leyes ravenstein

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The Laws of Migration

Author(s): E. G. RavensteinSource: Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Jun., 1885), pp. 167-235Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the Royal Statistical SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2979181 .

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Vol. XLVIII] [Part ILJOURNAL OF TE STATISTIC SOCIETY,

JUNE,1885.

The LAWS of MIGRATION. By E. G. RAVENSTEIN, ESQ., F.R.G.S.[Read beforeheStatistical ociety, 7th March, 885. The PRESIDENT,SIR RAwsoN W. RAwsoN,K.C.M.G., C.B., intheChair.]

CONTENTS:PAGEIntroductoryemarks................... 167PopulationndBirthplaces 168Geographicalistributionf the LNativesofeachKingdom170TheNational lement f thePopulationt(Map 1) .. ,,. 172TheNative ountylemeontMap 2) ...... 173TheNative own lement.................... 174TheBorderlement .......................... 175Thie Irish Element n Great Britain(Map3) .............. ............... 175The Scotch lementnEnglandMap ) .. 178

TheEnglish lementnScotlandMap4) 179

PAGXThe Anglo-Scotchlement n Ireland(Map4) ............................ 180The ForeianndColonial lement........ 180Classificationf Migrants.................... 181Counties f Absorptionnd Dispersion(Map 6) ............... ............... 184Couinter-CurrenitsfMigration.............. 187TheDispersionf Migrantsllustrated.. 189T'heAbsorptionfMigrantsllustrated.. 193MigrationndtheNatives fTowns ..... 195MigrationfFemales.......................... 196The Lawsof Migrationi....................... 198TheLawsof MigrationndtheTowns .. 199Introductoryemar7ks.

IT was a remarkof the late Dr. William Farr, to the effect hatmigrationappeared to go on withoutany definite aw, whichfirstdirected myattention o a subject,* to which,after hepublicationof the census of 1881, I now propose to return. I shall confinemyself n what follows to migrationgoing on within the limitsoftheUnited Kingdom,t reservingfor a futureoccasion a considera-tion of the same subjectin connectionwith foreign ountries. Inhis general reporton the census of 1871 theregistrar-generalaysvery justly: " The improvedroads, thefacilities offered nder the" railway system,the wonderfuldevelopment of the mercantile"marine, the habit of travellingabout,and the increasingknow-"ledge ofworkmen,have all tended to facilitatetheflowof people"from spotswheretheyare notwantedto fieldswheretheir abour"is in demand. The establishment f a manufacture r the open-"ing of a newmine rallies men to it,not only fromthe vicinity,"but fromremotepartsof the kingdom. The greattownsafford"such extraordinaryacilities for hedivisionand forthe combina-* See the Birthplaces f the People and the Laws of Migration n the-' Geographical agazine," 876,with evenmaps.t That is England, cotland, nd Ireland; Man andtheChannel slandsarethereforexcluded.

VOL. XLJVIII. PART II. N


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168 RAvENSTEIN-On heLaws of Migration. [June," tion of labour, for the exercise of all the arts, and for the" practiceof all the professions, hat theyare everyyeardrawing" people within their limits." Farther inducements to migrateare offered y educational facilities, alubrity of the climate orcheapness of living. In a few nstances, s in the case of convictsor of soldiersand sailors,migration is even compulsory.It shall be our task to trace the extentof this migrationthroughout he United Kingdom,and to pointout some of thoselaws whichappear to govern t. The materialsat our disposal forthe performance f this ta-skare voluminous,but they are bynomeans complete. Information n manypoints ofinterests with-held in the census returns. It is impossible,for ustance,to tracethenativesof any particular countyof England into Scotland orIreland. Another circumstanceikelyto lead to misconception,fnoterror, rises from heveryuneqiual size ofthecounties. Rutlandand Yorkshire are hardly comparable. A journey of 25 milesat the most converts any native of Rutland into a "migrant,"whilst a nativeof Yorkshire to place himself uto the same positionmighthave to travelas many as 95 miles. The exchangeof popu-lation between the border counties of England and Scotlandcannot be traced,noris it possible to point out those counties ofIreland which have furnished helargestcontingentsfmigrants oGreat Britain. The emigrationreturnsfortunately nable us toobtain an insight ntothisbranch ofour inquiry.*Yet notwithstandinghese shortcomingsn the censusreturns,they enable us to obtain a clear insight into the mode in whichmigration proceeds, and the general results appear to be trust-worthy. Populationand Birthplaces.The populationwithwhichwe have to deal numbered n 187131,484,66i souls, n 1881 34,884,848souls,distributed s follows:-

