liberalization trends of criminal law legislation in georgia · proeqtis farglebsi seswavlil iqna...

sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis

liberalizaciis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

Liberalization Trends of Criminal Law Legislation in

Georgia

gamomcemloba `meridiani~Tbilisi TBILISI

2016

eZRvneba profesor-emeritus

mzia lekveiSvilis xsovnas

proeqtis monawileebi:

nona Todua _ samarTlis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli

† mzia lekveiSvili _ samarTlis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis emeritusi, proeqtis eqsperti

guram naWyebia _ iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis saxelm-wifo universitetis emeritusi, proeqtis eqsperti

maia ivaniZe _ samarTlis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis profesori, proeqtis eqsperti

qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi _ samarTlis doqtori, saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori, proeqtis eqsperti

Temur cqitiSvili _ samarTlis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis asistent- profesori, proeqtis eqsperti

redaqtori _ prof. nona Todua

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2016

© avtorTa koleqtivi

ISBN 978-9941-25-079-8

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guram naWyebia _ saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis politikis liberalizaciis meTodologiuri problemebi

nona Todua _ qmedebis kriminalizacia _ dekriminalizaciis sakiTxebi; pirobiTi msjavri

mzia lekveiSvili _ sasjelis individualizacia, rogorc sasjelis Sefardebis mniSvnelovani principi

maia ivaniZe _ alternatiuli sasjelebi

Temur cqitiSvili _ sasjelis proporciuloba

qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi _ sapatimro sasjelebis alternativa sazRvargareTis qveynebSi

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aRniSnuli proeqti ganxorcielda fond „Ria sazogadoeba - saqarT-velos“ finansuri mxardaWeriT. avtorebis mier sainformacio masalaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~ pozicias. Sesabamisad, fondi ar aris pasuxismgebeli masa-lis Sinaarsze.

aRniSnuli proeqti Tsu iuridiuli fakultetisaTvis dauviwyari gaxda imiT, rom masze muSaobis dasruleba daemTxva emeritus-profesor mzia lekveiSvilis gardacvalebas, ramac egzom daswyvita guli yvela CvenTagans. miuxedavad qalbaton mzias mxcovani asakisa, proeqtis av-torebisaTvis warmoudgeneli iyo, rom winamdebare naSromis gamocema mis gareSe moxdeboda.

qalbatoni mzia iyo amouwuravi energiis patroni da axal-axali wamowyebis avtori. Seufasebelia misi wvlili Cveni deda universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis ganviTarebaSi rogorc samecniero, ise pedago-giuri TvalsazrisiT. misTvis universiteti gansakuTrebiT dakavSire-buli iyo studentebTan, ris gamoc bolo wuTamde aqtiurad eweoda saauditorio saqmianobas.

qalbatoni mzia wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaxldaT Tsu iuridiul fakultetze arsebuli kriminologiis kvleviTi institutis xelmZRvane-li, romlis TaosnobiTac Catarebula araerTi samecniero konferencia rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.

winamdebare wignSi qalbatoni mzia lekveiSvilis naSromi erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs iuridiul sazogadoebas am WeSmariti pedagogis, mec-nierisa da Rirseuli adamianis Rvawls.

5

winasityvaoba

a(a)ip _ fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“ 2014-2016 wlebis strategiis farglebSi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis sax-elmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis sisxlis samarTlis mimarTulebis TanamSromelTa mier wardgenil iqna proeqti _ `sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis liberalizaciis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi”, romelmac gamarjveba moipova.

proeqtSi monawileobdnen eqspertebi: Tsu profesori nona Todua (proeqtis xelmZRvaneli), romelmac daamuSava qmedebis kriminalizacia-dekriminalizaciis sakiTxebi da pirobiT msjavrTan dakavSirebuli prob-lemebi; emeritusi mzia lekveiSvili, romelsac gamoikvlia individual-izaciis principis mniSvneloba sasjelis Sefardebis dros; emeritusi guram naWyebia, romelmac daamuSava saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis politikis liberalizaciis meTodologiuri problemebi; Tsu profe-sori maia ivaniZe, romelmac imuSava sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi alternatiuli sasjelebis rolsa da mniSvn-elobaze; saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori, Tsu-s mowveuli profesori qeTevan mWedliSvili-hedrixi, romelmac Seiswavla ucxo qveynebis kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika alternatiul sasjelebTan mimarTebiT da moaxdina maTi SedarebiT- samarTlebriv ana-lizi qarTul kanonmdeblobasTan; samarTlis doqtori, Tsu asistent-profesori Temur cqitiSvili, romelmac daamuSava proporciulobis (Tanazomierebis) principis mniSvnelobis sakiTxi sasjelis daniSvnis dros.

bolo wlebSi (2004 wlidan), Cvens sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobas aSkarad daetyo avtoritarizmis zegavlena. kerZod, igi Seicvala im mimarTebiT, rom moxda axal qmedebaTa kriminalizacia, gafarTovda ukve moqmed danaSaulTa Semadgenloba, Seicvala sasjelebi imgvarad, rom mosamarTles SeezRuda sasjelis individualizaciis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, usazRvrod da zogjer usamarTlod gafarTovda jarimis, rogorc damatebiTi sasjelis, gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, aseve, gauqmda danaSaulTa erTobliobis dros sasjelTa STanTqmis wesi da dakanonda misi Sekrebis wesi; pirobiTi msjavris gamoyenebisa da kanoniT gaTval-iswinebulze ufro msubuqi sasjelis daniSvnis sakiTxi mieba saproceso SeTanxmebas, riTac am institutis faqtobrivi baton-patroni gaxda ara

6

sasamarTlo, aramed prokuratura.2013 wlidan, saqarTveloSi daiwyo sisxlis samarTlis kanonmde-

blobis liberalizaciis procesi, magram misi srulyofisaTvis jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. kanonmdeblobis liberalizacia ramdenime kuTxiT unda warimarTos: 1) calkeul qmedebaTa dekriminalizacia, ro-gorc sakanonmdeblo kuTxiT, ise marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebisas; 2) sasjelTa liberalizacia, alternatiuli sasjelebis gafarToebisa da daxvewis TvalsazrisiT; 3) sasjelTa liberalizacia im TvalsazrisiT, rom is iyos proporciuli Cadenili danaSaulis simZimesTan; 4) sasjelTa liberalizacia im kuTxiT, rom sasamarTlos mieces individualizaciis principis gatarebis meti SesaZlebloba; 5) gafarTovdes pirobiTi msja-vris gamoyenebis SeaZlebloba, rac egzom SeizRuda 2004 wlidan gatare-buli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT.

aqve xazgasniT unda aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonmde-blobis liberalizaciis saboloo mizania, Sedegad miviRoT ara liber-aluri, aramed samarTliani, zomieri kanonmdebloba.

proeqtis farglebSi Seswavlil iqna rogorc qarTuli ise ucxoenovani literatura, aseve sasamarTlo praqtika.

2013 wlis ianvridan iusticiis saministrosTan Seqmnilia sisxlis samarTlis reformis sakoordinacio sabWo, romelic Sedgeba samuSao jgufebisagan da maTSi dRemde aqtiurad monawileobs proeqtis eqspert-Ta nawili. maT mier miwodebul sakanonmdeblo winadadebaTa umravle-soba asaxulia Sesabamis kanonproeqtebSi.

2015 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sasamarT-lo megobris statusiT proeqtis eqspertTa mier gaegzavna mosazreba ssk 260-e muxlis me-2 nawilis sanqciis konstituciurobaze (misi pro-porciulobis kuTxiT) Setanil sarCelTan dakavSirebiT, rac sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlom ukve ganix.la da 2015 wlis 24 oqtombers Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebac miiRo;

2015 wlis oqtomberis bolosa da noembris dasawyisSi saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosTan arsebul sakanonmdeblo reformis sakoordi-nacio sabWos proeqtis eqspertTa saxeliT gaegzavna SeniSvnebi saqarT-velos ss kodeqsis zogadi da kerZo nawililis proeqtze;

aseve, saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos gadaegzavna praqtikuli wi-nadadebebi pirobiT msjavrTan dakavSirebul problemur sakiTxebze.

proeqtis farglebSi Sesrulebul naSromSi araerTi mecnieruli wi-nadadeba da praqtikuli xasiaTis rekomendaciaa SemuSavebuli rogorc kanonmdeblobis, ise sasamarTlo praqtikis daxvewis kuTxiT.

dabolos, proeqtis monawileTa saxeliT, gulwrfel madlobas movax-seneb a(a)ip fond ̀ Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~ aRmasrulebel direq-tors qalbaton qeTevan xuciSvils, aseve, fondis TanamSromlebs _ nika

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jeiranaSvils, giorgi burjanaZesa da eka gabunias, Cvendami gulisxmieri da saqmiani damokidebulebisaTvis, ramac warmodgenili proeqtis amgvar dasrulebas udaod Seuwyo xeli.

dasasruls, madlobas vuxdiT proeqtis koordinators, Cveni fakultetis doqtorant giorgi amiranaSvils, romlis daxmarebis gar-eSec rTuli iqneboda proeqtis ganxorcieleba.

proeqtis monawileni moTminebiT elian yvela saxis SeniSvnasa Tu wi-nadadebas naSromis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT.

nona Todua

sagranto proeqtis _ `sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis liberalizaciis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi“ xelmZRvaneli,

samarTlis doqtori, Tsu iurdiuli fakultetis profesori.Tbilisi,

2015 wlis 23 dekemberi

8

sarCevi

winasityvaoba .........................................................................................................................................................................................5

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis politikis liberalizaciis meTodologiuri problemebi.........................................................................................................................................13

Sesavali .....................................................................................................................................................................................................13

Tavi pirveli .......................................................................................................................................................................................17

liberalizmi, rogorc politikuri doqtrina ......................................................................................17

§1. termini „liberalizmi“ .......................................................................................... 17

§2. liberalizmis istoria ruseTSi .......................................................................... 22

§3. me-19 da me-20 saukunis rusuli liberalizmis transformacia .................... 30

§4. Tanamderove ruseTis federaciaSi sisxlis samarTlis sakanmomdeblo

cvlilebebis politikuri Sefasebis problema ....................................................... 32

§5. ruseTSi liberaluri politikis gakotrebis koncefcia ............................... 38Tavi meore ..............................................................................................................................................................................................41

sisxlis samarTlis politikis liberalizmi, rogorc politikisa da samarTlis mimarTebis gamovlena ...........................................................................................................................41

§1. politikisa da samarTlis mimarTebis problema Tanamedrove ruseTis

iuridiul literaturaSi ........................................................................................... 41

§2. sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi cnobierebis formebi da maTi

urTierTkavSiri ........................................................................................................... 47

§3. samarTali, rogorc gabatonebuli klasis neba-survili, gamoxatuli

kanonSi. ........................................................................................................................... 58

§4. saxelmwifos formis problema ............................................................................ 62

§5. samarTali, rogorc saxelmwifos warmoSobis normatiuli safuZveli ........ 62

§6. germanuli „Rehtstaat”-isa da inglisuri “Rule OF Law“-is mimarTebis problema ........................................................................................................................ 64

§7. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba ...................................................................... 65

§8. poltikuri filosofiis cneba da samarTlis filosofia ............................. 69Tavi mesame .............................................................................................................................................................................................75

normatiuli aqtis Seqmnisa da normaSefardebis SemoqmedebiTobis problemebi .............................................................................................................................................................................................75

§1.samarTlisa da misi gamoxatvis formebis (normatiuli aqtebis) mimarTebis

problema ........................................................................................................................ 75

