BP= Biomass Power

U & I=Urban &

Industrial Water Power

RES=Renewable

Sources.

Source- Ministry of Power

as on June 30, 2009

Scope for

Renewable

energy option

The power supply position in the country

during 2002-03 to 2008-09

12.096,6851,09,80911.06,89,0217,74,3242008-09

16.690,7931,08,8669.96,66,0077,39,3452007-08

13.886,8181,00,7159.66,24,4956,90,5872006-07

12.381,79293,2558.45,78,8196,31,5542005-06

11.777,65287,9067.35,48,1155,91,3732004-05

11.275066845747.15193985592642003-04

12.271547814928.84975895456742002-03

%Short

age

Met Demand

%

Shortage

AvailabilityRequirement

PEAK(MW)ENERGY(MU)

Years

It can be inferred from above that there is a shortage of approx

11-12% in the power supply. Hence, adopting renewable

energy sources would be a right step to meet the energy

requirement.

Key Drivers – Green is the need

Challenges for Tower Companies

Current Energy Challenges faced by

Operators–

1. High Op-ex due to long DG hours

2. Higher Fuel Costs due to fuel transportation,

pilferage and theft

3. Indoor BTS cooling consumes 50% of power

4. Poor Grid power in rural areas

5. No metrics to measure actual power

consumption

6. Considerable CAPEX for Renewable Energy

Long Term Solution?

India’s commitment

India has just announced its commitment to a reduction of

20-25% in carbon intensity from 2005 levels by 2020

through mandatory fuel efficiency standards as

announced by Shri Jairam Ramesh, Hon’ble Minister of

State for Environment and Forests in the Lok Sabha on

December 3, 2009.

Green Initiatives

• Increase Shelter Temp indoor sites - This is a zero Capex initiative

wherein the temperature withstand capability of the electronics can be

used to drive savings even in high ambient regions. This in combination

with FCU will lead to good results. It is proposed at single tenancy sites

or max at two tenancy in agreement with other operators.

• FCU (Free Cooling Unit) for Indoor sites - During low ambient

temperature hours, the operation of the Air conditioning (compressor)

can be avoided by drawing the outside cool air inside the shelter. Two

units can be used - one for exhaust and another for entry of the outside

air through a filter. The -48V DC fan system can be in either the exhaust

or the entry unit.

• Convert Indoor BTS to Outdoor - New CDMA, GSM BTSs and MW IDUs

can withstand temperatures till 50 deg C. Placing indoor BTS to outside

will not only result in reduction in carbon emissions but also reduce P&F

bill by 25%. Low tenancy sites are not considered as we can use FCU at

such sites. However, for non FCU proposed sites we can look at this

initiative.

Green Initiatives

• Extended Battery Back up - At sites where Grid Supply is available for

most time during the day, we can increase the battery backup of the site

to eliminate the DG running. The battery will be charged during the EB

hours only. DG can be run fortnightly / monthly only to boost charge the

batteries. Can be used with Outdoor BTS sites especially where Grid

supply is Off from 4-6 hrs.

• Inverter Air Cons – In inverter air conditioners, compressor uses

motor with variable speed. Speed varies as per temperature conditions.

Efficiency gets improved as theere is no in-rush current.

• DC DG – Currently all DGs in the TTSL network are AC DGs. However,

DC DG helps to improve efficiency by eliminating AC-DC conversion

losses & also eliminates the use of SMPS/Charger/Switch.

• Fuel Catalyst for DG Sites - Various products are available to reduce

the actual Diesel consumption at sites. IPs have decided to use a fuel

catalyst in a big way

Green Initiatives – INCREASED SHELTER TEMPERATURE

Initiative Increase Shelter Temperature

Description

Since most telecom

equipment can work under

higher temperatures,

temperature of the shelter

can be brought to 35 deg C

and thus air-conditioning load

can be reduced. It will yield

much higher savings if

implemented in conjunction

with FCU

Assumption - site

categorization

1. Tenancy of 1 or 2.

2. Indoor BTS

3. Non Tx Hub Site

4. Implementation preferred

along with FCU

Typical savings

per month in INR

600

CAPEX per site in

INR

NIL

Green Initiatives – FREE COOLING UNIT (FCU)

Air

Conditioner

INDOOR BTS

EB

Supply

DG

Set

BatterySMPS

Air Cooled Chamber

Initiative FCU

Description

1. Telecom shelter is a PUF

insulated cabin to reduce

solar gain. Air Con is used

to remove internal heat

dissipated by Electronics.

2. An FCU starts acting

during the low ambient

temperature hours and

draws the outside air

inside to remove the heat.

This reduces the load on

the air-conditioning during

these hours & energy can

be saved .

Assumption -

site

categorization

1. Tenancy 1 or 2

2. Indoor BTS

Typical savings

in INR/per

site/Month

1500

Typical CAPEX

per site in INR

26,000

Green Initiatives – OUTDOOR BTS

Air Conditioner

INDOOR BTS

EB Supply

DG Set

Battery

SMPS

Air Cooled Chamber

OUTDOOR

BTS

SMPS Battery

Initiative Outdoor capsule

Description

1. The new generation

technologies can

withstand higher temp

and can work in Outdoor

ambient temp without

the need of Air Con

2. With OD Capsule, the ID

BTS is placed inside a IP

55 capsule and converted

to OD BTS or a Dedicated

O/D BTS can be used.

Assumption -

site

categorization

1. Tenancy more than 3

2. Indoor BTS

3. Non Transmission Hub

site

Typical savings

in

INR/site/Month

4000

Typical CAPEX

per site in INR

120,000

Note: P&F saving upto 25% possible

Indoor BTS in Outdoor Capsule

Green Initiatives – INVERTER AIR CONDITIONER

Initiative Inverter Air-conditioner

Description

1. The cooling capacity

required at BTS shelter

changes with number of

Operators, RF load and

Ambient temperature.

2. Inverter Aircon uses VFD

technology to match the

compressor capacity with

the dynamic load

demands

3. Thus energy is saved with

better COP and

elimination of starting

losses.