I 1871. | PerCeut. 1881. PerCent. Increasie,1871. ~~~~~~~~~~~~1871-8Per nt.EnglandandWales ... 22,712,266 7z1 25,974,439 74.4 14-4Scotland. 3,360,018 10.7 3,735,573 IO7 I1 ZIreland. 5,413,377 1 5,174,836 14,9 - 4'9

'UnitedKingdom... 31,484,661 Io00* 34,884,848 c00c OIO8* It is to be hoped that by the titnethe next census is taken,so-called" Registrationiounities" ndl "Counties proper" will have been assimilatted.The registrar'sistricts r unionsundoubtedlyresent he most uitable nitfor

summarisinghe ages,birthplaces,nd occulpationsf thepeople. The presentcomplex ystem f the territorialivisions s mostconfusing,nd increases hevolume f the returns ithoutdding nytlhingfrealuse tothe nformationheyfurnish.


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On the Laws of Migration. 169Accordingto birthplaces his populationwas divided asfollows:-

1871. Per ent. 1881. Per ent. ncresee1871-81.Per iat.BorninEnglandandWales 21,830,528 69.34 25,017,027 7I.7I I4.6,, Scotland ...... 3,295,103 o.47 3,673,615 10I53 I 15Ireland ..... 6,081,067 I9-31 5,843,406 I6.75 3-9,, elsewhere..... 277,963 o 88 350,800 r.o1 26-

Total .. ........ 31,484,661 Ioo oo 34,884,848 Io00o00 1O8The details foreach kingdomfor1881) are given in thefollowinget oftables:-

Number. Per ent.(Born in Englandand Wales ........ 24,855,822 95,69England J ,, Scotland ............................ 253,528 0O98andWales ,, Ireland ............................ 562,374 2- I 7L ,, elsewhere........................... 302,715 1 6

Total ........................ 25,974,439 IOO COBornin Scotland........................... 3,397,759 9O'96Scotland " EnglandandWales 91,823 246, reland .......................... 21874 5 86L ,, elsewhere 27,246 0-7Z

Total .3735,573.... 3,735,573 100*00Born n Ireland ...................... 5,062,287 97 8

Ireland I ,, Englandand Wales 69,382 I.34,,Scotland .......................... 2232 0 43i ,, elsewhere 19,792.................. 19,792 038Total ........ .... 5,174,836* I00*00

* Including 1,047personswhoseplace of birth s not known.Thisset oftables showsvery learly hat herate twhich hepopulation f eachkingdomncreases oes notcorrespond ith herateof ncreasemong henatives feach, ndthat s a resulttheEnglish element, as far as birthplace determines t, is gainingground. It need hardly be pointedout that this differences dueprimarilyto emigration to foreignparts,and in a less degree to

migration rom ne kingdornnto the other.tHad therebeen no Irish emigrationbetween1871-81,530,92+- Emigration rom ensus to census, 1871-81: English,996,o38; Scotch,170,757; Irish, 30,924. That sof ioo emigrants9were nglish,o Scotch,and 3' Irish,whilst f ton inhabitantsf the United Kingdom, 2 areEnglish,iI Scotch, nd 17 Irish

N 2


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170 RAYENSTEIN-On the Laws of Migration. [June,persons f Irish birthwould have remainedn thekingdom,oincrease nd multiply,s theyhavedone cross heocean, nd thepopulationf relandwouldhaveexhibitednincrease,nstead fdecrease. The number f rish,however,s inrealitymuch argerthan shownby the census returns, hichtake note of theplaceof birthonly, nd not ofparentage,nd thusquite consistentlyrecord child born of Irishparentsn Englandas a " nativeof" England." If an inquirynto heparentage f our populationwere to be instituted,s in Canada, some verystartling ndundoubtedlynterestingacts mightbe revealed s to its racialcomposition.