§ 2. saqarvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi liberalizmis TvalsazrisiT ...... 90

§ 3. sisxlis samarTlis normis Sefardebisa da misi SemoqmedebiTobis

problema ...................................................................................................................... 94

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qmedebis kriminalizacia _ dekriminalizaciis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaSi .............................................................................................................103

sasjelis individualizacia rogorc sasjelis Sefardebis mniSvnelovani principi ..................................................................................................................................................................................................158

Tavi I ............................................................................................................................. 158

sasjelis miznebi ....................................................................................................... 158

Tavi II ............................................................................................................................ 188

sasjelis individualizacia, rogorc sasjelis Sefardebis mniSvnelovani

principi ....................................................................................................................... 188

Tavi III ........................................................................................................................... 213

mosamarTlis mier individualizaciis principis gamoyeneba sasjelis

Sefardebisas ............................................................................................................... 213

Tavi IV ........................................................................................................................... 242

pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel da damamZimebel garemoebaTa mniSvneloba

sasjelis individualizaciisaTvis ......................................................................... 242

alternatiuli sasjelebi ...............................................................................................................................................300

alternatiuli sasjelebis mokle istoriuli analizi (qarTuli samarTlis

mixedviT) ...................................................................................................................... 301

alternatiuli sasjelebi saqarTveloSi dRemde (2000 wlamde) moqmedi sisxlis

samarTlis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT .................................................................... 308alternatiuli sasjelebi saqarTvelos Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT ..................................................................................................................................................................316

sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma .................................................................... 332

sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma espaneTis sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobaSi ......................................................................................................... 340

sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma slovakeTSi .............................................. 341

sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma sxvadasxva qveynis sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ......................................................................................... 342

Tavisuflebis SezRudva ............................................................................................ 344

saxlidan gausvleloba slovakeTSi ........................................................................ 351

saxlidan gausvleloba espaneTSi ............................................................................ 353

gamasworebeli samuSao .............................................................................................. 353

daskvna .......................................................................................................................... 360

alternatiuli sasjelebis efeqturoba ................................................................ 362

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I pirobiTi msjavri ..................................................................................................................................................................364

sakiTxis mokle istoria .......................................................................................... 364

pirobiTi msjavris iuridiuli buneba .................................................................... 365

ssk 63-e muxli _ pirobiTi msjavris daniSvnis safuZveli ................................ 378

damatebiTi sasjelis sakiTxi pirobiTi msjavris dros (ssk 63-e muxlis me-6

naw.) ............................................................................................................................... 382

ssk 64-e muxli _ gamosacdeli vada ........................................................................ 430

ssk 66-e muxli _ kontroli da daxmareba ............................................................. 441

samoqalaqo SeTanxmeba _ ssk 671 muxli .................................................................. 462

ssk 67-e m-is me-5 nawilis arsi ................................................................................. 478

sasjelis proporciuloba ..............................................................................................................................................496

1. proporciulobis (Tanazomierebis) principis arsi ......................................... 496

2. proporciuloba rogorc konstituciuri samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis

mniSvnelovani principi ............................................................................................. 503

3. proporciulobis principis mniSvneloba evropis kavSiris da adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli samarTlis mixedviT ............................................................. 507

4. sasjelis proporciulobis moZRvrebis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi .............. 509

5. proporciulobis principi, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi dasjiTi iZulebis

zRvargamyofi .............................................................................................................. 512

6. sasjelis mizani, rogorc sasjelis proporciulobis orientiri ............... 520

7. sasjelis sazRvrebi da misi mniSvneloba sasjelis proporciulobisTvis . 523

7.1. sasjelis sakanonmdeblo sazRvrebis mniSvneloba ........................................ 523

7.2. kvalificiuri da privilegiuri qmedebis Semadgenlobebi .......................... 524

7.3. sasjelis farglebis Secvlis safuZvlebi sasjelis Sefardebis

procesSi ...................................................................................................................... 526

7.4. sasjelis sakanonmdeblo farglebis orientirebi ........................................ 529

8. sasjelTa saxeebi da maTi Sesabamisoba proporciulobis principTan ......... 532

8.1. jarima.................................................................................................................... 532

8.2. Tanamdebobis dakavebis an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva ....................... 540

8.3. sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma qarTuli ssk-s mixedviT ................. 543

8.4. sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sroma germanuli kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT ....................................................................................................................... 548

8.5. gamasworebeli samuSao ....................................................................................... 549

8.5 samxedro piris samsaxurebrivi SezRudva ........................................................ 553

8.6. Tavisuflebis SezRudva..................................................................................... 555

8.7. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ........................................................................................ 556

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8.7.1. vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ....................................................................... 556

8.7.2. uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ......................................................................... 562

8.8. qonebis CamorTmeva ............................................................................................. 565

8.8.1. qonebis CamorTmeva qarTuli ss kodeqsis mixedviT da sakuTrebis arsi 565

8.8.4. qonebis CamorTmevis da konfiskaciis gamijvna ........................................... 568

8.8.5. qonebis materialur-sisxlissamarTlebrivi da procesualuri mizniT

CamorTmevis gamijvna ................................................................................................. 569

8.8.6. miznis da saSualebis proporciis (Tanafardobis) problema arabraleuli

mesakuTris qonebis CamorTmevis dros ................................................................... 570

8.8.8. rogor unda ganimartos kanonieri mflobeloba qonebis CamorTmevis

dros? ........................................................................................................................... 579

8.8.9. qonebis CamorTmevis, rogorc damatebiTi sasjelis mimarTeba sakuTrebis

uflebis SezRudvasTan da sakuTrebis CamorTmevasTan .................................... 581

8.8.10. qonebis CamorTmeva _ damatebiTi sasjeli, Tu sisxlissamarTlebrivi

zemoqmedebis (dacvis) sxva RonisZieba? .................................................................. 585

8.8.11. konfiskaciis proporciuloba germanuli kanonmdeblobisa da

dogmatikis mixedviT .................................................................................................. 586

8.8.11. konfiskaciis calkeuli SemTxvevebis proporciulobis Sefaseba

germanuli marTlmsajulebis mier .......................................................................... 589

8.8.12. konfiskaciis klasifikacia germanuli dogmatikis mixedviT ................. 589

8.8.13. udanaSaulo mesame piris qonebis konfiskacia safrangeTis ss kodeqsis

mixedviT ....................................................................................................................... 591

9. danaSaulis proporciuli sasjelis Sefardebis moZRvreba da misi

alternativebi ............................................................................................................ 591

9.1. Tavisufali moqmedebis sivrcis Teoria (`Spielraumtheorie“) .......................... 5929.2. safexurovani Teoria (`Stufen“- oder `Stellenwerttheorie“) .................................. 5959.3. qmedebis proporciuli sasjelis Sefardebis Teoria (`Lehre von der Tatproportionalität“) ......................................................................................................... 59710. danaSaulis proporciuli sasjelis principuli mniSvneloba da

safuZveli .................................................................................................................... 599

11. proporciuli sasjelis Sefardebis moZRvrebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi .....602

11.1. braleuli qmedebis umarTlobaze orientirebuli sasjelis Sefardeba 602

11.2. danaSaulis moZRvrebaze orientirebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare .. 604

11.3. qmedebis umarTlobis Sefaseba ....................................................................... 608

12. danaSaulebrivi qmedebis umarTloba, rogorc sasjelis Sefardebis

sayrdeni wertili? ..................................................................................................... 610

12.1. umarTlobis farglebis gansazRvra qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSnebis

12

safuZvelze .................................................................................................................. 610

12.2. umarTlobis monisturi da dualisturi gageba .......................................... 612

12.2.1. Sedegisgan damoukidebeli umarTloba: umarTlobis monistur-

subieqturi moZRvreba ............................................................................................... 612

12.2.2. umarTlobis dualisturi gageba da monisturi moZRvrebis kritika ... 613

13. qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSnebis funqciis sworad gansazRvris mniSvneloba

proporciuli sasjelis SefardebisTvis ............................................................... 615

13.1. qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSnebis ormagi funqcia? ...................................... 615

13.2. orjer Sefasebis akrZalvis principi ............................................................ 617

14. bralis mniSvneloba proporciuli sasjelis SefardebisTvis .................... 628

14.1. brali, rogorc sasjelis Sefardebis dros gasaTvaliswinebeli

faqtori ....................................................................................................................... 628

13.2. brali, rogorc sasjelis proporciulobis winapiroba ............................ 632

15. samarTlianoba, rogorc proporciulobis argumenti .................................. 636

16. ramdenad SesaZlebelia sasjelis da danaSaulebrivi qmedebis absoluturi

proporciuloba? ....................................................................................................... 642

17. proporciuli sasjelis zegavlena mesame pirze da sasjeli, rogorc

socialuri instituti .............................................................................................. 643

18. sasjelisagan pirobiT vadamde gaTavisuflebis Seusabamoba danaSaulis

proporciuli sasjelis Sefardebis principTan .................................................. 645

19. saproceso SeTanxmeba da misi gavlena sasjelis proporciulobaze ........ 6471. sapatimro sasjelebis alternativa sazRvargareTis qveynebSi ..........................660

1. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa - pirveli nabiji sasjelis humanizaciis gzaze ....... 660

2. saerTaSoriso standartebi .................................................................................. 664

3. sapatimro sasjelebis alternativaTa ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo

principebi .................................................................................................................... 670

4. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternativaTa saxeebi ............................................... 6712. pirobiTi msjavri ...............................................................................................................................................................676

3. sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Sroma ......................................................................................................683

4. eleqtronuli zedamxedveloba .........................................................................................................................692

terminTa ganmarteba .................................................................................................. 6925. zaralis anazRaureba msxverplsa da damrRvevs Soris urTierTobis dabalanseba ........................................................................................................................................................................................715

6. araformaluri sanqcionireba da sapatimro sasjelebis originaluri alternativebi germaniaSi .............................................................................................................................................717

7. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternativebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ..723

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saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis politikis liberalizaciis meTodologiuri problemebi

guram naWyebia


Sesavali

„liberalizmi“, rogorc termini, istoriulad sami mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. jer erTi, igi niSnavda, adamianis Tavisuflebis filoso-fiur dasabuTebas, adamianis, rogorc filosofiuri problemis, dasmisa da ganmanaTlebluri ideebis Sesabamisad mis Tavisuflebas. meore mniS-vnelobiT es termini niSnavda ekonomikur sferos Tavisuflebas, ker-Zo sakuTrebisa da sawarmoo saqmianobis sferoSi saxelmwifos Carevis SezRudvas, imis miuxedavad, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri warumate-blobis Tavidan acilebas sabolood ekonomikur saqmianobaSi saxelmwi-fos Carevis moTxovniT cdilobdnen. ese, rom ekonomikuri gamovlena winaaRmdegobisgan Tavisufali ar iyo. mesame mniSvneloiT es termini niSnavda politikur doqtrinas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianis pirovneba cxaddeboda Tavisufal arsebad, saxelmwifos dasjiTi politikis Sez-Rudvis moTxovnisa da pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebiT, Tumca politikuri liberalizmi anarqistuli da sxva an-tidemokratiuli principebisgan mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli.