Assumption - site

categorization

1. As part of New site design

2. Indoor BTS

Typical savings

per month in INR

6,000

Typical CAPEX per

site in INR

200,000

INDOOR BTS

EB

Supply

DG

Set

BatterySMPS

Air Cooled Chamber

Invertor AC

Green Initiatives – FUEL CATALYST

Air

Conditioner

INDOOR BTS

EB

Supply

DG

Set

BatterySMPS

Air Cooled Chamber

Fuel Consumption

Reduced

Fuel

Catalyst

Initiative Fuel Catalyst

Description

There are multiple fuel

additives and catalysts

available in the market. The

most effective in terms of

Opex and on O&M

perspective at BTS sites is

the fuel catalyst

Assumption -

site

categorization

1.Preferably Tenancy more

than 3

2.DG Run Hrs. > 10 hours

Typical savings

per month in

INR

1,600

Typical CAPEX

per site in INR

10,000

Green Initiatives – EXTENDED BATTERY BACKUP – 7 Hrs

OUTDOOR BTS

EB

Supply

0-2 Hrs

DG Set

6-14 Hrs

Running

Battery

Existing 400AH

SMPS

Running Reduced

Battery

800-1200 AH

Initiative

Upgradation of BACK-

UP - 7 hrs

Assumption - site

categorization

1.Tenancy more than 3

2.DG Run Hrs. 6 - 8

3.Outdoor BTS

Proposed savings

per month in INR

3500

CAPEX per site in

INR

250000

Initiative

Up-gradation of battery

- 14 hrs

Assumption - site

categorization

1.Tenancy more than 3

2.DG Run Hrs. 9 - 14

3.Outdoor BTS

Typical savings per

month in INR

7000

Typical CAPEX/ site

inINR

500,000

Description: With an extended battery backup, We can reduce the DG running.

The charging of the batteries can be done during the EB availability hours or on

DG at a better load factor.

Green Initiatives – DC GENERATOR

Initiative DC Generator

Description

1. Connects directly to DC Bus to

continuously monitor the

battery system and seamlessly

restore power should battery

backup fail or prolonged power

outage occur.

2. Key Advantages over

conventional Solutions

a.Enhanced Reliability

b.Improved Efficiency

c.Reduced Installation Cost

d.Lower operating cost

e.Can be paralleled

f. No transfer switch required

Assumption -

site

categorization

1. Remote area Sites with no EB

2. Outdoor Sites

Proposed

savings in

INR/per

site/Month

5000

Typical CAPEX

5KW per site

in INR

375000

OUTDOOR BTS

Battery

existing 400 AH

DC Generator

Total Green Initiatives

TOTAL GREEN TECHNOLOGIES :

• SOLAR

• BIOMASS

• WINDMILL

• FUEL CELL

Solar Energy

Solar Energy

• MOST MATURED amongst all such

technologies.

• Power converted from light per m

2

– efficiency*

*The percentage of sunlight falling on 1 Sq.

Meter surface of a Solar Cell that is

converted into Electrical power is defined as

efficiency of solar cell. Thus a Solar cell with

15% efficiency delivers 150 Watt of Power

converted from light falling on 1 Sq. Mtr.

Surface at Noon.

• Main advantages

a. Clean & Green

b. No Moving Parts – Minimal

Maintenance Cost

c. Easier to manage

SOLAR / DG Hybrid Solution ( 6Hrs from Solar Energy )

Solar Energy

OUTDOOR BTS

EB Supply

16-18 Hrs

DG Set

6 Hrs

Running

Battery

Existing 400 AH

SMPS

Solar

6 Hrs Backup

Running Reduced

Initiative Solar Panel – for 8hr

Description

At moderate to poor grid

sites, solar power can be

used for powering eqpt

load during solar

available hours and thus

reduce dependence on

DG sets. This is the Lean

Solar & DG Hybrid Model

Assumption - site

categorization

Tenancy 1 or 2

DG Run Hrs. 6-10 Hrs

Outdoor BTS

Proposed savings

per month in

INR/per

site/Month

12000

CAPEX per site in

INR

(2x2.1KWp)/per

site/Month

540,000

Solar Energy

SOLAR / DG Hybrid Model2 ( 9Hrs from Solar Energy )

OUTDOOR

BTS

EB Supply

0-2 Hrs

DG Set

12-18

Hrs

Battery

800 AH

SMPS

Solar

9 Hrs Backup

Running Reduced

Initiative Solar Panel - 14hr

Description

At poor grid or non grid

sites, solar power can be

used for powering eqpt

load during solar available

hours and also for charging

the batteries so that Solar

can thus reduce

dependence on DG sets.

This is the Solar DG Hybrid

Model

Assumption - Site

Catagory

1.Tenancy 1 or 2

2.DG Run Hrs. 12 -18

3.Outdoor BTS

Proposed savings

per site per

month in INR

18000

CAPEX per site in

INR (2x4.2KWp)

970,000

Biomass Energy Solution


Biomass Gasifier

• Biomass gasification is basically

conversion of solid fuels (wood/ wood-

waste, agricultural residues etc.) into a

combustible gas mixture normally

called Producer Gas.

• The process is typically used for various

biomass materials and it involves

partial combustion of such biomass

Partial combustion process occurs when

air supply (O2) is less than adequate

for the combustion of biomass to be

completed

The DG which is part of the previous hybrid solution can be madeThe DG which is part of the previous hybrid solution can be made

to use to use

biomass instead of costly and polluting fossil fuel . It reducesbiomass instead of costly and polluting fossil fuel . It reduces

the the

dependence on diesel.dependence on diesel.

• Availability of raw material on

continuous basis at identified

locations

• Requirement of large covered

storage space for biomass

storage.

• Dedicated manpower 24 X 7 for

day to day operation.

• Safe disposal of ash / residue

Biomass Biomass

gasifiergasifier

has been used successfully by TERI in rural India.has been used successfully by TERI in rural India.


OUTDOOR

BTS

EB Supply

0-6 Hrs

Battery

800 AH

SMPS

BIO Mass Plant

Wind – Based Systems

FREE, CLEAN & GREEN

• Advanced systems are widely

available

• Smaller systems can be

mounted on existing radio-

masts, reducing costs.