GeographicalistributionftheNatives feachKingdom.We will now glance at the geographical istributionf thenatives f each kingdom,ccordingo whetherhey emainedndwere enumeratednthecounty, ad migrated o border ountics,orto more istant arts fthecounty. Thegeneral esults1881)arepresentednthe followingetof ables:-

Numbers. Per Cent.Nativesof rCounty whereborn ................ 18,699,922 '7475England Border ounties...............8...... 8,308,732 I3'22 1.6oandWales* Rest of England and Wales ... 2,847,168 I I38 J246enumerated I Scotland ...................... 91,823 0?37 o 6in LIreland ....................... 69,382 o-z8 J 05

Total .................... 5,017,027 100| 00Nativesof rCountywhereborn ................ 2,527,794 68 8Scotland Border ounties..................... 529,163 4'41 2 371enumerated~Rest of Scotland............ 340,802 9-27inuma England ndWales ............... 253,528 690 *1IIreland ....................... 22,328 o 6JJ 7'

Total .................... 3,673,615 IOOo00Nativesof rCountywhereborn 4,534,699 77.6Ireland I Bordercounties...................... 212,023 363 l9enumeratedRest of Ireland ...................... 315,565 540 J 903in EnglandndWalels ............... 562,374 9 62} 3.36m Scotland .............................. 218,745 3-74J

Total .................... 5,843,406 I00'00Natives f r ounty here orn ............... 25,762,415 74:601theUnitedc Border counties . ................ 4,049,918 I I73 96-47Kingdom . Elsewhere in kingdom 3,503,535 1014 6enumerated I whereborn.......................in Elsewhere n United Kingdom 1,218,180 353

Total34,534,048 Iooo0


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. 171We thusfind hatoutof34,534,048ersons ornntheUnitedKingdomand ennmeratedn 1881, as manyas 33,3X5,868,r96-47per cent., esided n the kingdomnwhichtheywereborn.

Among very1oo natives f Englandand Wales,99-35wereinthat position; mongevery OO nativesof Scotland, 2-49; andamongevery1oo natives f Ireland,86'64. The Irishthereforeappearto be themostmigratoryeopleof the threekingdoms;and if we bear in mindthat theyfurnish t the same time,proportionatelyo theirnumbers, y far the largestcontingentof trans-oceanicmigrants, e may safely ssumethatwhateverdecreasemayhaveoccurredn thepopulationf Ireland, here sno decreasen thenumberf Irishmen.But if, nsteadofconfiningurselves o themigration romkingdom o kingdom, e includethat,which s goingon witbinthe limits f each,from ounty o county, e shall find hattheIrish re second otheScotch nd Englishas a migratoryeople.In 1881 25,762,415 personswere enumeratedn the county nwhich heywereborn,nd 8,77I,633 lsewhere; ndwhilstmong0oonativesof Englandand Wales enumeratedhroughoutheUnitedKingdomherewere25-25whoresidedbeyond hecountyinwhich heyhadbeenborn, heproportionf Scotch n a similar

positionwas 31-332,hatoftheIrishonly22-39. Here thereforethe Scotch hold the firstrank,whilst the Irish,notwithstandingthe large contingentwhich represents hem n the sisterkingdoms,come last.The Scotch also come first if we look at each kingdomseparately,forout ofeveryhundrednativesof England andWales,Scotland and Ireland,therewereenumerated:In County In Border Elsewhere,but nwhere orn. Couities. sgmeKingdom.