rogorc Cans, termini „liberalizmi“ sakmaod tevadia. amitom misi yvela mniSvnelobis zusti analizi sakmaod rTulia. am temins xSirad ureven „demokratizmis“ politikur principSi, radgan demokratizmi adamianis Tavisuflebis garkveuli xarisxis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ma-gram demokratizmi ufro sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas gamoxatavs, vi-dre pirovnuls. amdenad, demokratizmi da liberalizmi erTi da igive araa, Tumca demokratiuli principis gareSe liberalizmic aRar arse-bobs. garda amisa, „liberalizms“ xSirad ureven „humanizmSi“, raki es ukanaskneli adamianisadmi siyvarulisa da pativiscemas gamoxatavs. am da sxva msavsi terminebisa da cnebebis analizi calke sakiTxad gveqneba gamoyofili. mTavari mainc isaa, rom sworad iqnes gagebuli liberaliz-mi, rogorc politikuri doqtrina, saxelmwifos dasjiTi politikisa da adamianis Tavisuflebis Tavsebadobis problema. aq, rogorc Cans, adamia-nis Tavisufleba wamyvania, xolo, adamianis pirad covrebaSi saxelmwi-fos Careva da pirovnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, piriqiT, liberaluri principis sawinaaRmdegoa. amitom liberalizmis politikuri doqtrina

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sakmaod Zneli gasagebia. miT ufro, rom liberalizmi sxvadasxdva epoqaSi sxvadasxvanairi gaxldaT. miT ufro, roca liberalizmi, misi Tavdapir-veli gagebiT, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis moTxovniT da pirovnebis pirad cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebiT individual-izmis damkvidrebasa da aRiarebas moaswavebda. amgvari individualizmis sanacvlod porovnebisgan arafers sxvas ar moiTxovdnen, ris gamoc es liberalizmic sakmao calmxriv xasiaTs iRebda. amiT imisi Tqma gvinda, rom liberalizmis adrindel gagebebSi pirovnebis Tavisuflebas amave pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobas ar ukavSirebdnen. sadReisod ki, marTlac warmoudgenelia, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis aRiareba misive pasuxismge-blobasTan ar iyos dakavSirebuli. cxadia, igulisxmeba pozitiuri pa-suximgeblobis idea, raTa adamianis Tavisufleba mis TviTnebobaSi ar gadaizardos. ufro metic, swored pozitiuri pasuxismgeblobis ideis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebis idea danaSaulis Cadenis gamo urTierTobis ideas da-vupirispiroT.

cxadia, am sakiTxebs ufro konkretuli da safuZvliani analizi sWirdebaT. magram, samwuxarod, moxda ise, rom am mimarTebiT warmoqm-nili meTodologiuri problemebi saTanadod ar iqna gaTvaliswinebu-li. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom liberalizmis politikuri doqtrina bunebrivad moiTxovs „politikuris“ cnebisa da bunebis dad-genas. meore mxriv, liberalizmis politkuri doqtrina aseve bunebrivad moiTxovs „samarTlebrivis“ cnebisa da bunebis dadgenas, radgan liber-alizmi sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi politikis gamovlenis Taviseburebas gamoxatavs. maSasadame, saqme Seexeba politikisa da samarTlis mimarTebis problemas. gasagebia, rom politika, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli sfero, politologiis, rogorc politikis Sesaxeb mec-nierebis, sagania. politologia, imis miuxedavad, rom politika samar-Tlis sferosgan mowyvetili araa, samarTlebrivis cnebisa da bunebis damdgeni ver iqneba. miT umetes, rom politologia politikis Sesaxeb kerZo mecnierebaa da mas, sakuTari farglebis gadalaxvis gareSe, ar SeuZlia samarTlebrivis cneba da buneba daadginos. es ukanaskneli ki politologiis sagani ki araa, aramed iuridiuli mecnierebis sferoa.

amrigad, „politikuris“ da „samarTlebrivis“ mimarTebis problema arc politologiis sferoSi eteva da arc samarTlis mecnierebis sfer-oSi. gasagebia, rom politikuris da samarTlebrivis mimarTebis prob-lema, Tavisi arsiT filosofiuria, radgan am mimarTebiT saqme Seexeba rogorc politikur filosofias, ise samarTlis filosofias. ufro gas-agebad rom vTqvaT, politologias, rogorc politikis Sesaxeb kerZo mecnierebas, ar SeuZlia politikuris buneba da sazRvrebi daadginos.

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aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom politikuris da samarTlebrivis ka-vSiris problema arc politologiis sferoSi eteva da arc samarTlis mecnierebis sferoSi. es problema filosofiaSi gadadis, radgan swored filosofiur midgomas SeuZlia gadalaxos rogorc politologiis, ise iuridiuli mecnierebis, rogorc kerZo menierebaTa, SezRuduloba da politikisa da samarTlis mimarTeba mTeli sigrZe-siganiT ikvlios.

samwuxarod, rusul iuridiul literaturaSi TiTqms batondeba mo-sazreba, rom arsebobs „samarTlebrivi politikis“ kategoria, romelic Turme iuridiuli mecnierebis sagansa da sferos warmoadgens. Cveni az-riT, politikisa da samarTlis amgvari meqanikuri kavSiri, roca „poli-tikuric“ „samarTlebrivi“ xdeba, arsebiTi gaugebrobaa. miT ufro, rom arsebobs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis RirebulebiTi formebi. kerZod, arsebobs zneobis sfero, romelSic ori dapirispirebuli kategoriaa cnobili (sikeTe da boroteba); arsebobs xelovnebis sfero (mSvenieri da maxinji); rentabeluri da ararentabeluri (ekonomikis sfero); arsebobs politikuris ori eseTi kategoria, rogoricaa, megobari da mteri (karl Smitdis Teoria). Cveni azriT, araferi ar daSavdeba, Tu samarTlebrivis sferos ori dapirispirebuli kategoriiT _ „marTlzomieris“ da „mar-TlsawinaaRmdegos“ da maT Soris kavSiris formiT, anu „qmedebis Semad-genlobiT“, warmovadgenT.

aSkaraa, rom problema bunebrivad gadadis filosofiis sferoSi. miT ufro, rom RirebulebiTi cnobierebis formebis analizi filosofiuri midgomis gareSe SeuZlebelia. rogorc Semdgomac davinaxavT, imanuel kants savsebiT bunebrivad dasWirda zneobis, politikis da samarTlebri-vis mimarTebis problema, xolo, rogorc irkveva, zneobrivis da politi-kuris kavSiris formas samarTali warmoadgens.aqedan gamomdinare, das-muli problema sakmaod rTulia da „samarTlebrivi politikis“ viTomda iuridiul kategoriamde misi dayvana ar SeiZleba sworad CaiTvalos. kidev ufro rTuli da Tavsatexia Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis poli-tikis sferoSi liberalizmis gamovlena da misi meTodologiuri dasab-uTeba. miT ufro, rom saqarTveloSi represiuli politikis dasrulebis Semdeg jeri liberalur politikas unda daeWira. yvelaferi TiTqos am mimarTulebiT midioda, magram, samwuxarod, bolo dros (2015 wlis) friad gaxmaurebulma mkvlelobebma, kriminalis zrdis Sesaxeb azris ga-Cenam da sxva siZnelebma saqarTvelos mTavrobis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da aSkarad gaJRerda kriminalTan gaaTmagebuli brZolis moTxovna. aseT pirobebSi „liberalizmis“ Tema TiTqos uadgiloa. magram aq gaugebroba Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli. marTlac, jer erTi, gansakuTrebiT saSiS krminalTan brZolis gamkacrebis moTxovna sisxlis samarTlis politi-kis normaluri gamoxatulebaa, radgan „liberalizmi“ am mxriv TavaS-

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vebulobas da saxelmwifos dasustebas sruliadac ar niSnavs. meorec, yvela demokratiuli tipis saxelmwifoSi bunebrivad dgeba is problema, Tu ramdenad gonivruladaa sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi gamoxatuli da-naSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis da misTvis kanoniT dadgenili sasjelebis Tanafardoba. am mxriv dgeba danaSaulisa da sasjelis pro-porciulobis problemac, romelic sworedac sisxlis samarTlis sfer-oSi liberaluri politikis moTxovnas gamoxatavs. am mxriv Cven ukve SevecadeT liberalizmis poziciidan Segvefasebina Tavisuflebis uva-dod aRkveTis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sasjelis, Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi SemonarCunebis problema.1 es problema miT ufor aq-tualuria dRes, rodesac, ramodenime gaxmaurebuli mkvlelobis gamo, saqarTveloSi viTareba damZimda. magram, vfiqrobT saxelmwifos das-jiTi politika saqmis viTarebis konkretul gamwvavebis emociur fonze ar unda iyos damokidebuli. piriqiT, es politika ufro stabiluri tendenciiT unda iyos gapirobebuli. swored amgvari tendencia ufro naTlad warmoaCens sisxlis samarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli dana-Saulisa da misi Sesatyvisi sasjelis ara marto proporciulobis prob-lemas, aramed am mimarTebiT dgeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT dasjad qmedebaTa Semcirebisa da sxva saxis samarTaldarRvevis sferoSi misi gadarTvis problemac. miT ufro, rom saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa da igi am mxriv Tavs gamoiCens danaSaulTa winaaRmdeg brZolis ara sastiki formebiT, aramed, liberaluri politikiT. magaliTad, cnobili faqtia, rom Tamar mefis epoqaSi sikvdiliT dasja oficialuri wesiT gauqme-buli ar iyo, magram am epoqaSi sikvdiliT aravin dausjiaT. ase, rom am mxriv liberalizmi saqarTvelosTvis ucxo ar yofila da arc iqneba. ufro metic, aq bunebivad dgeba sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi liberal-izmis gamovlenis iseTi sfero, rogoricaa marTali msajulebis prob-lema. miT ufro, rom sasamarTlo saxelmwifos warmomadgenelia da, im-denad, sasjelTa Sefardebis problematikaSi sasamarTlo mixedulebis problema metad aqtualuria. am mimarTebiT bunebrivad dgeba qmedebisa da momqmedis Tanafardobis problemac. marTlac, sisxlis samarTali, upirveles yovlisa, qmedebis samarTalia, radgan azrTa cudi wyobis qmedebaSi gamoxatvis gareSe aravin ar SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT daisajos. magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom sisxlis samarTali „momqme-dis“ gareSe SeuZlebelia. aq igulisxmeba „momqmedis“ personaluri maxa-siaTeblebi, romelTa guldasmiT Seswavlis gareSe daniSnuli sasjeli

1 g. naWyebia, sasjelis miznebis sakanonmdeblo gansazRvrebisa da Tavisuflebis uvadod aRkveTis mimarTebis problema saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mix.dviT, (sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi liberalizmis gamovlenis erTi aspeqti), „marTlmsajuleba da kanoni“ 2013, N2, gv. 106-114

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„marTali msajulebis“ aqti ver iqneba. aq mokled vityviT imasac, rom adamianis pirovneba misi qmedebisagan mowyvetiT ver gaigeba, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom pirovneba yovelTvis ufro metia, vidre mis mier Cadenili qmedeba. aq mokled imasac vityviT, rom, Tu saxelmwifo kanon-Semomqmedia, sasamarTlo mis mier gamotanili ganaCenis Semomqmedi unda iyos. es savsebiT swori debulebaa, radgan rogorc sisxlis samarTlis kanoni, ise sasamarTlo ganaCeni Semoqmedebis aqtebia, xolo raki „Semo-qmedeba“ filosofiuri kategoriaa, rogorc kanonis, ise da sasamarTlo ganaCenis Seqmna erTi da igive sawyisidan iRebs saTaves da, maSasadame, erTnair midgomas moiTxovs.