• Horizontal wind turbines are

more efficient

• Systems available with low

“cut – in” speeds of 2.4 m/sec

CHALLENGES

• Site – selection must be carefully done for deployment of wind –

turbines, (ISO – 820 wind maps must be studied before deploying

wind turbines)

• Wind velocity is often erratic. Thus we need a very efficient charge

controller and a sink for excess power

• Sink for excess power can be a tube well for example

Wind – Based Systems

WIND ENERGY HYBRID SOLUTION – 6 Hrs from Wind Mill Energy

OUTDOOR

BTS

EB Supply

0-2 Hrs

DG Set

09-12

Hrs

Running

Battery

800 AH

SMPS

Wind Mill

6 Hrs Backup

Running Reduced

Initiative Wind Mill – for 6hr

Description

At moderate to poor grid

sites, Wind Mill can be

used for powering

equipment load during

Wind power available

hours and thus reduce

dependence on DG sets.

This is the Lean Wind mill

DG Hybrid Model

Assumption - site

categorization

Tenancy 1 or 2

DG Run Hrs. 12-18

Outdoor BTS

Typical savings per

month in INR/per

site/Month

2500

Typical CAPEX per

site 2KW

400000

Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell: How It Works

e

-

e

-

e

-

e

-

H

+

H

+

e

-

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

+ H -

H

H

O

O

2

H

2

O

Oxygen

Molecules

Electrical Load

Water Molecules Forming

Cathode

Catalyst/Electrode

Proton Exchange

Membrane Electrolyte

Anode

Catalyst/Electrode

Hydrogen

Molecules

Electrons

from

Hydrogen

H

2

Fuel Cell Concerns

• Availability of hydrogen on continuous

basis at identified locations

• Requirement of covered storage space

for hydrogen storage.

• Safety & Security issues with Hydrogen

cylinders

Fuel Cell Advantages

• Fuel Cell systems have long operational

life.

• Fuel Cells can be integrated with other

renewable for off-grid applications.

• Fuel cells provide lower life cycle cost

than DG & Battery

• Fuel Cells offer superior reliability at a

lower operational maintenance cost.

OUTDOOR

BTS

EB Supply

0-6 Hrs

Battery

800 AH

SMPS

LPG Based Fuel Cell

TBD

TBD

TBD

Green Power for Mobile – Operator Projects

Current/Completed

Projects

Planned Projects

TBD

Commercial Scale Rollout of Solar/Wind Hybrid

BTS in Vanuatu (25 sites) – Digicel

• Demonstrated the viability of wind

and solar solutions in commercial

scale rollouts

• Define best practice methodology for

commercial scale rollouts

• Understand disaster planning

considerations in hazardous

environment

Commercial Scale, Multi-Vendor Rollout of

Solar/Wind Hybrid in Sri Lanka (10 sites) – Dialog

• Define a best case renewable

energy site

• Use both renewable energy and

energy efficiency approaches

• Identify which technologies were

suited to specific network scenarios

• Highlight the multitude of top-tier

green power vendors

Single Country Feasibility Study (10 sites)

– East African Operator

• Site visits for 10 sites

• Renewable energy

equipment dimensioning for

9 sites

• Detailed recommendations

report

• Example RFP document

Multi Site Bio-diesel BTS Trial in India

– GSMA Initiative

• GSMA Development Fund, Ericsson

and IDEA India joined hands to

establish a pilot project in India

to test the feasibility of using

Biofuels for running the DGs

Sets in Rural BTS locations

• Test the technical feasibility of

jatropha biodiesel for use in base

station diesel generators

• Idea Cellular now biodiesel at more

than 400 base stations in

Hyderabad City, the capital of Andra

Pradesh State using B20 Bio-fuel

• GSMA report available now

What this can give India?

• India’s high economic growth is set to multiply its emission of

environmentally harmful green house gases that contribute to global

warming , but adopting methods to replace greener or more efficient

technologies can help it tap new opportunities as well as get other benefits

- Mckinsey

•Energy Security

•Inclusive growth

•Better Quality of Life

•Leadership in emerging growth business

Green Telecom brings

Multiple opportunity for India

• India is well positioned to take off for alternative energy

revolution, however organized efforts are yet to pick up

stream.

• Government support in terms of subsidy is required to

bolster up the Green Energy usage in telecom sector.

• Govt. should consider USOF support to encourage operators

to opt Green energy and Bio- fuel as an alternative for

powering BTS.

• More efforts are required to educate the industry on the

need for cleaner fuel, its environmental importance and the

socio-economic benefits of Bio-fuel for the rural areas

Conclusion

visit us at: www.coai.in


….its the green beginning

Start thinking green

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

The Way to Next Generation Wireless

Zhou HongVice President Huawei Wireless Network

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HISILICON SEMICONDUCTORHUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 2

Beyond Voice: Changing Communications

Peer to Peer

2000~ 0.7 Billion users126 Billion minutes

2010~ 5.4 Billion users

1620 Billion minutes~ 5 Billion connections

2020~ 7.5 Billion users

3000 Billion minutes~ 60 Billion connections

One to Group

One to All, All to All

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Beyond Phone: Changing BehaviorsPersonal Expanded Infinite

20000.02x traffic

20101x traffic

2020~ 500x traffic




Beyond Applications: Enriching Lifestyles

2000~1000x Apps

2010~ 350,000x Apps

2020~ x Millions Apps

SNSSNSEntertainmentEntertainment

EducationEducation

Health &fitness

Health &fitness

Business& FinanceBusiness& Finance

SNS

Others More AppsMore Apps

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The Night & Day Pace of Development and AdoptionFirst 0.5 Million users:

Radio

after 38 years

Radio

after 38 years

TV

after 13 years

TV

after 13 yearsiPod

after 3 years

iPod

after 3 years

First 100 Million users:




Driving Transformation

q Develop Cloud based services

q Expand all encompassing mobility

Cloud

Pipe

Devices

q Increase 500x capacity and more

OpportunitiesOpportunities

Only by meeting challenges will we realize new opportunitiesOnly by meeting challenges will we realize new opportunities




Capacity Challenge: 500x in 10 YearsBillions of new users

& connectionsBooming

smart devicesBandwidth

hogs




Experience Challenge: Sustained QoENumerous Applications

Competing for resourcesSuperlative experiences

will win customers




Profitability Challenge: Capturing added revenue

Traffic Applications ROI

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HetNet: A Key for 500x Capacity

1 - 5x 10 - 50x

■ Flat architecture■ QoS Focused

100 - 500x

Micro MicroPico

Femto

Relay

Macro Macro Macro

Single layer

Dual layerMulti-standard

HetNet Multi-layer

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Future Network: Multi-standard Multi-band Synergy