Natives Englandnd Wales ........ 75'23 12-42 I2'35f Scotland .................. 74'40 15-58 10-02of lIreland ................... 89'58 4-19 6'23The more active migration f Great Britainis onlywhatmighthave been expectedfrom ts largersize, its highercommercial ndindustrialdevelopment, he greater varietyof its resources,andmore extendedfacilitiesfortravel. Migrationwithin he imitsofIrelaind is strikinglysmall, nor need this be wondered at where

nearly all counties are agricultural. There is no mistaking thefact however that migration n Ireland tendstowardsthe portsofembarkationfor Great Britain,whence the surplus population ispoured into the great manufacturingand mining districts ofScotland,NorthEngland, and Wales.


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172 RAVENSTEIN-OOn theLaws of Migration. [June,The NationalElement fthePopulationn England, cotland,and Ireland.-If by "national element of the populationweunderstand hose nhabitantsf theUnitedKingdomwho, n thedayof the census,were numeratedn thekingdomnwhich hey

were born, we shall findthat theynumberedno less than34,534,048souls, or 98-99 per cent. of the total population,distributeds follows:PerCent.1871. 1881. 1871. 1881.

England andWales 21,692,165 24,855,822 95-53 95.69Scotland .. ... ..... 3,061,531 3,397,759 9I*Iz 90g96Ireland 5,306,757 5,062,287 980oo 97.85rnited ingdom(impee) 31,231,300 34,534,048 99-2O 98m99rilelement........

These proportionsre just whatmighthave been expected.The natives of Ireland have been least encroachedupon byimmigrantsrom he sister ingdoms r from broad,whilst cot-land has profited ost argely,nd England o a smaller xtent asfar as merenumbers o) by an influx f immigrants rom hesister sle. It shouldbe stated,however,hatthis nfluxf rishimmigration as for the timepassed its zenith, nd is going nnow at a slowerrate thanwas the case some fifteenearsago.This diminutionccountstoo for the increase of the nationalelementwhich has takenplace since 1871 in England,forthechildren f natives f Ireland born nEngland t oncetaketheirplace among he Englishnational lement,Our figures howvery clearly hat the nationalelement sstrongestn Ireland: Ireland n fact s morentenselyrish hanScotlands Scotch, rEnglandEnglish. In twenty-sevenountiesout of a totalof thirty-twohe national lement mbracesmorethan98 percent. f thetotalpopulation,ndonly ntwocountiesdoes t fallbelow95. These two are Dublin ndKildare, nd thedepressionntheir ase is sufficientlyxplained ythepresence fmany trangersn the capital of thekingdom,nd of a strongmilitary orceon the Cnrragh f Kildare. The most ntenselyIrish counties re Leitrim nd Cavan, where nativesof Irelandconstitute9-4percent.of thepopulation.In Scotland, ut of a totalofthirty-threeounties,here reonly en nwhich heScotchnational lementxceeds 8 per cent.whilst n sixteen tfallsshort f95 per cent. The depressionsgreatestn Renfrew, anark,Dambarton,nd Southern cotlandgenerally; nfact,n those countieswhich remostexposed o aninflow fthe rish element r oftheEnglishborder lement.


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174 RAVENSTEIN-09 theLaws of Migration. [June,This numbers equal to 73-85 ercent. f thetotalpopulationfthe United Kingdom, r to 74-6oper cent.of all enumeratednatives of England,Scotland, nd Ireland. The followingum-mary hows hat hisnative ountylement asnot nconsiderablydecreasedince1871,which hows hatmigrationas increased oa correspondingxtent. The increasewas largest n England(6-3 percent.); Scotlandfollowed ext (2o percent.), nd thencame reland i 8 percent.), he mean for the UnitedKingdomhaving een3-2percent.