Tavi pirveli

liberalizmi, rogorc politikuri doqtrina

§1. termini „liberalizmi“

am terminiT daiwyo politikuri ideologia, romelic samrewvelo dasavleTis moTxovnas gamoxatavda. am ideologiam didi gavlena moax-dina zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa Camoyalibebaze. termini „liber-alizmi“ pirvelad gaJRerda espaneTSi, sadac me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi am terminiT moixseniebdnen nacional deputatTa erT jgufs, xolo Sem-deg igi gavrcelda evropul qveynebSic da igi mniSvnelovan politikur ideologiad iqca.2

liberalizmi, rogorc irkveva, feodalizmis daSlisa da kapitalis-turi urTierTobis Camoyalibebis Sedegi gaxldaT. es termini Tavdapir-velad ekonomikuri ideologiis gamoxatuleba iyo da niSnavda farTo propagandas Tavisufali sabazro urTierTobebis sasargeblod, xolo am urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos uxeS Carevas aprotestebda. magram eko-nomikaSi warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi igi saxelmwifos Carevas moiTxov-da. ase, rom ekonomikuri liberalizmi, rogorc ukve iTqva, winaaRmde-gobisagan Tavisufali ar yofila.

liberalizmis Tavdapirveli niSnebi: 1. individualizmi, rac imas niSnavda, rom pirovnebis Tavisufleba

da interesebi arc erTi jgufis an koleqtivis interesebs ar unda Ses-wirvoda;

2. Tavisufleba liberalizmis mTavari Rirebulebaa. mas igi Tanas-worobaze da samarTlianobaze maRla ayenebs;

2 ix. maia amirgulaSvili, politikuri filosofia, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 285

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3. Semwynarebloba, rogorc pirovnebis Tavisuflebis garanti da sazogadoebis sijansaRis maCvenebeli;

4. SeTanxmebebi, molaparakebebi, riTac liberalizmi demokratiis ideebs exmianeba;

5. liberalizmi kategoriulad moiTxovs saxelmwifo xelisufleba-Ta danawilebas (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis saxiT) da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ideas exmianeba;

6. liberalizmi, rogorc politikuri doqtrina, imiTac gamoirCeva, rom igi emyareba bunebiTi samarTlis ideebs da misTvis am mxriv ufro win dgas samarTali, vidre saxelmwifo, rogorc politikuri xelisufleba. Cveni azriT, swored am poziciidan xdeba liberalizmisaTvis arsebiTi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea, roca samarTali saxelmwifos genez-isSi monawileobs da sxva araferia, Tu ara samarTlebrivad mowyobili da organizebuli politikuri xelisufleba.

liberalizms sayveduroben demokratiis dilemur gagebaSi, roca Ta-visufleba ufro maRla dgas, vidre sxva cnobili Rirebulebani. marTa-lia, liberalizmis sawyisi pozicia individualisturia, magram igi ar mTavrdeba pirovnebis absoluturi Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, anarq-izmis radikaluri moTxovniT. piriqiT, liberalizmi pirovnebis TviTne-bobis asalagmavad zepirovnuli meqanizmis Seqmnasac ki moiTxovs.3

liberalizmis Tavisebur Sejamebas gamoxataven vaJa SubiTiZe da nino wereTeli naSromSi „politologia“, Tbilisi 2012. aq, upirveles yovlisa, politikis cnebisa da niSnebis problemaa ganxiluli, magram am sakiTxebs mogvianebiT SevexebiT. amjerad gvainteresebs xsenebuli avtorebis mixedviT liberalizmis ZiriTadi niSnebi. avtorebi ar uaryofen liber-alizmis mTavar ideas _ adamianis Tavisuflebis ideas _ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, magram ufro konkretulad gamoxataven lib-eralizmis Semdeg niSnebs: 1. moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi Tanasworoba; 2. saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi xasiaTi; 3. religiuri Semwynerebloba da pluralizmi; 4. erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi myofi politikuri, ekonomi-kuri, religiuri da profesiuli gaerTianebis Tanasworuflebianoba.

liberalizmis, rogorc politikuri doqtrinis, saintereso daxasi-aTebas iZleva andriu heivudi, politikis amerikeli mkvlevari naSromSi „politika“, Tbilisi, 2008. am avtoris azriT, „liberaluri Tvalsaz-risiT, saxelmwifo, sazogadoebaSi arsebul gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris miukerZoebeli msajulis funqcias unda asrulebdes mxolod da calkeu-li pirovnebebis, yvela Tanamoqalaqis dacva SeZlos“.4 magram saqme is

3 ix. guram asaTiani, dasavluri politikur-filosofiuri istoria (narkvevebi). Tsu, 20034 andriu heivudi, politika, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 132

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gaxlavT, rom avtori ukve axal aspeqtebs warmoaCens, roca ekonomikuri saqmianoba, finansuri bazari, sruliad globalizirebulia, Tumca am mxriv globalizmi regionalizms SeiZleba davukavSiroT. roca pirovne-bas erze maRla ayeneben, _ msjelobs andriu heivudi, _ liberalebi _ undaT maT es Tu ar undaT, exla saxelmwifos sruli damoukideblobis safuZvlebis moryevas uwyoben xels“.5 miT ufro es asea globalizaciis pirobebSi, roca safrTxe erebis Tavisuflebas emuqreba. aqedan gamomdi-nare, erovnuli saxelmwifo mainc wamyvan rols asrulebs, Tumca saerTa-Soriso organizaciebisa da zeerovnuli struqturebis mzardi gavlenac saxezea.6 ase, rom liberalizmis ZiriTadi principebisa da saxelmwifoe-briobis Tanafardobis problema dRiTi dRe mwvavdeba.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom liberalizmi saqarTveloSic ganix.leba, zogjer kritikuladac ki. magaliTad, aleqsandre oraxelaSvili liberalizms, ese vTqvaT, Zirfesvianad akritikebs. avtori aRwers saqa-rTveloSi 2001 wlisaTvis arsebul kriziss, xolo, am krizisidan gamo-savals, avtoris azriT, liberalizmSi eZeben. isini arian adamianebi, romelTac liberalizmis klasikuri gageba ar gaaCniaT, magram mainc lib-eralurad azrovneben da moqmedeben, saxelmwifos upasuxismgeblobis ideas qadageben. avtori ki fiqrobs, rom liberalizmis mier socialur procesebSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobis moTxovna imdenad alogikuri iyo, rom ferdinard lasalma liberalebis saxelmwifos dacinviT „Ramis da-raji“ uwoda. avtori ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom liberalebma dRemde ver gaiges mTavari: ara ideebis Widili, aramed amomrCevelTa interesebis dacvis politika. amitomaa, rom liberalizmi Camaval mzes miagavs. ufro metic, avtoris azriT, iseT saxelmwifoSi, sadac realu-rad moqmedebs konstitucia, liberalizmis adgili aRar aris. miT ufro, rom liberalizmi, Tavisi arsiT, ucvlelia; dResac iseTia, rogoric iyo orasi wlis winaT; dResac qadageben socialur-ekonomikur urTier-TobebSi saxelmwifos Caurevlobas pirovnebis Tavisuflebis sasarge-blod. magram, _ msjelobs avtori, _ yovelive es sazogadoebriv qaossa da monopoliebis farfaSs gamoiwvevda. ufro metic, avtori fiqrobs, rom liberalizmi icavs mewarmeTa interesebs, magram mas mxedvelobidan rCeba sazogadoebis sxva fenebi, romlebic mewarmeebi ar arian: pension-erebi, studentebi, mecnierebi da a.S. civilizirebul saxelmwifoebSi ki icaven ara marto imaT interesebs, visac fuli aqvs, aramed imaTac, visac fuli ar aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalizmi umweoa, amovides sazoga-doebisTvis wamyvani Rirebulebebidan. bolos, avtori arc imas tovebs yuradRebis gareSe, rom liberalizmi xels uwyobs individualisturi

5 iqve, gv. 1646 iqve, gv. 177

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egoizmis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas. avtori midis daskvnamde, rom lib-eralizmis mavne dogmebisgan pirvel rigSi axalgazrda Taoba unda gaTa-visufldes. mxolod am pirobebSi SeiZleba igi saqmis mkeTebel Taobad CaiTvalos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi pasuxs agebs momavali Taobebis winaSec.7

liberalizms, rogorc sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli ideologiis, kritika axali araa, miT ufro, rom mas Tan axlavs rigi winaaRmdegobani. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoebac, rom konstituciurad mowyo-bil saxelmwifoSi liberalizmisaTvis adgilis gamoZebna marTlac rTu-lia. magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom liberalizmis ideologiaSi mxolod uaryofiTis warmoCena samarTlianic araa, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT. miT ufro, rom liberalizmi saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT samarTlis poli-tikaSi metad arsebiTia. rogorc Semdgom iqneba naCvenebi, Cven liber-alizmi ufro politikuri doqtrinis saxiT warmogvidgeba, Tumca mis ufro zogad ideologiur xasiaTsac viTvaliswinebT. am poziciidan yu-radRebas iqcevs liberalizmis kritika ukve wminda religiuri moti-viT. magaliTad, episkoposi stefane liberalizms „Tavisuflebis niRbiT sicruesa da codvis monobas“ uwodebs. avtori sajarod acxadebs, rom saqarTvelo didi safrTxis winaSea. saxelmwifo religiad, misi yovel-gvari gamocxadebis gareSe, mkvidrddeba liberalizmi, romelsac, avto-ris azriT, aqvs pretezia, iyos yvela sakiTxis arbitri, maT Soris sar-wmunoebriv sakiTxebSic. „Cven gvatyueben, _ acxadebs avtori, _ TiTqos iZrZvian Cveni uflebebisTvis. sinamdvileSi ki, codvis monobas da si-crues maradiul Rirebulebad amkvidreben“.8 avtori ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom am axali saxelmwifo religiis umaRlesi qurumebi saz-RvargareTidan marTaven procesebs da qarTvel politikosebad wodebul pirovnebebis meSveobiT aRweven TavianT miznebs. isini skolebSic Sei-Wrnen da moswavleebs mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis winaaRmdeg aqezeben. avtors moaqvs magaliTi, roca coli da qmari SekamaTdnen, xolo maTma pirmSom sruliad gulgrilad gamouZaxa policias da Tavisi uflebebis dacva moiTxova. avtori ironiiT SeniSnavs, rom liberalizmi TiTqos qristianuli sarwmunoebis pirmSoa („amas gvimalavdiT?“ _ SeniSnevs igi.) ver vendeT Tavisuflebis institutis mtkicebas, rom liberalizmi qris-tianuli moZRvrebis fuZemdebluri principebis ideebiTaa nasazrdovebi. sinamdvileSi _ xazs usvams igi _ es ase araa. amis sabuTad avtori imow-mebs jon loks, romelsac, avtoris azriT, sikeTe da boroteba Cvens

7 aleqsandre oraxelaSvili, liberalizmi da konstitucia, saqarTvelos axalgaz-rda iuristTa asociacia, „almanaxi“, Tbilisi, 2001, N 16, gv. 35-388 liberalizmi _ sicrue da codvis monoba Tavisuflebis niRbiT. cagerisa da len-texis eparqia, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 3-5