Convergence & Evolution (Maximum Synergy, LTE/LTE+ Oriented)Green & Broadband (Power efficiency, New tech, Multi band …)

The 4thGeneration

BTS

SingleRAN@BroadMulti-standard

Multi-band

SingleRANOne equipment

One-siteOne O&M




The Smart Network, Beyond Pipe

Monetize traffic & improve user loyaltyMonetize traffic & improve user loyalty

Smart RAN




Huawei Wireless Growth Updates

Source: Dell’oro (Aug 2010)

2Q2010 RAN REVENUE SHARE

Including GSM, UMTS, LTE,CDMA, WiMAX, TDS-CDMA




LTE Global References

18 Commercial contracts

Norway & SerbiaNorway Sweden

Latvia

Belgium

ItalyUzbekistan

& ArmeniaPolandGermany

Spain China

70+ Trials

Italy

Austria

UK

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia & Kuwait

UAEUSA

Austria

USA

Mexico

Chile

Malaysia

China HK

Australia

South Africa

South Africa

…

(*) 7 commercial contracts are not listed due to NDA with customers.

World’s 1st LTE commercial launched network

World’s 1st LTE 800M commercial network

World’s 1st GL 900MHz and 1st LTE RAN Sharingnetwork

World’s 1st LTE 1800M commercial network




Innovation: Open ● Cooperation ● Win-WinInnovation: Open ● Cooperation ● Win-Win

Green RadioThe Internet of Things

The Unwired OfficeWireless Communication for Emerging Market

Way to Future

HetNet, DSC (Dense small cell)GSM/UMTS enhancementGreen RadioSmart MBBWhite SpaceM2M

Working together with Our Partners in WWRF for next generation wireless.

Broad宽Broad宽



Thank youwww.huawei.com

Copyright©2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

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Klaus DavidKlaus David ((david@[email protected] ))Vino VinodraiVino Vinodrai (([email protected]@sympatico.ca) )

JingJing Yao Yao (([email protected]@huawei.com ))1616th th Nov.Nov. 20102010 KingstonKingston, , UKUK

WWRF Introduction and Vision

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WWRF Membership

• Over 100 member organisations

From these domains• manufacturers• network operators• regulators• academic institutions• research organizations

From five continents• Africa• America• Asia• Australia• Europe



WWRF Sponsor Member (2010)• Alcatel-Lucent• China Mobile• Huawei• LG Electronics• Nokia• Nokia Siemens Network• Orange• Research In Motion• Samsung• Vodafone

WWRF Steering Board



WWRF Vision 20207 trillion wireless devices serving 7 billion people

by 2020• All people will be served with wireless devices• Affordable to purchase and operate• Calm computing: technology invisible to users• Machine to machine communications

• Sensors and tags: e.g. in transport and weather systems, infrastructure, to provide ambient intelligence and context sensitivity

• All devices are part of the (mobile) internet



WWRF Structure

WG

6:

WG

6: C

ogni

tive

Wire

less

C

ogni

tive

Wire

less

N

etw

orks

& S

pect

rum

Net

wor

ks &

Spe

ctru

m

WG

7:

WG

7: S

ecur

ity a

nd T

rust

WG

1:

WG

1: H

uman

Per

spec

tive

and

futu

re s

ervi

ce c

once

pts

WG

2:

WG

2: S

ervi

ce A

rchi

tect

ure

WG

3: C

omm

unic

atio

n W

G3:

Com

mun

icat

ion

Arc

hite

ctur

esA

rchi

tect

ures

WG

4:

WG

4: N

ew R

adio

Inte

rfac

es,

Rel

ay-b

ased

Sys

tem

s &

Sm

art

Ant

enna

s

WG

5:

WG

5: S

hort

-ran

ge R

adio

C

omm

unic

atio

n Sy

stem

s

Vision Committee

General Assembly

Chair

Secretariat

Steering Board

WG

8:

WG

8: S

pect

rum

Issu

es



Service Platform

Personalization AmbientAwareness

NaturalInteraction

Adaptation

Ubiquity(Content &

Communications)

Feedback Privacy andTrust

ControlConsistency

Values

Capabilities

Values & Capabilities

WG2

WG1

Safety/Security

Human Capability

Augm.

Belonging

Self-Actualisation

Subsistence

Needs

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An ambient life style where ... seven trillion wireless devices running services, that are

n Easy to createË- Creation tools and publishing

- Service taxonomies- Reuse existing services and components- Semantic orchestration of components

and loosely coupled approach

n Easy to shareË- Generalised client-server / P-2-P architecture

- « My server in my pocket », « My server at home»- Service deployment in just a few clicks- Semantic based publishing

n Easy to useË- Semantic Service discovery

- Fine grain semantic-based search- Interoperability, composability of services

Source: EU-ITEA Project S4All, 2003

Services & Service Architectures

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Communication ArchitecturesIdeas about how to tackle this

• Adopting innovation oriented architectures and models

• More efficient use of spectrum, Cognitive radio/SDR

• Simple and transparent multimodal interfaces enabling new high value services

• ‘Green radio’ - power and spectrally efficient wireless ubiquity



Vision: X increase

5G

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

1G

2G

3G

4G

Mbps

kbps

bps

Gbps

AMPS

?

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

1G

2G

3G

4G

Mbps

kbps

bps

Gbps

AMPS

? Cell size shrinksCell count increases

1

4

16

50

X TimesTimes Faster Wireless Connectivity is Required for 2020



New Air Interfaces, Relay-based systems and Smart antennas • Main vision: flexible, scalable and energy efficient air

interface design, maximization of both peak and cell edge data rates and user capacity and guarantee ubiquitous coverage in high mobility scenarios

• Enabling Technologies:• smart antenna, MIMO and Relaying• Intercell coordination and interference management

• System concept challenges: Cellular scenario, Open Broadband Access, Meshed topologies

• Target: IMT-ADV systems and beyond



Promising technologiesCoordination and multisite MIMO

Cognition

S

R

R

R

R

D

virtual relays

downlink uplink

Cooperation and relaying

Cell A

Cell B

Link A

Link B

Self-organisation



Short Range Radio Communication Systems• RFID system design and applications

• Body Area Networks

• Ultra high speed communications (targeting 100 GB/s)

• Car communication• Car-to-car, Car-to road side, Car-to infrastructure

• In-car, Car-to-driver, Car- or vehicle-specific internal communications



Cognitive Technology as a key enabler for the future Wireless Worlds

• Acquiring and learning context, profiles and policies of an operating environment

• Machine learning, knowledge management and sharing• Decision making• Optimization techniques• Enforcement• Knowledge based

decision making for increased reliability



Privacy, Security & TrustAn ambient life style where ... seven trillion

wireless devices serve seven billion people in 2020, and

• Identity Lifecycle: All entities – both real and virtual – involved in wireless interaction (i.e. end-users, devices, services) can choose whether they like to identify themselves (by real name or pseudonyms) or remain anonymous at all levels.