PerCent.PerCent. PerCent.PerCent.1871. Of Of 1881 of ofPopula. aivs Popula Otion. Naie.tion. Natives.EnglandandWales ... 16,921,436 74'04 77'51 18,699,922 7Zoo 74X75Scotland ........... 2,315,458 68:90 70o24 2,527,794 67.67 68X8Ireland4,804,959 88.73 79 ?? 4,534,699 87X63 77.6i

UnitedKingdom... 24,041,853 76-36 77 ?4 25,762,415 73 85 74.6oTheproportionfthe native lement or achcountys shownonMap 2,and moreprecisedata will be found n theappendix.Onthemap those ounties hosenative ountylementpproachesthemeanfor hewhole ftheUnitedKCingdomre eft ncoloured,

whilst ountiesnwhich t, s strongerre tintedblue, nd thosewhere t is weakerare tintedred. The nativecounty lementis strongestn themoreremote artsof the country,s in theextreme orthof Scotland,n thewestof Ireland, n partsofWales, n Cornwall,nd nNorfolk.Ourmap,weregret osay, s ina certainmeasuremisleading.A truerepresentationf thisfeatureould be obtainednly f thecountieswere pproximatelyqual narea. It is clear, ornstance,that f the figuresiven n the censusreturns ad enabledus todivideYorkshirento tsthreeridings,henative ountylementwouldhave suffered depression, hilst n the case of smallcounties ike Rutlandshiret wouldrelativelyo largercountiesappearundaly opreponderate.In the case of townsthepreponderancefthenativecountyelementdepends argely upon geographical osition. A towncentrallyituated, nd thusaccessiblewithequal facilityrom llpartsof its countywould n the ordinary ourse ecure largershareofthis lement han border own.TheNative TownBlemnt.-We shouldhave liked to tracethe nativesof ourgreattowns hroughouthe country,ut thepublished ensusreturns nlyallow us to do this in thecase ofLondon nd of sevenScotch owns. In London henativetown


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1885.1 RAVENSTEIN-On he Laws of Migration. 175element onstitutes 279per cent. of the general population, n thesevenScotch townsonly52-4 per cent.,as follows:-

Aberdeen......... 56-5 GreenockM.B.) ........5so oDundee ...... .... 5 PEdinburgh-Leith.........5 0o8Glasgow M.B.) .......... 5I'3 Perth . 480oIts smallness,when comparedwith the native countyelement,very distinctly uggests the recruitingprocess,which causes ourtowns to increase more rapidly in population than the countrywhich surroundsthem. Migration,and more especially emigra-tion beyond the limits of the kingdom,tend to the same result.

Migration properlyso called is not at all excessive, for out ofIOO natives of London only I9@6, nd of the seven Scotch townsno more than 27-9,were enumeratedoutside the towns in whichthey were born. Emigration to the sister kingdoms or to otherparts of the world is more considerable f we may judge fromthefact that thereare i i i femalesto everyIOO natives of the sevenScotch towns, nd I TZ to everyIOOnativesof London.TheBorderElement includegthose nhabitants f a countywhowere born in the counties contiguousto it. It varies very con-siderably,not only in consequence of migration proceedingmoreor less actively, but also because of ths geographical configur-ation of the county boundaries. Counties having an extendedboundary n proportionotheirarea,naturally ffer reaterfacilitipsfor an inflow f the border elementthan otherswith a restrictedboundary. A long maritimeboundary s usually deterrent, xceptwhere a countyhas facile communicationwitha countyacross thesea, facing it. A glance at the map showing the distribution fthe Irish element in Great Britain at once bringsthis fact hometo us.The counties n which theborder element s strongestre Surrey,Essex, Brecon, and Worcester; Dumbarton, Peebles, Selkirk, Lin-lithgow,Clackmannan,Kinross,Kincardine, nd Nairn in Scotland;and Antrim in Ireland. The proportion or each is given in thetable in the appendixunder " BorderElement."The rish Elemeentn GreatBritain.-The Irish element nGreatBritain is of considerable mportance, nd since 1871 it is oncernore ncreasing, f not proportionatelyo the total population, atall events n absolute numbers, ven althoughthe childrenborn of

Irish parents n Great Britain be necessarily xcluded,owingto theabsence of data withrespectto them.In 1851 there ived inGreatBritain 727,326natives of Ireland;in 1861, 805,637; in 1871, 774,310; and in 1881, 78I,II9. The'numbers or1871 and 1881 were:


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176 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. [June,. PerCent. PerCent.of Population. ~ ofPopulation.