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SegrZnebebze dahyavda. am poziciidan ara marto narkotikuli nivTiere-baa sasiamovno, aramed kacis kvlac ki. bolos, avtori amtkicebs, rom Tavisufleba adamians RvTisagan aqvs boZebuli, magram Tavisufleba araa is aRviraxsniloba, rasac presiT, wignebiT, internetiT da sxva saSuale-bebiT gviCveneben. liberalizmis qurumebi, avtoris azriT am mxrivac cruoben.9

amrigad, liberalizmi amjerad marTlmadidebluri religiis pozi-ciidanaa gakritikebuli. Cven gvesmis, rom liberalizmis zogierTi uaryofiTi mxare marTlac damafiqrebelia, magram es uaryofiTi mx-are zogjer xelovnurad aris gazviadebuli, rac sazogadoebis jansaRi nawilis seriozul uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevs. ufro metic, liberalizmi gaigivebulia iseT ideologiasTan, romelic Tavisuflebis ideas aRvi-raxsnili amoralizmiT gamoxatavs. Cven isic ki unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saqarTveloSi prorusuli orientaciis adamianebi, dasavluri ori-entaciis diskreditaciis mizniT, liberalizmis saxels miawers yvela im sisaZagles, romelTanac liberalizms uSualo kavSiri ara aqvs. samwux-arod, e.w. „erTsqesianTa qorwinebis“ idea liberalizmis sawinaaRmdegodaa gamoyenebuli. amdenad, aSkaraa, rom liberalizmis kritikas politikuri miznebi iSviaTad ar warmarTavs. amaze isic metyvelebs, rom liberal-izmis ideas saqarTveloSi didi xnis istoria aqvs. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs sul axlaxan gamocemuli friad saintereso naSromi, romelic qarTul literaturaSi liberalizmis ideis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis faqtebze mogviTxrobs. laparakia SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutis mier gamocemul naSromze:10 am naSromSi saTa-nadodaa naCvenebi qarTveli xalxis dauRalavi brZola ucxoel dampy-robTa winaaRmdeg, xolo liberalizmis ideebi qarTul literaturaSi ruseTis sinamdvileSi gavrcelebuli ideebis meSveobiT gavrcelda. ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, vaJa-fSavela _ ai is qarTve-li mwerlebi da moRvaweebi, romlebic TavianT nawerebSi da praqtikul saqmianobaSi liberalizmis ideebs gamoxatavdnen. am mxriv niSandoblivia ilia WavWavaZis moTxroba „saxrCobelazed“, romelic xsenebul koleq-tiur naSromSi liberalizmis kuTxiTaa Sefasebuli. miT ufro, rom ilia WavWavaZe sikvdiliT dasjis, rogorc sasjelis, gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda.

arc is unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan, rom qarTul enaze araerTi politikuri xasiaTis naSromia gamoqveynebuli an Targmnilia qarTulad. magaliTad, qarTul enaze Targmnilia statiebis krebuli „liberalizmi

9 liberalizmi _ sicrue da codvis monoba Tavisuflebis niRbiT. cagerisa da len-texis eparqia, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 510 liberalizmis epoqa qarTul literaturaSi, Tbilisi, 2015

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da Zalaufleba“, romelSic moTavsebulia liberalizmis gamoCenili war-momadgenlebis benJamin Takeris, erbert spenseris, fon haiekisa da sx-vaTa naazrevi.

amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom 2014 wels saqarTvelom xeli moawera evro-kavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebas, romelic, liberaluri Rirebule-bebis Sesabamisad, bevr rames gvavalebs.

§ 2. liberalizmis istoria ruseTSi

liberalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba Taviseburi gaxldaT ruseT-Sic. magram vidre ruseTSi liberaluri ideebis warmoSobaze visaubreb-deT, saWirod migvaCnia, postkomunusturi ruseTis sinamdvileSi lib-eralizmis Taobaze diskusiis masalebis ganxilva. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ruseTSi Semdgari samecniero konferenciaze wakiTxuli moxsenebebis krebuli.11 am krebulis SesavalSi (ufro sworad, Sesavlis magier wina-sityvaobaSi) xazgasmulia imis Sesaxeb, rom im ruseTSi, romelic komu-nisturi reJimisagan gaTavisuflda, magram sadac axali sazogadoebrivi wyoba jer Camoyalibebuli ar aris, liberalizmis Tema principulad sakamaToa. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom ramdenadac ruseTSi, zemoTxsenebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba davuSvaT gardama-vali etapi liberaluri ideebis sasargeblod. magram es „gardamavali etapi“ imdenad gaurkvevelia, rom gadaWriT arafris Tqma ar SeiZle-ba. aqedan gamomdinare, dasaxelebul krebulSi xsenebuli droisaTvis Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze, gakeTebulia daskvna ruseTis sinamd-vileSi liberalizmis sawinaaRmdegod, Tumca mainc itoveben imeds, rom ruseTi sabolood ganviTarebis liberalur gzas daadgeba. am mxriv sain-teresoa r. katelnikovis statia (Рассийский либерализм: быть или не быть?), romelSic maSindeli ruseTis realuri mdogmareobaa gaanalizebuli da liberalizmis sawinaaRmdego argumentebia motanili. kerZod, ruseTSi ar arsebobs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, xolo samarTlebrivi nihilizmi imdenad aSkaraa, rom am viTarebaSi liberalizmis Tema uadgiloa. miT ufro, rom im drois ruseTSi saSualo klasi ar arsebobda. mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic komunisturi reJimis porobebSi wamyvani gaxldaT, amjerad demoralizebulia da igi Svelas saxalmwifosgan moelis. imis miuxedavad, rom xsenebuli drois ruseTSi liberalizmis momxre poli-tikuri partiebi arseboben, mainc ar iyo niadagi liberalistuli idee-bisaTvis, radgan maSindeli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samive Stos avto-riteti nulis toli gaxldaT. aqedan gamomdinare, avtori askvnida, rom

11 ix. Либерализм в России, М. 1993

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ruseTisaTvis saxelmwifo mSeneblobis liberaluri modeli ubralod ararealuria.12

xsenebul krebulSi moTavsebulia a. salminis statia „Националный вопрос и религия в контесте государственного строительства в посткоммунисическом мире“, romelSic pirdapiraa gacxadebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom postkomunis-tur ruseTSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba mtkiced adgas im gzas, rom yo-fil komunistur reJims, romelic adamianis bunebis sawinaaRmdego iyo, arasdros ar daubrundeba. avtori amave dros imasac aRniSnavda, rom ru-seTSi im droisaTvis isaxeboda sabazro ekonomikis stiqia, Tumca es mainc ar niSnavda ruseTSi liberalizmis damkvidrebas. avtori aRniSnavda, rom dasavleTis tipis liberalizmis gageba misi istoriis gagebas moiTxovs. amdenad, askvnis avtori, _ liberalizmis xelaxali rekonstruqcia misi istoriulad Tanxmlebi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. paradoqsi ki, avtoris aziT, isaa, rom sakuTari problemebis garkveva SesaZlebe-lia CvenTvis ufro adeqvaturi terminebis gamoyenebiT. am poziciidan avtori ayenebs or problemas _ erovnuls, romelic Seesabameba sakuTar sulier tradiciebs, xolo, meore isaa, rom es Cajdes msoflio politi-kis ganvTarebis konteqstSi. avtori exeba eTnikur konfliqtebs, sadac „nacionalizmi“ TiTqos saxezea. arada erovnuli saxelmwifo uamisod SeuZlebelia! magram, problema rTuldeba, roca nacionalizmi relig-iur formas iRebs da am mxriv konfliqti kidev ufro mwvavdeba. avtori, rogorc Cans, erTmaneTs upirispirebs komunisturi ideologiis moTxov-nas moralis klasobrivi bunebis Sesaxeb da zogadkacobriul moralur principebs, ris gamoc dgeba axali problemebi rogorc erovnuli, ise religiuri TvalsazrisiT. avtori Semdgom gadadis ruseTSi „dasavluri idebis“ momxreebsa da patriotebs Soris dapirispirebaze, avtori sab-olood askvnis, rom, Tu uaxloes momavalSi ar Seiqmna axali msoflio wesrigis politikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebi, maSin eTnikuri kon-fliqtebi ise gamwvavdeba, rom maTi marTva SeuZlebeli aRmoCndeba.13 Cven ki, davsZenT, rom avtoris mier daxatul suraTSi liberalizmisaT-vis adgili aRar rCeba.

aRniSnul krebulSi moTavsebulia b. buninis statia (Новые российские предпртнтиатели и мифы поскоммунического сознаня), romelSic nacadia, „me-warmis“ cnebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba adam smitis droidan moyolebuli. avtori asaxelebs xsenebuli droisaTvis ruseTSi arsebul siZneleebs, roca mewarmeebi an TviTon arRvevdnen kanons, an maT aiZulebdnen, gai-RoT qrTami. es is viTarebaa, roca xalxma privatizaciis process, avto-ris azriT, „prix.atizacia“ uwoda. avtoris mtkcebiT, am sferoSi arse-

12 Либерализм в России, М. 1993, gv. 913 iqve, gv. 44

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guram naWyebia

bulma uwesrigobam saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSave pirebs didi dartyma miayena. avtori sabolood midis im daskvnamde, rom ruseTSi yalibdeba axali ideologia, magram saqme is gaxlavT, rom am ideologias avtori „liberalizms“ ar uwodebs da amitom mas aq ar ganvix.lavT. samagierod, liberalizmis sakiTxs exeba m. urnovi, romlis mosazrebebs aq mokled gadmogcemT. kerZod, irkveva rom 1993 wels Catarebul mravalpartiul arCevnebSi liberalizmis momxreebma1% miiRes. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom, liberalizmis momxreebs, avtoris mtkicebiT, liberaluri Sexedule-bebi yovelTvis gamokveTili rodi aqvT. magaliTad, Tavs liberalebs Turme uwodebs inteligenciis is nawilic, romelic didmpyrobeluri ideologiiskenaa midrekili.14 avtori sabolood midis daskvnamde, rom liberalizmi, misi momxreebis ufro keTili survilebia, vidre realoba, Tumca avtori arc imas gamoricxavs, rom biznesis sferos muSakebisa da mecnierebis sferos warmomadgenelTa gaerTianebiT SesaZlebelia eko-nomikuri liberalizmis Camoyalibeba.

xsenebul naSromSi sxva saintereso statiebicaa gamoqveynebuli, ma-gram ramdenadac maT liberalizmTan uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT, maT aq ar ganvix.lavT. zogadad SevniSnavT, rom statiebis xsenebul krebulSi termini „liberalizmi“ saTanadod araa ganmartebuli. magram ruseTSi liberalizmze imdenia dawerili, misi miaxloebiT analizic ki SeuZle-belia. amjerad mokled SevexebiT ludvig mizesis naSroms,romelsac „liberalizmi klasikur tradiciaSi“15 qvia. am wignis rusuli gamoce-mis winasityveobaSi naTqvamia, rom l. mizesis es naSromi fndamenturia, rom masSi gadaWrilia liberalizmis ZiriTadi problemebi, marTalia, ZiriTadad ekonomikuri poziciidan,magram igi mTlianad liberalizmis ideologiasac moicavs. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom l. mizesi kerZo sa-kuTrebis sistemas kapitalizms uwodebs, radgan, misi azriT, kapital-izmi erTaderTi SesaZlebeli socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemaa. arse-bobs mxolod arCevani liberalizms, sazogadoebriv da kerZo sakuTrebas Soris. irkveva, rom yvela sxva Sualeduri sistema usargebloa. am pozi-ciidan afasebs igi socializms, romelic Sromisuunaroa. kapitalizmi ki erTaderTi SesaZlebeli socialuri sistemaa, romelic Sromis danawile-bas emyareba. es Teoriuli daskvna istorikosisa Tu filosofosisaTvis moulodneli ver iqneba, imis miuxedavad, rom kapitalizmi winaaRmdego-bebisgan Tavisufali araa. kerZod, masSi arsebobs Sromis eqspluatacia da uTanasworoba, umuSevroba _ is mainc Zlieria da yvela sxva social-ur sistemaze imarjvebs. misi wyevla-krulvis miuxedavad, is myarad dgas fexze da viTardeba. marTalia, mTavroba ereva ekonomikur sfroSi, ad-