• Information Lifecycle: Usage of any kind of data can be limited, bound to a specific purpose or specifically authorised under the entities’ control, i.e. information can be revealed, restricted andrevoked.

Source: EU-IST Project, 2001



2020 „Spectrum/Regulation“Vision• Efficient sensing techniques and Sufficient Spectrum are the basic

requirements for:• broadband to every single user at “any” place• new applications such as: Sensor networks and M2M• very high speed broadband via short range wireless

• Spectrum availability under regulatory terms and financial conditions allowing for:• Innovative, appealing services for the end-customers• A healthy competition so that the overall Wireless Eco System will

further flourish • Thus Wireless will continue to be an important driver for our future

information society



WWRF IEEE Journal Series

So far 4 highly successful WWRF-IEEE VTS Magazine special issues published

5th journal planned with best papers out of the current meeting – so please

everybody/ WG Chairs – make your proposal of best papers to:

Guest Editors:Co-ordinator: Dr. Christos Politis (Kingston University,

London, UK) Sudhir Dixit (head of HP Labs, Bangalore, India)



WWRF Meeting Schedule

WWRF 26th Meeting11~13 April 2011

Doha, Qatar

Theme: Wireless Solutions for Vertical Markets

WWRF 27th Meeting18~20 Oct 2011

Rennes, France

See most recent info on WWRF web sitewww.wireless-world-research.org

WWRF 26th Meeting Doha, Qatar

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Dr Muhammad Ali Imran

CCSR, University of Surrey

Guildford, United Kingdom

- the cost and trade-off for going green

Are we touching the

limits with current

systems?

Green Cellular Networks

Outline

Why energy efficiency is

important?

Care for the planet and our wallet

Electricity bill is approximately 20% of

operational expenditure of mobile

operators

Increasing energy cost trends

Cooperation is the key…

• We now know that cooperation between base stations is important

(macro-diversity)

Cooperation can convert the unwanted inter-cell interference to

useful information bearing signals

• There’s plenty still to learn!

Technical Challenges –

A delicate balance

Approach

Conventional Downlink MIMO BroadcastCooperative encoding

Conventional UplinkMIMO MAC

Cooperative decoding

• Change in power constraint, path loss exponent and cell size changes

the RoT and hence capacity-range moves over the “Capacity vs. RoT

curve”

• Change in power constraint, path loss exponent and cell size changes

the RoT and hence capacity-range moves over the “Capacity vs. RoT

curve”

Selected Results – Dependence on RoT

Smaller

cells

Smaller

cells

Larger

cells

Larger

cells

Higher

capacity

limits

Higher

capacity

limits

Lower

capacity

limits

Lower

capacity

limits

Dependence of RoT

Complexity – Efficiency Tradeoff

Tx Improvement

Rx Im

pro

vem

ent

Make use of

available CSI

More Signals

to be jointly

decoded

A function of Inter Site Distance

Energy Cost of Spectral

Efficiency

The EARTH project and our research team at CCSR, aim at

extending the work to find the fundamental trade-off limits

We propose to evaluate system trade-off in

- Eenergy efficiency in bit/joule versus spectral efficiency in

bits/sec/Hz

- Eenergy consumption index in joule/bit versus spectral efficiency

in bits/sec/Hz

EE – SE trade-off

Energy Efficiency (useful data per

unit of energy)

Another desired performance (say

Spectral Efficiency or QoE)

Limit for Energy Efficiency

Current Operation

Baseline

Technology

Potential

EE – SE trade-off

Possible Improvement?

Move there

Energy Efficiency (useful data per

unit of energy?)

Another desired performance (say

Spectral Efficiency or QoE)

Limit for Energy Efficiency

Current Operation

Baseline

Practical

Target

Practical path with

breakdown of targets

Power

Amplifier

Energy Aware Scheduling

Energy Aware

Deployment/SON

EE – SE trade-off

MIMO 4x4 caseMIMO 4x4 case

MIMO 2x2 caseMIMO 2x2 case

SISO caseSISO case

÷÷6.36.3

÷÷44

EE-SE trade-off: Theory vs

Practice

Summary of approaches

Capital Cost +

Maintain QoE

Wake up delays Energy aware

scheduling

Increased Delay

Increased

Capital Cost

Conclusions

• Way forward is to use smaller cells with advanced

signal processing

– Has energy cost

– Energy efficient solutions are needed - but not

at the cost of other desirable features

– Significant room for improvement at the fixed

network side

• Areas for improvement

– Radio Resource Management

– Network Management - SON

– Deployment

– Architecture

• There is much to be explored yet!

Potential to extend …

Let’s push the limits!

Two Approaches Towards

Energy Efficient Green Communications -

EARTH Project and GreenTouch Initiative

Dietrich Zeller, Bell Labs, Germany

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010

WWRF Meeting 25

16-18 November 2010

London, UK

London, 16 November 2010


Page 2

WWRF #25Green Radio Session

Current Network Energy Consumption: The OPEX issue

Contribution of energy cost to OPEX

- in the order of 1 Billion Euros per year and operator

- growing with network build-up (3G densification and 4G rollout)

- growing with energy price increase

Source : “Road map to reduce energy consumption”, Green Telco World Congress 2009


Page 3


Base Station Power Trend (Simplified Model, 4 carrier)

1995 full load

0%

50%

100%

2016 full load

0%

50%

100%

BS Power Consumption Trend (240W max Tx)

100

1000

10000

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year of Adoption on Market

BS

P

ow

er [W

]

full load

PA efficiency 8% --> 27%

RRH, 40% eff., passive cooling

240W Tx power

dynamical power save

average

operation

RRH, 70% eff., 50% power save

• historical CAGR -8% , driven by Power Amplifier efficiency improvements,

• step in 2010 due to Remote Radio Heads (RRH),

• in 2016 power will be limited by digital and analog processing power

Requires now broader approach in research

Power

amplifier

Signal

processing

AC/DC

Fans

Source: Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs

submitted to IEEE JSTQE 2010

Fans

AC/DC

Signal proc.