In England and Wales ....... 566,540 2-49 562,374 2X17Scotland.............. 207,770 6 i8 218,745 5.86There are fifteen ounties n which the Irish element exceeds3 per cent.ofthe totalpopulation, nd fourteen owns,out of sixty-six included in our tables, n which it exceeds 5 per cent. Thecounties most affected y natives of Ireland are Renfrew,Lanarkand Dumbarton in Scotland, and Lancashire in England. Thetownscontaining mongtheir nhabitantsover io per cent. nativesof Ireland are Greenock 19-I per cent.), Glasgow (13-1 per cent.),Liverpool (i2-8 per cent.), and Airdrie,10-o per cent.).*There is not a single county n which natives of Ireland havenot found a home,whilst their geographical distribution, ropor-tionately to the total population, shows very distinctlythatproximityto Ireland and facilities of commanicationwith thesister island most decidedly determine their numbers. Glasgowand Stranraer, Siloth and Whitehaven, Fleetwood and Liverpool,Milford Haven, Swansea, Cardiff and Bristol, Plymouth,Southamptonand Portsmouth, re evidently he ports where most

of these immigrantsdisembark,at which many of them find apermanenthome, nd whence, n searchofemployment, hey preadto themore remotepartsofthe country. This processofdispersionbecomes at once clear to us when we examinea map showing theleading steamboat routes, and the proportionof emigrantswhichleft each county of Ireland for Great Britain. This last we areable to do since 1876, in whichyear the " EmigrationStatisticsfor" Ireland " for the first ime furnish nformation n the numbersof natives of each conntyof Ireland, who have emigrated o Scot-land on the one hand, and to England and Wales on the other.We have summarised hese statisticsforsix years-1876-81. Theyshow that of 42,297 natives of Ireland who during that periodemigratedto Scotland,as manyas 28,o6i were natives of Antrim,Down, Londonderry, Tyrone, and Armagh. The majority ofemigrants rom heprovince fUlster, nd ofthecountiesofLeitrimand Longfordwho left reland forGreat Britainwent to Scotland,whilstthemajorityfrom he remainder f reland foundits way toEngland and Wales. Ulster, with Leitrim and Longford, in1876-81, despatched36,296 emigrants o Scotland, and only 17,o86* Of IO,OOO natives f Irela:nd numeratedn England and WalasWs manyas 5,567 lived in the forty-four reat townsincluded in our table in theappendix.


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN- On theLaws of Migration. 177to England and Wales, whilst out of theremainderof Ireland only6,oox went to Scotland, but as many as 35,993 to England audWales, and of this last numberCork alone farnished 17,29i, andKerry,Limerick, Wexford, nd Dublin 9,430 more. This rendersit perfectly lear that the destinationof these Irish emigrants smostdecisivelydetermined y geographicalposition. So powerfulis the attraction which Scotland exercises upon its nearestneighbourAntrim, that the number of emigrants who left thatcounty n 1876-81 for Scotland was largerthan the numberwhichcrossed the ocean for foreignparts or the colonies. The currentsof emigration romWexford and Cork are affected n a similarmanner, hough not to the same extent. Wexford,out of every0ooemigrants, ends 57 abroad, 42 to England andWales, and onlyone to Scotland; whilst Cork sends 6o abroad, 39 to England andWales, and one to Scotland.The mostproductiverecruitinggroundsof the Irish element nGreat Britain is consequently not the west of Ireland, as hadbeen supposed beforetrustworthynformation ad been procuredbythe registrar-general or Ireland, but Ulster, Dublin, Wexford,and Cork (with Kerry and Limerick). And whilst Ulster andDublin furnish he bulk of Irishmen who settle in Scotland andthe north of England, it is Wexford and Munster whence mostofthe nativesof Ireland residing n southernWales and Englandare derived. This origin of the Irish residentsvery satisfactorilyexplains the sporadic occurrenceof the Irish element in southernBritain. Of the Irish emigrantswho land at MilfordHaven manyremain in Pembrokeshire,hus raising the Irish element in thatcounty,whilst at the same time mpellingmanyof its natives tomigrate. Steamers fromWaterford, Cork, and Wexford conveyIrish emigrantsdirect to Swansea, Cardiff, nd Bristol; whilst thesteamerswhich connect Cork with London, land manyof theirpassengers at Plymouth,or at Southamptonor Portsmouth, husaccounting for the comparative strengthof the Irish elementinDevonshire and Hampshire,throughwhich latter countymany ofthese emigrants appear to make their way to Surrey and toLondon.*In the follow5ingable the leading facts connected with theemigration fnativesof Ireland in 1876-81 are summarised. It is