14 b.bunini, Новые российские предпртнтиатели и мифы поскоммунического сознания, gv. 8415 Targmani inglisuridan rusul enaze, 1994

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gens fasebs da saqonlis saxes, romelic unda iwarmoos, _ mainc arsebobs wesrigi, romelic, SesaZloa, adamianis bunebas ufro Seesabameba. avtori imowmebs faqtebs, roca, piriqiT socializmi iwvevs siRatakes da SimSils da rom komunisturma reJimma milionomiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.

l. mizesi termin „liberalizmsac“ exeba, raki igi, rogorc Cans, arc Tu ise advili gasagebia. masSi igulisxmeba laTinuri termini „liber“, rac niSnavs Tavisuflebas, romelic Tavidanve filosofiis problemas warmoadgenda. magram, samwuxarod, ukanasknel aTwleulSi sul sxva mniS-vnelobasac iZens. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli StatbSi liberalizmi gamoyenebul iqna e.w. „sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos“ sinoni-mad. avtori ki, liberalizms ganmatavs, rogorc Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikasa da meurneobaSi mTavrobis Carevis gareSe, individualuri Tavisuflebis pirobebSi, adamianTa saqmianobis wess.

niSandoblivia, rom l. mizesi am naSromis bolos kvlav ubrunde-ba termini „liberalizmis“ dazustebis problemas da cdilobs Tavidan aicilos misi araerTnairi gageba. marTalia, teminologiuri sakiTxi, av-toris azriT, meorexarisxovania, magram arc terminologiuri aRrevac ivargebs. ra vuwodoT Teoriul skolas, romelic icavs warmoebis sa-Sualebebze kerZo sakuTrebis ideas? _ gvekiTxeba avtori da masze misi pasuxi aseTia: am ideas ufleba aqvs, erqvas Tavisi saxeli, imis miuxe-davad, rom termini „liberalizmi“ erTnairad gagebuli mainc araa. av-tori fiqrobs, rom liberalizmis erTaderTi swori gageba isaa, rom is yovlismomcveli ideologiaa, romelic mTel socialur cxovrebas moicavs. demokratizmis idea, romelic saxelmwifos axasiaTebs, social-uri cxovrebis mxolod nawils moicavs. demokratizmi liberalizmis Sedegia.16

ruseTSi liberalizmis gagebisa da damkvidrebis problemebs araer-Ti naSromi mieZRvna. magram amjerad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs liberaliz-mis problemisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis krebuli. irkveva, rom arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi seminari, romelzedac liberalizmis Tema specialuradaa ganxiluli.17 am naSromis Sesaval sityvaSi s. suklasini ambobs, rom lib-eralizmi _ es iseTi terminia, materiaa, romlis Sesaxeb ukve milionjer-aa yvelaferi naTqvami. amis miuxedavad, avtori mainc fiqrobs, rom am mimarTulebas adamianis individualur cnobierebaSi farTo dasayrdeni aqvs, Tumca filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT misi RirebulebiTi da katego-rialuri safuZvlebi arc Tu ise naTelia. misi azriT, liberalizmis ZiriTadi kategoria miToligizirebulia, damaxinjebulia. axal pirobeb-

16 l. mizesi, liberalizmi klasikur tradiciaSi, gv. 184-18717 ix. Либерализм: теория, состояние, прогноз, Материалы постоянно действуюшего научного семинара, № 5, М. 2010, gv. 82-83

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Si ki SesaZlebelia misi axali versia, miT ufro, rom ruseTSi axali kon-stituciis SemuSavebis problema dgas, xolo am problemas liberalizmis TemasTan kavSiri ueWvelad eqneba.

am seminarze vrceli moxsenebiT gamovida a. soloviovi. man yuradRe-ba miaqcia liberalizmis istorias. misi azriT, liberalizmis saTaveebs zogjer antikur xanaSic eZeben. meoreni aqcents aRorZinebis epoqaze akeTebdnen. magram istoria daadasturebs, rom arsebobs liberalizmis araerTi Teoria, romelic erT koncepualur formaSia moqceuli, Tumca misi gnsxvavebuli interpretaciebic faqtia. aq saxezea misTvis univel-saluri mniSvnelobis kategoriebi: xelisufleba, saxelmwifo, Tavisu-fleba, adamianis ufleba, moralis adgili politikaSi, sajaro diskursi, samoqalaqo aqtivoba, TviTSezRudva da a.S. amas, avtoris azriT, emateba sazogadoebis winaSe individualuri Tavisuflebis primati, kerZo sa-kuTreba, konkurencia, xelisuflebaTa danawileba da a.S.18 avtori arc imas iviwyebs, rom liberalizms uaryofiT konteqstSic ganixilaven: dem-agogia, individualizmi, egoizmi, Tavisufleba da anarqia da a.S., Tumca yovelive es liberalizmis ideur mxareze nakleb gavlenas axdenda.19

avtori exeba ruseTis pirobebSi liberalizmis, rogorc ideolo-giis, Taviseburebas da aRniSnavs, rom rusul niadagze liberalizmis erovnuli versia Camoyalibda. es iyo ideologia, romelic saxelmwifos Zlier kontrolze iyo damokidebuli. ruseTSi Tavisufleba esmodaT, rogorc neba, romelic pasuxismgeblobis yvela formas iyo mowyvetili, rac liberalizmis mimarT uaryofiT ganwyobas qmnida, gansakuTrebiT anarqistebis mxriv. aseTi Tavisufleba fasdeboda, rogorc arareal-uri.20 miuxedavad amisa, momxsenebeli mainc usvams xazs liberalizmis mniSvnelobas ruseTSi axali demokratiuli sistemis CamoyalibebisaT-vis, radgan liberalizmis ideologiuri potenciali metad arsebiTia. sazogadoebis da individis urTierToba, roca wina planzea individis aqtivoba, mis pirad coxvrebaSi xelmwifos Caurevlobis principi, Tumca isic arsebiTia, rom Tanamedrove viTarebaSi dgas globalizaciisa da e.w. informaciuli sazogadoebis problema, rac axlo momavalSi msoflio wesrigis problemas daukavSirdeba.21

xsenebul diskusiaze gamoiTqva iseTi mosazrebac ki, rom liberal-izmi _ es faSizmia (e. baRdasariani). avtori imiT iwyebs, rom liber-alizmi didi utopiaa _ mas realurad arasrdros ar uarsebia da verc

18 iqve, gv 1219 iqve, gv. 1320 ix. Либерализм: теория, сотояние, прогноз, Материалы постоянно действуюшего научного семинара, № 5, М. 2010, gv. 3421 iqve, gv. 52

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verasdros ver iarsebebs. socialobis gareSe adamiani ar arsebobs, xolo socialuroba yovelTvis qmnis „tabus“, akrZalvvebis sistemas, sisxlis aRrevis winaaRmdeg, xolo liberalebi, piriqiT, detabuaciis moTxovniT gamodian.liberalizmi uaryofiT ideas Seicavs, masSi raime pozitiuri programa ar devs, xolo mas droisa da epoqis moTxovnebis dakmayo-filebis pretenzia ki aqvs. liberalizmi srulad umweoa imisTvis, rom raime realurad gadawyvitos da ganaxorcielos. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom aq kiTxva-pasuxebis reJimSi gamoiTqva zogierTi damazustebeli mo-sazrebac, magram liberalizmi, rogorc problema, mainc problemad rCe-ba imis miuxedavad, rom liberalizmis Temas kidev erTi Zalian vrceli gamokvleva mieZRvna. (Россйский либерализм: идея и люди, Под общей редакции Кара-Мурзы. М. 2007) esaa statiebis krebuli (TiTqmis 800 gevrdamde), romelic rusuli liberalicmis calkeul warmomadgenlebs eZRvneba maTi biografiuli monacemebis TandarTviT. aq warmodgenilia, magali-Tad, n. papini, n. novikovi, a. voroncovi, m. speranski da sxva. sabolood davaskvniT, rom am naSromSi liberalizmis zogadi Teoriuli analizi imdenad araa, ramdenadac am mxriv wamyvania rusi liberalis piradi war-modgenebi, cxovreba da moRvaweoba.gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom am kre-bulSi gamoxatulia ara imdenad liberalizmisadmi pativiscema, ramde-nadac am mxriv rusuli kulturis warmoCenis survili,imisi damtkiceba, rom rusuli liberalizmi originaluria da rom rusi liberalebi ara-visze naklebi ar arian. cxadia, aq SesaZloa, iyos gadaWarbeba, magram liberalizmi rusuli kulturis nawili iyo warsulSi, aris dResac da darCeba momavalSic. amis gamo amgvari Zalisxmeva, rac am friad vrcel gmokvlevaSia gamoxatuli, ese vTqvaT, sruliad legitimuria, imis miuxe-davad, rom ruseTis sinamdvileSi liberalizmi xSirad iyo da ars dRe-sac agresiuli Tavdasxmis obieqtic. magaliTad, l. riskendleva exeba liberalizmis filosofiur mxares, mis msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlebs da am mxriv akritikebs mas. avtori cdilobs ganmartos termini „lib-eralizmi“, romelic TiTqos yvelasaTvis gasagebia, magram es ase araa. amis sabuTad avtori imowmebs ludvig mizesis cnobil debulebas, rom liberalizmis ideebi bolomde arc erT saxelmwifoSi araferSi ar ganx-orcielebula, Tundac yvelaze ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi. da mainc is, rogorc Tavisuflebis ideologia, arsebobs. igulisxmeba, rom akeTo is, rac ginda. sxva danarCenze liberalizms, avtoris mtkice-biT, miufurTxebia kidec. despotizmTan da tiraniasTan, demokratiasa da politikuri TavisuflebisaTvis brZola, samewarmeo Tavisufleba, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da qalTa emansipacia, adamianTa umcireso-bis uflebaTa dacva _ ai, _ avtoris azriT, _ liberalizmis ZiriTadi speqtri. magram avtori fiqrobs, rom am mimarTulebis filosofiuri

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mxare sakmaod rTulia, rig SemTxvevebSi sapirispiro debulebaTa gaer-Tianebaa. amitomaa, rom filosofias, avtoris mtkicebiT, dRemde ar aqvs garkveuli pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris Tavisufleba da xom araa aq praq-tikuli filosofia? am filosofiaSi Tavisuflebis idea, erTi mxriv, Teoriulad dausabuTebelia, fiqciaa. amdenad, Tavisufleba aq mxolod praqtikuli filosofiis sferoa. avtori am mxriv imowmebs bentamis liberalizmis filosofiur safuZvlebs, romelSic Tavisufleba cxad-deba fiqciad. is mwvaved akritikebs eTikuri movaleobisa da jerarsis cnebebs, rasac bentami, l. riskendlevas azriT, sakmaod gonebamaxvilu-rad da damajereblad akeTebs. avtori bolos akritikebs imanuel kantis sindisis Teorias, roca sindisi Sinagania, xolo mas gareganisgan aTavi-sufleben. es, xsenebuli avtoris azriT, kiTxvas badebs: ratom sindisis Tavisufleba gareganisagan? sabolood avtori askvnis, rom liberaliz-mis filosofiidan filosofiuri liberalizmis momxres misTvis uxerx-uli pozicia uWiravs, _ am poziciis daWera sakmaod rTulia. es pozicia aris `sui iuris~, romelic marTavs Tavs da mSvidad ambobs uars sxvisi Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebaze, radgan liberal-filosofosi Tavisu-flebas amkvidrebs ara ZaliT, ara ZaladobiT, maT Soris _ inteleqtua-lurad.22

rogorc Cans, liberalizmis filosofia marTlac araa advili da calsaxa. igi winaaRmdegobriv debulebebsac ki Seicavs. am mxriv yur-adRebas iqcevs liberalizmis idea, rom es idea sxvas ar moaxvios Tavs, TviTon ki misdios mas, _ xom ar miuTiTebs liberalizmis sust mxareze? miT ufro, Tu am mxriv SevafasebT politikur liberalizms, aRmoCndeba, rom is mxolod politikuri ideaa, xolo, Tu igi romelime sakanonmdeblo proeqtSi gadavida da kanonis formiT gamovlinda, maSin es ukve liber-alizmad ver CaiTveleba, raki kanoni moqalaqis valdebulebas gamoxatavs da ara mis Tavisuflebas. problemis am mxares Cven SemdgomSic SevexebiT.

amjerad friad sainteresod gveCveneba uaxloesi Tvalsazrisi lib-eralizmis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, a. popova liberalizms ganmartavs farTo azriT, rogorc is sazogadod aris miRebuli: igi ibrZvis imisTvis, rom mis yofa-cxovrebaSi uxeSad ar unda ereodes, Tumca liberalizmi sax-elmwifoebrivi wesrigis winaaRmdegi sulac araa. liberalizmi aqac xels uwyobs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebas, xolo politikis sferoSi igi aqac, ese igi, ruseTSic, moiTxovs saxelmwifo xelisuflebaTa dan-awilebas, rogorc is sazogadod aris miRebuli. cxadia, aqac wina planze dgeba adamianis Tavisuflebisa da misi uflebebis dacvis problemebi.