Power

amplifier


Page 4


EARTH Project

The EARTH Approach


Page 5


Traffic Growth – Wireless Power Consumption

Research strategy and expected impact

Trending of Power Consumption

EARTH objective estimations

• Exp. Traffic Increase

2010–2020 factor 100-150

• With BAU current reduction

trend of 8%/year power

consumption will double

from 50100TWh/year

• Goal 50 TWh/year in 2020

requires aggressive

improvement of 16% / year

• New approaches beyond

technological evolution

needed

• Motivates earth target of

50% reduction

EARTH D2.1, also to appear in IEEE CommMag

"The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh

Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° 247733 – project EARTH"

Traffic volume

Power Trend BAU


Page 6


funded by European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7

Consortial lead: Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Germany

Duration: January 2010 – June 2012

Funding scheme: IP

Total Cost: € 14.8 m

EC Contribution: € 9.5 m


Page 7


near/medium term research for

immediate impact based on LTE system design

Access Network

Mobile Core Network

Gateway

(PDG, GGSN)

Media Server (IMS)

Base Station

Network Server

(SGSN, HLR)

PST

Internet

70-80% 2-10%10-20%

Energy Consumption

(CO

2

-contribution)

Green Networks Green Radio

reduce

by 50%

Focus on present and future mobile cellular networks (LTE-A,…)


Page 8


Research strategy and expected impact

Focused on the radio access network

From power amplifier to deployment strategy


Page 9


GreenTouch Initiative

The GreenTouch Approach


Page 10


10

Improving network

efficiency at best

keeps power

consumption flat

over next decade

What happens after

2020?

Can only use ‘sleep

modes’ once

Motivates GT

ambitious goals

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

1

10

100

Po

we

r/U

se

r (W

)

Year

BAU

Optimistic

Improvements

Current technology will

only sustain us for

another decade:

how do we go beyond?

Overall Network Infrastructure Picture

Fixed and Mobile Access, Transmission, Routing, …


Page 11


Long term fundamental research

Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Green Touch Initiative

18 new members have joined

the group of 16 founding members.

Founding members logos:

Bell Labs


Page 12


Green Touch

Target


Page 13


GreenTouch approaches applied to Network

(fixed and mobile access, long haul, …)


Page 14


Comparison of the two complementary approaches

Proof of concept that drastic savings

are possible

Metrics, design rules,

algorithms, hardware as

deployable solutions

impact

www.greentouch.orgwww.ict-earth.euFurther Info

5 years30 monthduration

Improve EE of fixed and wireless

access and core networks

by a factor of 1000

Improve EE of wireless

networks

by a factor >2

target

Clean slate 5G, 6G: fundamental

research for shifting the barriers

Improve 4G (LTE, LTE-A):

deployment, management,

components and interfaces

approach

Private fundingEC FP7 IP project funding

…thank you.

Discussion ?

Acknowledgement: The research leading to the EARTH results has received funding from the European Community's

Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under grant agreement n°247733.


International

Telecommunication

Union

ITU, the Environment

and Climate Change

Keith Dickerson

Chair SG5 WP3

ICT & Climate Change

2

Overview

Introduction to ITU

Why is ITU involved in Environment and

Climate Change?

What has ITU-T done so far?

How are we measuring the impact of

ICTs on Climate Change?

What are we doing next?

Who are we working with?

Climate Change is

happening

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA-greenhouse-gases.png

CO2E = 298

over 100 years

CO2E = 25

over 100 years

CO2E = 22800

over 100 years

http://www.unep.org/yearbo

ok/2010/PDF/year_book_201

0.pdf

Climate change 100 years ahead

1980-1999 to 2080-2099 - These are averages.

Daily & seasonal weather changes could be bigger

6

Dec, Jan, Feb

Rainfall

+15% DJF

+2.5% JJA

Temperature/months

+3C DJF

+2.5C JJA

Rain

fall

Temp

erature

June, July, August

Sea Level Rise this

Century

IPCC 4

th

assessment report prediction

[1] - 0.18-0.59m

“Models of glacier mass balance

(difference between melting and

accumulation of snow and ice on a

glacier) give maximum value for sea

level rise in the current century of 2

metres (and a "more plausible" one of

0.8 metres), based on limitations on

how quickly glaciers can melt [2,3].

[1] http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter6.pdf

[2] http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/5894/1340

[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NOAA_sea_level_trend_1993_2010.png

ICTs (and ITU) can help with

Climate Change:

by cutting emissions in ICT sector

through introduction of more efficient

equipment and networks

by reducing emissions and enabling

energy efficiency in other sectors

by helping countries adapt to the

negative effects of climate change

8

ITU Technology Watch

Reports

December 2007: “ICTs and Climate

Change”

August 2008: “NGNs and Energy

Efficiency”

April 2009: “The Future Internet”

July 2009: “ICTs and Food Security”

October 2010: “ICT as an Enabler for

Smart Water Management”

9

Why consider

energy saving in

ICT and networks?

Electrical energy is a limited resource

Mainly dependent on a mix of fossil fuels and nuclear

Optical networks need electrical energy to function and are on a path of

exponential growth and upgrade (like their end devices- server, pc, TV etc)

Worldwide coverage needed

Moore’s law leads to obsolescence every 2-4 years

Every 1W saved at the edge

is worth one power plant worldwide

reduces CO

2

emissions and other waste products

NGNs will reduce energy

consumption

Significant decrease in number of

switching centres required

More tolerant climactic range for

NGN equipment

Use of more advanced

technologies such as VDSL2 and

PONs

11

Broadband Modems

Bit-rate and power consumption versus time

Can we increase speed while saving power?

LT

an

d N

T P

ow

er co

nsu

mp

tio

n tren

d

Trend line based upon “Next Generation Broadband in Europe: The Need for Speed”,

Heavy Reading Report, Vol. 3, No. 5, March 2005.

