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Introduction

Neurophilosophy

Brain is the origin of mental abilities

Glia and Neurons Glia: Insulates, supports, and nourishes

neurons

Neurons

Process information

ense en!ironmental changes

"ommunicate changes to other neurons "ommand body response


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#he Neuron $octrine

Golgi%stain &$e!eloped by

"amillo Golgi' sho(s t(o parts

of neurons: oma and peri)aryon

Neurites: *+ons and $endrites

#he Neuron $octrine


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"aal-s "ontribution

Neural circuitry

Neurons communicate by

contact, not continuity Neuron doctrine

Neurons adhere to cell theory

Based in Golgi stain

#he Prototypical Neuron


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#he oma

"ytosol: .atery fluid inside the cell

/rganelles: 0embrane%enclosed structures (ithin

the soma "ytoplasm: "ontents (ithin a cell membrane &e1g1,

organelles, e+cluding the nucleus'



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#he *+on

#he *+on #erminal

$ifferences bet(een the cytoplasm of a+on

terminal and a+on No microtubules in terminal

Presence of synaptic !esicles

*bundance of membrane proteins

6arge number of mitochondria



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#he *+on

ynapse

ynaptic transmission

2lectrical%to%chemical%toelectricaltransformation

ynaptic transmission

dysfunction

0ental disorders



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#he *+on

*+oplasmic transport

*nterograde &soma to terminal' !s1

3etrograde &terminal to soma' transport



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$endrites

*ntennae of neurons

$endritic tree

ynapse % receptors $endritic spines

Postsynaptic &recei!es

signals from a+on

terminal'

"lassifying Neurons


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"lassification Based on

the Number of Neurites

ingle neurite

4nipolar #(o or more neurites

Bipolar% t(o

0ultipolar% more than t(o

"lassifying Neurons


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"lassification Based on

$endritic and omatic

0orphologies

tellate cells &starshaped'and pyramidal

cells &pyramid%shaped'

piny or aspinous

"lassifying Neurons 7urther "lassification


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By connections (ithin the "N

Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons,

interneurons

Based on a+onal length Golgi #ype I &proection neurons'

Golgi #ype II &local interneurons'

Based on neurotransmitter type

e1g1, "holinergic 8 *cetycholine at synapses

Glia


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7unction of Glia

upports neuronal functions

*strocytes

0ost numerous glia in the brain 7ill spaces bet(een neurons

Influence neurite gro(th

3egulate chemical content of

e+tracellular space

Glia


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0yelinating Glia

/ligodendroglia &in "N'

ch(ann cells &in PN'

Insulate a+ons

Copyright 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Glia


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0yelinating Glia

&"ont-d'

/ligodendroglial

cells Node of 3an!ier

3egion (here the

a+onal membrane

is e+posed

Glia /ther Non%Neuronal "ells

0icroglia as phagocytes &immune'


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Bases of Cell Function


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#he oma

0aor site for protein

synthesis

3ough endoplasmic reticulum



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#he Nucleus

Gene e+pression

#ranscription

3N* processing



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#he oma

Protein synthesis also on free ribosomes9

polyribosomes



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#he oma

mooth 23 and Golgi *pparatus

ites for preparingsorting proteins for deli!ery todifferent cell

regions &traffic)ing' and regulating substances1



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#he oma

0itochondrion

ite of cellular respiration

&inhale and e+hale' ;rebs cycle

*#P% cell-s energy source


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#he Neuronal 0embrane

Barrier that encloses cytoplasm


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#he "ytos)eleton

Not static

Internal scaffolding of

neuronal membrane

#hree bones

0icrotubules

0icrofilaments

Neurofilaments

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