22 ix. Л. Г. Рыскельднева, филослфский либерализм и практическая философия, уч. зап Таврического университета им.В. И. Верданского, Серия „философия социология“ 21 №1, 2008

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irkveva, rom klasikuri liberalizmi warmoiSva dasavleT evropaSi, me-18 saukuneSi e.w. ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, lib-eralizmis sruqturaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami wyaro da sami Semadgeneli nawili. 1. dasavleT evropuli ekonomikuri liberalizmi, romelic adam smitis ekonomikur TeoriaSi gamoix.ta. 2. politikuri liberalizmi, romelic obieqturad warmoiqmna burJuaziuli ganmanaTlebluri idee-bis zegavleniT. 3. filosofiuri liberalizmi, romelic saTaves iRebs racionalizmis, empirizmis, induqciisa da frangul _ inglisur ganmana-Tlebluri ideebidan.23 avtori imowmebs b. kapustinis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom pirobiTad gamoyofen liberalizmis koncefcias, romlis safuZvelSi devs individebis gansakuTrebuli saqmianoba. am saqmiano-bis wyalobiT isini iZenen unars, daadginon kanonebi. am unarebs gansaz-Rvraven rogorc ontologiuri, ise gnoseologiuri winamZRvrebiT.liberalizmis mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTmaneTSi moarigos indi-vidualuri Tavisufleba da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis principi. am tipis liberalizmi damaxasiaTebeli gaxlavT me-19 saukunis ruseTSi. es liberalizmi dasavluri liberalizmisagan arsebiTad iyo gansxvave-buli. rusul liberalizms ar hqonda istoriuli winamZRvrebi. igi sak-maod gvian warmoiSva da emyareboda mosaxleobis sakmaod farTo fenebs. xazgasmulia, rom aqcenti TviTmpyrobelur xelisuflebaze iyo gadat-anili. am drois politikuri ideali gaxldaT monarqiasTan arsebuli saTaTbiro organos Seqmna. amasTan, irkveva, rom ruseTSi liberalizmis ganviTareba sam safexurad iyofa. am mxriv pirveli iyo ganmanaTlebluri, romelic zemodan iyo inicirebuli ekaterine pirvelisa da aleqsandre meoris mefobis xanebSi. Semdegi nabiji iyo SezRudul monarqiaze gadas-vlis speranskiseuli sakonstitucio proeqti, romlebmac dekabristebis opoziciuri gamosvlebi gamoiwvia. Semdegi etapi iyo e.w. dacviTi ti-pis, anu konservatiuli liberalizmi. es iyo sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari Zireuli amocanebis gacnobierebis Sedegi _ SemoenarCunebinaT erovnul-religiuri tradiciebi. Semdegi etapi iyo axali, anu neoliberalizmi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi oqtombris revolucialmde, romlis ZiriTadi idea yoveli adamianis Rirseuli arsebobis uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT.

imis miuxedavad, rom ruseTis liberalizmze gavlena dasavlurma liberalizmma moaxdina, aq mainc wina planze wamoiwia etatikuri sax-elmwifos ideam, romelic sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo unda yofiliyo. irkveva, rom ruseTSi liberalizmi ar iyo erTiani. masSi gamoiyofoda saero, konservatiuli, racionaluri da neoliberaluri nakadi. sabolood avtors moaqvs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi damkvidre-

23 ix. А Попова, Либерализм и неолиберализм в правовом измерени России на рубеже 19-20 в. в Журнал `Россикого права~, 2011, № 4

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buli azri, romlis Tanaxmad, „mosaxleoba romelic miiRebda liberal-izms ideologiis saxiT, valdebuli iqneboda, mTlianad Seecvala Tavisi bunebrivi mentaliteti da sulierad gadagvarebuliyo“.24 avtori mainc fiqrobs, rom ruseTisaTvis ajobebda neoliberalizmi, romelic mas-Tan ufro axlos idga. aqac mTavari gaxldaT pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea, neoliberalebi cdilobdnen, SeenarCunebinaT samoqalaqo mSvidoba da daesabuTebinaT ruseTSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea, ese igi „samarTlebrivi reJimis saxelmwifo“, saxalxo warmomadgenlobiT da pa-suxismgebluri mTavrobiT; demokratiuli TavisuflebiT, garedan reaq-ciis Semotevis gareSe. irkveva, rom rusuli liberalizmi erTmaneTisgan mijnavda samarTals, rogorc samarTlianobis zogad princips, da kanons, da rom samarTali maRla dgas kanonze. avtori askvnis, rom neoliber-alizmi mTlianad pasuxobs Tanamedrove ruseTis samarTlebriv ideolo-gias, ramdenadac igi agebulia adamianis bunebrivi uflebebis pozitivis-tur ideologiaze, socialuri procesis yvela subieqtis Tanasworobaze, socialurad orientirebuli ekonomikiT, xelisuflebaTa danawilebiT, kerZo sakuTrebis socialuri roliT, xalxis xelisuflebis dacvis moTxovniT, magram xelisuflebis mxriv Cagvris SemTxvevaSi ajanyebis uflebis SemonarCunebiT.25

§ 3. me-19 da me-20 saukunis rusuli liberalizmis transformacia

mxedvelobaSia o. andrevas naSromi, romlis SesvalSivea dasaxele-buli am Temis mTavari kategoriebi: liberalizmi, saxelmwifo, samar-Tali, politika, Rirebuleba. avtori amtkicebs, rom socialuri pro-gresis Taobaze diskusiis msvlelobaSi iqmneba imisi gageba, rom saWiroa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli formebis gardaqmna. burJuaziulma saxelmwifom da samarTalma gawmindes gza axa-li paradigmisaTvis, romelSic ise bunebrivad Caeqsova iseTi liberal-uri Rirebuleba, rogoric gaxldaT: „Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,Zmoba“. am ideam ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia samoqalaqo sferoSi moqalaqisa da pirovnebis uflebebis dacvis ganmtkiceba. burJuaziulma marTlSegne-bam sazogadoeba ganviTarebis iseT axal safexurze aiyvana, roca daa-myara saxelmwifosa da samarTlis sferoSi liberaluri urTierTobebi. irkveva rom, me-19saukunisa da me-20 saukunis liberalur-samarTlebriv

24 А Попова, Либерализм и неолиберализм в правовом измерени России на рубеже 19-20 вв Журнал Россикого права, 2011, № 4, gv. 10725 iqve, gv. 112

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koncefciebSi ganix.leboda idea imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo aramarto borotebaa,aramed „mebrZol borotebas“ warmoadgens. liberaluri Teo-riis es debuleba rusul istoriul-filosofiur sivrceSi gavrcelda, rogorc saxelmwifos mwvave kritika. es iyo TviTmyrobelobis mospobis idea,romlis, Tanaxmad, mmarTvelobis Zveli formebi unda dangreuliyo, vidre maTi raime formiT transformacia moxdeboda.

rogorc irkveva, rusul liberalur-filosofiur moZRvrebaSi imeds sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebze amyareben, magram gairkva, rom sazoga-doebis es fenebic ar iyvnen mzad am misiisTvis. proletariatis, rogorc sazogadoebis gansakuTrebuli fenis, ideam Rrma skefsisi gamoiwvia iTq-va, rom proletariati am unars moklebulia.

ruseTis liberalebi adamianis Tavisuflebisa da uflebebis, ro-gorc umaRlesi Rirebulebebis, aRiarebas moiTxovdnen, xolo imis gamo, rom realuri viTareba sxvagvari iyo, vidre liberalebs warmoedginaT, sazogadoebis idealuri gardaqmnis idea iluziaSi gadaizarda. es iyo filosofiur-samarTeblivi miTologia. Tumca isic faqtia, rom liber-alizmis ideologiaSi samarTals meti pativi daedo. am mxriv wamyvani aR-moCnda ganmanaTlebruli idea, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis wamyvani Zala WeSmaritebaa. am poziciidan sazogadoebis pozitiur Zalas mec-niereba gamoxatavda. magram, es, rogorc avtori samarTlianad aRniSnavs, _ iyo sazogadoebis ara ideologiuri-politikuri gardaqmnis moTxov-na, aramed mecnieruli ideebis mixedviT sazogadoebis marTvis idea. ma-gram saqme is gaxlavT, rom me-19 saukunis dasawyissa da me-20 sauku-neSi ruseTSi politikuri brZolis arena Zalian garTulda.liberalebi demokratiul gardaqmnebs ar uaryofdnen, magram maT imis SiSi hqon-daT, rom umravlesobis biurokratiuli aparati mainc Tavisas gaitanda. liberalebi amtkicebdnen, rom totalitarizmis beladebs saqme Tavisi xalxis TviTmkvlelobisken mihyavT! Tumca irkveva, rom liberalizmis rusuli idea sxva araferi gaxldaT, Tu ara ganviTarebadi kapitalizmis variacia. naSromSi sagangebodaa ganxiluli p.miliukovis idea, roca man erTmaneTs daupirispira ruseTis me-20 saukunis ori sapirispiro ten-decia -stalinizmi da nacionalizmi, maSin rodesac, statiis avtoris azriT, es iyo damarcxebuli mxaris aRiareba da misi gabaTileba, rom „gamarjvebulebs ar asamarTleben.“ avtori saboolood askvnis: „Tname-drove ruseTi, romelmac aqcenti liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnaze gadaitana, _ risks eweva imaSi, rom gaxdes msoflio progresis autsaid-eri.“

avtori sabolood askvnis: me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis rusuli samar-Tlis filosofiisTvis ideologiurad iyo Semzadebuli ruseTis so-cial-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis idea. Tanamedrove etapze ruseTis fi-

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losofiur-samarTlebrivi koncefcia, liberalizmis CaTvliT, moiTxovs arsebiT Sesworebas Tanamedrove samarTlis filosofiaSi.26