* Map 3 is intended o illustrate he geograplicaldistributionf the IrishelementnGreat Britain, roportionatelyo the total population f counties lndtowns, s well as emigration romreland to Great Britain s also as to foreignpartsandcolonies. The lower map of Ireland exhibits he emigration o GreatBiritain,he upperone that to foreign ountries nd the colonies. The tints nboth ndicate he verage nnualrateof emigrationor he years1876-81per Iooof the natives f counties,s enumeratedn 1881. The counties inted blue arebelow, hose inted ed above heaverage or he whole ountry.


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178 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. [June,based upon the " Emigration Statistics for Ireland," prepared byDr. Thomas W. Grimshaw, the registrar general, with theexceptionof the last column, whichis taken from he " Census of"Ireland, 1881, General Report," p. 379.

Emigration f Natives of Ireland,1876-81. E 1igration,1861-81.AverageAnnual RateCAounties. Destinationm. Percentage. per co of AverageNatives ofeach County. Annual Rat

per ooEnigland Foreign Egngland f'oreign Great Foreign of Population.anid Scotland. Parts nd and Scotland.Wales. Colonies. Wales. Parts. Britain. Parts.Antrim ....... 6,657 11,820 io,658 22 41 37 o'87 0650 1-35Armagh...... I,89 I 3,678 4,525 19 37 44 O?55 044 I.14Carlow ........ 293 14 2,6I4 10 I 89 01o0 082 117Cavan ........ 646 1,520 8,233 6 I 5 79 o*26 1*01 i*6Clare ........ 600 65 12,541 5 I 94 o,o8 1145 1,78Cork . 17,291 663 26,658 39 I 60 o 62 093 .95JDonegal....... 543 2,922 9,829 4 22 74 o027 0*78 I*02Down ........ 3,822 5,282 5,455 26 36 38 o053 O-32 I *o0Dublin....... 3,244 815 7,110 29 7 64 0o24 0O61 o,6oFermanagh 406 1,269 3,8z5 7 25 68 o032 0 73 Iz26Galway ........ 834 356 13,191 6 2 92 o o8 0.91 1 29Kerry ....... i,983 36 14,969 12 88 0oI7 1-24 i 68Kildare ....... 617 98 3,037 16 3 81 o i6 067 o-88Kilkenny...... 369 54 41 I6 8 I 91 o-o6 0-67 irc8King's ....... 292 136 3,876 7 3 90 01o 0 90 1.4+Leitrim ....... 343 771 7,405 4 8 88 0-20 1-34 148Limerick....... 2,o48 277 1 ,447 15 2 83 0o 2 1-06 Io90Londonderry ,i68 4,031 7,750 9 31 60 0O54 0-81 I.33Longford....... 276 331 4,831 5 6 89 owi6 1-30 2-04Louth....... 287 192 1,888 12 8 80 01I 0-42 1-02Ma.yo 751 399 13,425 5 3 92 o-o8 0.91 iUo6Meath....... 208 103 4,071 5 2 93 0?05 0?76 I.49Monaghan .... 775 1,422 4,2+48 12 22 66 0.3 3 0 65 I.38Queen'8 ........ 405 101 4,410 8 2 90 0O10 0-92 V28Roscommon. 548 152 7,3 7 2 91 ? ?9 093 1-33Sligo ........ 233 108 7,709 3 I 96 o.o5 1-16 i*o6Tipperary .... ,038 60 12,36 8 I 91 0-09 1-01 1'85Tyrone ....... 1,559 3,250 10,131 10 22 68 O38 0-81 135Waterford.... 4.7 50 6,817 7 I 92 o-o8 1-04 14.44Westmeath.... 276 256 3,463 7 6 87 o*II 0*76 1.30Wexford....... 2,1 5 44 2,858 42 I 57 o028 0-36 i * 8Wicklow....... 6z6 75 1,915 24 3 73 0.I3 0?36 0.7I