Relevant ITU-T Recommendations

(SG15 and SG9)

• ADSL (G992 series)

• VDSL (G.993 series)

• G-PON (G.984 series)

• P2P fibre access (G.985 series)

• XG-PON (G.987 series)

• DOCSIS(J.112, J.122 and J.122 series)

• These specify power spectra in the transmission interfaces

They do not specify power requirements in the termination devices

However all new Recommendations are checked for energy efficiency

13

What is being done in ITU to reduce

power levels in PONs?

• Example contribution on XG-PON

“Proposal of a deep sleep mode for G.987.3: ONU discontinuous

reception”

“The ONU in deep sleep (hibernation) mode, periodically receives (or more

precisely, Discontinuous Reception- DRX) downstream data to save power

consumption. The DRX operation procedure will control the exact time

(active time) within DRX Cycle, in which the ONU downlink receiver and

upstream traffic monitoring components need to operate”

“a fast response time and can easily ensure real-time service performance”

Source: FiberHome Technologies Group, China

Challenges of NGN

NGN providers and manufacturers should commit to

reducing power consumption through migration to NGN

Maximizing Network capacity

Improving IP systems, reducing energy requirements of

VoIP services and multimedia applications while

maintaining the best quality of Service and Quality of

perception for end user

Lessening the number of electronic devices required in

order to reduce emissions from the manufacturing and

distribution of devices

Lowering the overall consumption of energy in data

centres and developing energy efficiency servers

Monitoring power consumption in NGN devices to

encourage most efficient use

Emission reductions possible in

other sectors using ICTs

Consumption of materials

Power/Energy consumption

Movement of people

Movement of materials

Improved efficiency of office space

Storage of goods

Improved work efficiency

Waste

16

Transport: Travel Avoidance using ICT

Tele-working

“Up to 260 MtCO2e savings each year (detailed assumptions in

Appendix 3). For example, in the US, if up to 30 million people

could work from home, emissions could be reduced 75-100

MtCO2e in 2030, comparable to likely reductions from other

measures such as fuel efficient vehicles”

Delivers less benefit if your home’s heating and cooling is less

efficient than at a central office

Tele- and videoconferencing

“Conducting meetings online or on the phone instead of face-to-

face – could also reduce emissions

Previous conservative estimates have suggested that tele- and

videoconferencing could replace between 5 and 20% of global

business travel

Advanced videoconferencing applications in the early stage of

adoption could have a very significant impact in transport sector

reduction”

Energy Industries with Smart ICT

A ‘smart grid’ is a set of software and

hardware tools that enable generators to route

power more efficiently, reducing the need for

excess capacity and allowing two-way, real

time information exchange with their

customers for real time demand side

management (DSM).

Demand control (electricity) by load shifting

via smart meters and appliances

Reduces peak demand saving hot standby power

stations

E.g. temporary turn off, for refrigerator, dishwasher

etc. (future electric vehicle charging)

Requires communication to meters and appliances

Waste Management with Smart ICT

Waste management often linked to

farming because of methane

emissions

In the context of ICT, there is

Industrial waste during production

Waste due to obsolescence

A ‘cradle to cradle’ raw material and

recycling approach aims to keep all

the materials in circulation [1]

Design includes easy disassembly

Obsolete products returned to factory

No need for mining of raw materials

[1] “Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things” [Paperback]

William McDonough

[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste

Adaptation - Agriculture with Smart

ICT

Control of watering and

fertilisers using satellite imaging

and Global Positioning Systems

“In the past a complete field would receive

the same treatment, whereas precision

farming makes it possible to split up the

crop into sub-field management areas.

Today it is even possible to conduct spatial

analysis of the crop in blocks as small as

20m by 20m. This allows local soil or

climate conditions to be taken into

consideration and encourages more

efficient fertiliser application”.

http://www.geoconnexion.com/uploads/precision

farming_intv9i5.pdf

Forestry with Smart ICT

Satellite monitoring of forests

Forests are stores of carbon and can be either

sinks or sources depending upon environmental

circumstances. Mature forests alternate

between being net sinks and net sources of

carbon dioxide [1]

Deforestation accounts for about 20 per cent of

man-made greenhouse gas emissions, more

than those produced by the entire transport

sector

The Copenhagen “Accord (2009) specifies the

need to recognize reduced emissions from

deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+)

through the immediate establishment of a

mechanism to enable the mobilization of

financial resources from developed countries”

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation

[2] www.unep.org/yearbook/2010/

NASA photo of deforestation in Tierras Bajas

project, Bolivia, from ISS on April 16, 2001 [2]

ITU-T WP3/5

ICTs & Climate Change

Q17 Coordination and Planning of ICT&CC

related standardization

Q18 Methodology of environmental impact

assessment of ICT

Q19 Power feeding systems

Q20 Data Collection for Energy Efficiency for

ICTs over the lifecycle

Q21 Environmental protection and recycling of

ICT equipments/facilities

Methodology Recommendations

under Preparation

L.1400 General Umbrella, consented on 1 October 2010

Covers definition of different types of environmental impacts, and

general principles for the evaluation of ICT environmental impacts

Focuses on energy and GHG emissions. Other environmental

impacts, e.g. raw material depletion or water impact tackled later

Environmental impact of ICT goods, networks and services

Covers direct and indirect impacts of ICT

Expected mid-2011

Environmental impact of ICT in organisations

Includes 3 scopes of ISO 14064-1

Expected mid-2011

Environmental impact of ICT projects

Environmental impact of ICT in cities

Environmental impact of ICT in countries or group of countries

Environmental aspects of ICT

24

Impact of own GHG emissions

LCA require to set

Functional Unit

System boundary

Allocation procedure

LAN switch

Router

LAN switch

Router

DSU

Subscriber module DSLAM OLT

ONUADSL modem

PC PC PC

Access network

equipment

Subscriber station

Transfer facility

Internet Service Provider

ISDN ADSL FTTH

Boundary for evaluation

Metallic cable Metallic cable Optical cable

LAN switch

Router

LAN switch

Router

DSU

Subscriber module DSLAM OLT

ONUADSL modem

PCPC PCPC PCPC

Access network

equipment

Subscriber station

Transfer facility

Internet Service Provider

ISDN ADSL FTTH

Boundary for evaluation

Metallic cable Metallic cable Optical cable

Case study: LCA of Wired Network

Case study: LCA of Wired Network

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

ISDN ADSL FTTH

CO

2

em

issio

ns [kg

-C

O

2

/year/su

bscrib

er]