§ 4. Tanamderove ruseTis federaciaSi sisxlis samarTlis sakanmomdeblo cvlilebebis politikuri Sefasebis problema

am mxriv friad sainteresoa rasul akutaevis naSromi:27avtori im faqtis aRniSvniT iwyebs, rom ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebis Setanam, agreTve 2011 wlis 7 de-kembris calkeulma sakanmomdeblo cvlelebebma, mecnierul wreebSi araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. am cvlilebaTa ZiriTadi leitmotivi iyo sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis humanizacia, Tumca am cvlile-bebis SemowmebiT farTomasStabiani liberalizacia gamovlinda. avtoris azriT, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom yvela am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo is, rom maqsimalurad Semcirebuli iyo im pirTa wre, romelic sasjels Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi ixdida. avtors, rogorc Cans, mxedvelobaSi aqvs farTomasStabiani amnistia, romlis ZiriTad mizans sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaTa gantvirTva warmoad-genda. magram amgvarma farTomasStabianma amnistiam, rogorc amas war-sulis gamocdilebac adasturebs, daarRvia danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis garduvalobis principi. avtori fiqrobs, rom kanonmdebels yvela am cvlilebis pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze ar unda aeRo. garda amisa, ru-seTSi dawesda sasjelis axali saxe e. w. iZulebiTi samuSaoebi, _ masTan erTad ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-15 muxlSi revoluci-uri cvlilebebiT. kerZod, gazrdilia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis maqsimal-uri vada. masTan, Taviseburadaa gagebuli danaSaulis kategoriebi. aman iqamde migviyvana, rom yvelaze ufro Rirebuli sikeTis _ sicocxlis _ xelyofa, Tu mas Tan axlavs qmedebis privilegirebuli Semadgenloba, kanonmdeblis Semwynarebuli gadawyveTilebiT, naklebad mZime danaSau-lad gadaiqca. samwuxarod, kanonmdebeli arc amiT dakmayofilda. ker-Zod, me-15 muxlis me-6 nawilSi Caiwera, rom sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs, da-naSaulebrivi qmedebis faqtobrivi garemoebebisa da misi sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT, Secvalos danaSaulis kategoria naklebad mZimeze, magram ara umetes erTisa. danaSaulis kategorizacia, romelic kanonmdeblis prerogativaa, amjerad sasamarTlo mixedulebis

26 ix. O. A. Андреева, Трансформаця идей русского ливерализма конца 19 и 20 вв в современном философско-правовом дискурсе, `философия права~ 2011, № 1.27 Некоторые новелы ливерализаци Россиского уголовного законодательства, „Государство и право“, 2013, №3, gv. 56-61

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sferoSi gadavida. miT umetes, rom qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba, avtoris azriT, obieqturi kategoriaa da visime subieqturi Sexeduleba-ze damokidebuli araa. avtori saboolod daskvniT, kanonmdebelma amiT daarRvia danaSaulis kategorizaciis obieqturi mxare imgvarad, rom re-alurad dadga danaSaulisa da administraciuli gadacdomis gamijvnis problema. garda amisa, avtori xazs usvams am sakanmomdeblo novaciebis korufciuli miznebiT gamoyenebis realur SesaZleblobasac.

Semdeg avtori gadadis sasjelis axali saxis _ iZulebiTi samuSaoebis _ ganxilvze. dagegmilia, rom mTel ruseTSi Seiqmnas 150 gamasworebeli centri, Tumca sawyis etapze _ 7-8 -is odenobiT. magram irkveva, rom am kanons aqvs ukuZala, da, maSasadame, aucilebeli iqneba am kuTxiT saqmee-bis ganxilva. avtori am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis metis-met liber-alur xasiaTze laparakobs. es liberalizmi aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es axali sasjeli _ iZulebiTi samuSaoebi _ SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes im pirTa mimarT, romlebmac mZime danaSauli pirvelad Caidines. garda amisa, avtori fiqrobs, rom es axali sasjeli -iZulebiTi samuSaoebi _ ucnaurobis STabeWdilebas qmnis. es sasjeli ZiriTadia, magram igi amave dros damoukideblad ar dainiSneba, aramed Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gar-eSe is gamoyenebuli ver iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, es axali sasjeli sxva araferia, Tu ara Tavisuflebis aRkveTa pirobiT, mjavrdebulis SromaSi savaldebulo CabmiT.

bolos, avtoris azriT, iuridiul literaturaSi uyuradRebod dar-Ca is garemoeba, rom 2011 wlis 7 dekembers kanonSi sisxlissamarTlebri-vi pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo-samarT-lebrivi pasuxismgeblobac. am ukanasknels adgili adrec hqonda, magram igi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis pirobad ar ganixileboda. amJamad ki, magaliTad, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba an damdgari zianis dafarva, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis erT-erT pirobas warmoadgens, Tu piri, amave drois, qmediT monaniebas da dazaralebulTan Serigebis mimarTavs.28 axali, sa-bazro ekonomikis, Sesabamisad, miyenebuli zianisanazRaureba, _ niSnavs imas, Tu ar gadaixdi _ Cajdebi; gadaixdi ar Cajdebi! avtoris daskvniT _ erTi da igive danaSaulisaTvis sxvadasxva pirebis sxvadasxva pasuxismge-bloba, sxva araferia,Tu ara „arCeviTi iusticia“, rac, v. pastuxovis moswrebuli gamoTqmiT, ruseTis iusticiis aqilevsis quslia. avtori askvnis: sisxlis samarTlis kanoni, romelic araa winaaRmdegobrivi, didi xania, drois moTxovnad iqca. am amocanis gansaxorcieleblad saWirod Cans ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis axali kodeqsis SemmuSave-

28 ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 75-e; 76-e muxlebi

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beli komisiis Seqmna.29 ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi Setanil cvlilebebs

politikur Sefasebas aZlevs ara marto r. akutaevi, aramed Tanamedrove ruseTis sxva profesiuli warmomadgenlebic. amjerad sainteresod gveCveneba m. babaevisa da i. pudovoCkinis erToblivi naSromi, romelSic saTanadod aris ganmartebuli CvenTvis mniSvnelovani cnebebi da termi-nebi.30 xsenebuli avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanil cvlilebaTa politikuri Sefaseba aucile-beli xdeba. sakiTxavia: Seesabameba Tu ara es cvlilebebi, erTi mxriv, da-naSaulebaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiul xazs, xolo, meore mxriv, _ sisxlis samarTlis normaluri ganviTarebis logikas? meorenairad rom vTqvaT, Sesabameba Tu ara es sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi ruseTis saxelmwifos sisxlissamarTlebriv politikas? mTeli ubedureba, am av-torTa azriT, isaa, rom es sakiTxi ukve dagvianebulia, Tumca am kiTx-vaze pasuxis gacema aucilebelia.

irkveva, rom amgvar sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis profesiuli winas-wari ganxilva, ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre dadgenili wesi. amis erT-erT magaliTad avtorebi asaxeleben sisxlis samarTlis im kanons, romlis Tanaxmad, farTovdeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sasamarTlo mixeduleba sasjelis daniSvnis dros. isic irkveva, rom kanonSemoqmedebiTi gadawyve-tielebebis profesiuli ganxilva TiTqmis SeuZleblad xdeba imis gamoc, rom sakanonmdeblo procesi aSkarad Cqaria. avtorebi amis magaliTsac asaxeleben, roca korufciisa da meqrTameobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Ses-axeb kanoni gansaxilvelad Setanil iqna 2011 wlis 16 Tebervals, xolo, amis Semdeg saxelmwifos sami Tvec ki ar dasWirda imisaTvis, rom sisxlis samarTlis kanonidan amoegdo Tavisuflebis aRkveTis minimaluri zoma. am poziciidan avtorebi gadadian ufro Sors mimaval daskvnaze, romlis Tanaxmad, saqme exeba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseT reJims, roca marT-vis subieqti moklebulia SesaZleblobas, danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZo-laSi problemis yvela speqtrs xedavdes (an mas arc surs, xedavdes). es ki, strategiulad saSiSi da miuRebelia. kanonTa amgvari daCqarebuli cvlilebebi saSualebas uspoben specialistebs, saqmis kursSi iyvnen da amis gamo iZulebulni arian, am cvlilebaTa kudSi iCanCalon. es imitom xdeba, rom am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs obieqturi dasabuTeba ar hqon-da. es imaSi gamoixata, rom am sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebs win ar uZRoda qveyanaSi kriminaluri situaciisa da xsenebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlile-

29 В. Акутаев, Некоторые новелы ливерализаци Россиского уголовного законодательства, „Государство и право“, 2013, №3, gv. 6130 ix. Измерения Российского Закона и их уголовно _ политическая оценка, ,,Государства и право“ 2012, №8

35


bebis efeqturobis Sesaxeb raime obieqturi informacia. aqedan avtorebi askvnian, rom yvela es sakanonmdeblo cvlileba imiTaa gamarTlebuli, TiTqos saqme exeba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis humanizacias da liberalizacias, rasac araviTari obieqturi safuZveli ara aqvs, ris gamoc yvela es sakanonmdeblo cvlileba naadrevi da dausabuTebe-lia.31 irkveva, rom am cvlilebaTa erTaderTi gamamarTlebeli sabuTi aris statistikuri monacemi imis Sesaxeb, rom ukanasknel xuT weliwadSi (2005 w.) danaSaulobis masStabi 26% _ iT Semcirda. magram xsenebuli avtorebi fiqroben, rom statistika _ es Cveulebrivi sicruea. amis sabu-Tad isic kmara: Tu danaSauli yovel wels 26% _ iT Semcirdeba, maSin 2020 wlisTvis ruseTSi danaSauloba saerTod unda gaqres.32 avtorebs am mxriv moaqvT sxva saxis statistikuri monacemi, romlebic realur sinamdviles ayalbeben, magram amjerad CvenTvis mTavaria is garemoeba, rom yvela es sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelzedac zemoT iyo saubari, Turme gamarTlebulia sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis humanizaciisa da liberalizaciis principebiT. xsenebuli avtorebi ki, fiqroben, rom am terminebis amgvari gamoyeneba zusti araa. miT ufro, rom am cvli-lebebs arc liberaluri safuZvlebi aqvT da arc humanuri, radgan es terminebi dasaSvebia mTlianad sisxlis samarTlis politikis mimarT, da ara calkeuli kanonebisa da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis mimarT. amis sabuTad avtorebi imowmeben Sesatyvis leqsikons, romelSic naTqvamia, rom „liberalizmi“ _ es aris ama Tu im sferoSi saxelmwifo SezRudvebis gauqmeba. sxva azriT is SeiZleba niSnavdes zedmet mimteveblobas, mavne mimnebeblobas.33 xsenebuli avtorebis azriT, „liberalizmi“ asocird-eba sisxlissamarTlebrivi politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi gaumarTlebel gaTvlebTan, niSnavs realurad arsebuli kriminologiuri viTarebis mimarT saxelmwifos uyuradRebobas, gulgrilobas damnaSave-Ta da maT msxverplTa mimarT. miT ufro, roca am poziciidan realuria e.w. TeTrsayeloianTa (biznesis sferoSi) danaSaulis dausjeloba.34 aqe-dan avtorebi liberalizms ganmartaven „Tavisuflebis“ da „saxelmwifo kontrolis“ kategoriebTan kavSirSi. es kategoriebi SeiZleba mimarTul iqnan or subieqtze: erTi mxriv, im moqalaqeTa mimarT, romlebic saxelm-wifos iurisdiqciis zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian, xolo, meore mxriv _ sasamarTlo organos mimarT. garda amisa, xsenebuli avtorebi fiqroben, rom arc Tu iSviaTad „liberalur politikas“ SemosazRvraven mxolod

31 ix. Из

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