Disposal/recycling

Use

Production

Recovery by recycling

Impact of own GHG emissions

LCA require to set

Functional Unit

System boundary

Allocation procedure

Case study: LCA of Wireless Network

Case study: LCA of Wireless Network

LS GS TS GS LS

BSMS

CiRCUS

Voice call / videophone

Email

Core network

Tokyo

Niigata

WPCG

WPCG

BS MS

LS GS TS GS LS

BSMS

CiRCUS

Voice call / videophone

Email

Core network

Tokyo

Niigata

WPCG

WPCG

BS MS

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

CO

2 em

issio

ns [kg-C

O2/y

ear/sub

scriber]

Use

Production

Disposal/ recycling

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

En

ergy

con

su

mption

[G

J/y

ear/sub

scriber]

Use

Production

Disposal/ recycling

ITU Kaleidoscope Events

Bridging academia, research & ITU-T standardization

to discuss technological innovation and its socio-

economic implications

Yearly academic conferences − all over the world − call for

papers − double-blind peer-reviewed −

12-13 May 2008: Innovations in NGN

Focus Group on Future Networks (FG-FN)

31 Aug – 1 Sept 2009: Innovations for Digital Inclusion

13-15 Dec 2010: Beyond the Internet? – Innovations for

future networks and services

115 papers submitted for review

38 papers accepted for publication and presentation

27

www.itu-kaleidoscope.org

Kaleidoscope 2010

Beyond the Internet? Innovations

For future networks and services

Pune, India, 13-15 December 2010

Invitation of Indian Government

Hosted by:

Supported by:

Partnership with: Technically co-sponsored

by

Platinum GoldPlatinum

K-2010 Session Programme

Session 1 – Keynote speakers

Session 2 – Rethinking the network

Session 3 – The future internet is for all

Session 4 – Protocol evolution and the future internet

Session 5 – Service innovations in the future internet

Session 6 – Regulation, standardization and stakeholder

participation

Session 7 – Radio technologies and the future internet

Session 8 – Future internet and the environment

Special Sessions:

Standards Corner

Jules Verne’s corner - make possible the impossible!

Poster Session:

Showcasing innovations for future networks and services

ITU K-2010 co-located events

Pune, India, 13-17 Dec. 2010

Standardization Tutorial (16 December 2010)

ITU IPTV-GSI event (13-17 December 2010)

ITU IPTV Interoperability event (14-17 December

2010)

Global ICT Standardization Forum for India

(GISFI) Standards meeting (13 afternoon - 15

December 2010)

MyFIRE project event (16-17 December 2010)

www.itu-kaleidoscope.org/2010

[email protected]

New ITU Membership category for

Academic institutions

Revolutionary decision at ITU Plenipotentiary

Conference 2010

New ITU membership category for universities

Much reduced yearly fee for academic institutions:

~4,000 USD for developed countries

~2,000 USD for developing countries

It will foster and increase academic participation in ITU

Students of today are the people who will shape the technology

world of tomorrow

It will allow capturing new work (innovations in ICT) for the

standardization marketplace.

Universities and R&D institutions are an important pool of innovation

Many academic institutions are working on ICTs and

climate changes. They are welcome to join ITU taking

advantage of the new membership category.

Cooperations include:

Digital Europe

?

1

OMEGA FP7 project

Jean-Philippe Javaudin, Martial Bellec

Orange Labs

25

th

WWRF meeting, 16-18 November 2010, Kinsgton, London, UK

ICT-213311 OMEGA

2

Introduction

ICT-213311 OMEGA

25

th


3

OMEGA project in a nutshell

• Goal: Define and demonstrate an hybrid wired/wireless

home network up to Gbps speed

• Start 01/2008, End 12/2010, 19,4 M€ of budget

• 21 partners from industry and academia (~70 individuals)

• Network Project

– Scenarios, services and techno economics

– Connectivities at Gbps

– Inter-MAC convergence layer

– Architecture security continuity of services

– Demonstration, Dissemination & Standardisation

• Perimeter

– Use of UPnP for QoS (with FP7 ALPHA project)

– Device management (local/remote)

– Continuity with access networks

• 3G/4G, Optical access networks

– Services: Work on the impact of the introduction of new

services on Digital Home Network (DHN) architecture

• Project website

– http://www.ict-omega.eu

25

th


4

OMEGA and WWRF

• Start of the project

– First discussions and contacts taken at WWRF

meeting in Heidelberg (November 2006)

– WWRF members represent now more than 50%

OMEGA consortium, both from academia and

industry

• Synergies with WGs in WWRF

– Short range radio is studied as well in OMEGA

• WG5 studies serves as reference to OMEGA

ICT-213311 OMEGA

25

th


5

OMEGA and future internet

• For Future internet to become a reality connectivity shall be

available to the end device

– With guaranteed QoS

– allowing flexible usages (e.g. mobility)

• This issue has been well tackled so far in mobile networks

– in LTE, LTE advanced

• Except with Fibre or Ethernet cabling no satisfying solution

exist so far in the home

– e.g. over PLC and/or Wi-Fi

• OMEGA provides a transparent network over wired and

wireless technologies in the home

24

th

WWRF meeting, 12-14 April 2010, Penang, Malaysia

ICT-213311 OMEGA

6

Drivers and postulates

ICT-213311 OMEGA

25

th


7ICT-213311 OMEGA

Problem

statement

New usages [9]

Combined services

Advanced 3D services

Online Applications[10]

More Bandwidth

Lesser Latency

Family daily usage

Simultaneous flows

Harsh reality

Cable clutter !

(Un)desired emissions ?

?

25

th


8ICT-213311 OMEGA

Race to Gbps

25

th


9ICT-213311 OMEGA

OMEGA driving postulates (1)

• The Gbps wireless is not QoS achievable within

more than one room.

– The most advanced wireless technologies deployed so

far are Wifi 802.11n and UWB {3-10} GHz in a lesser

extend.

– They do not reach Gbps even in favourable conditions

– Some challenges to face

• Very low transmit power (UWB): link budget lacks

dynamics,

• Spectrum efficiency (Wifi): Shannon's limit is almost

reached

library 25

Documents