Total 53,079 42,297 242,837 15 13 72 0-31 |O8O 142The ScotchElement in England and Wales.-The natives ofScotland enumerated n England and Wales in 1841 constitutedo-6s percent.of the totalpopulation. In 1881 theyconstitatedog98

per cent.,and numbered253,528 souls. Numerically heyare nottherefore ery strongwhen compared with the natives of Ireland,but their geographical distribution s interestingas illustrating


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4.-THE SCOTCHLEMENTN ENGLAND,THE ENGLISH LEMENTN SCOTLAND,THE ANGLO-SCOTCH LEMENTINRELAND.(fin4z&nWj SooltwZ anz r e U Zocaookd. wCd '. ep v M)pRPs

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1885.] RAVENSTE1N-On theLaws ofMigration. 179themodeof migration. There are altogether hirteen ounties inwhich natives of Scotland number over half a per cent. of thepopulation, and these counties form wo distinctgroups,viz., anorthern ne, into which the population of Scotland may be saidto have overflowed, nd a metropolitangroup, to which Scotchmigrantshave been drawnby special circumstances. The northerngroup includes Cheshire and Yorkshire and all that lies to thenorthward, nd within t reside 5,699 of every IO,OOOnatives ofScotland enumerated; the metropolitangroup includesMiddlesex,Surrey,Kent, Essex, Hampshire,and Sussex, and within it 2,942of every iO,ooO natives of Scotland were enumerated. Propor-tionately o thetotal population fthe counties,the Scotchelementis mostnumerous n Northumberland5 39 per cent.) and Cumber-land (4+87 per cent.), that is in the border counties. It decreasesas we proceed southward, mountingto 2v85 per cent.in Durham,to I'63 per cent. in Westmoreland, o i-62 per cent. n Lancashire,to z'2z per cent. in Cheshire,and to o-67 per cent. n Yorkshire.In themetropolis he Scotch number 1c30 per cent.of thepopula-tion; in Hampshire097 per cent.,a high proportion, ndoubtedlydue to the presence of numerousScotch soldiers and sailors.More than one-half of the natives of Scotlanidenumerated nEngland and Wales (5,178 out ofevery o,ooo) resided n theforty-threegreattowns ncluded in our table in theAppendix,but therewereonly wotowns,Newcastle,withGateshead,and SouthShields,in whichthe Scotch constitutedmorethan 5 per cent. of the totalpopulation.The EnglishElement n Scotland, roportionatelyo thepopula-tionof Scotland, is stronger hanthe Scotch element n England,and if, as a matter of fact, the Scotch can be said to invadeEngland, there s a very strongcounter-currentf English migra-tioninto Scotland. If foreveryIoO Scotchmen in England andWales there are only36 nativesof England in Scotland,the pro-portionwhichthese latterbear to the totalpopulationof Scotlandis as 2'46 to ioo, whilstthe Scotch element n England and Walesonly amounts to o98 per cent. In its geographical distributionthisEnglish element n Scotland exhibits hesame features lreadynoticed in connectionwith the Scotch settlers n England, that isto say,it is strongestn thebordercounties. Out of91,823 nativesof England and Wales enumerated n Scotland,as many as 57,427,or 62 per cent., reside in the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh,Dumfries, dinburgh,Kirkcudbright,nd Lanark; theproportionto the total populationofthese countiesvarying between6'41 and3 per cent., nd beinghighest n thethreebordercounties. Londonand othermoredistant partsof England have no doubtfurnishedtheircontingents o thisbodyof English emigrants, uatt is clear


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180 RAVENSTEIN-OnheLaws of Migration. [June,that the bulk of them are natives of the north of England, justas the bulk of the Scotchmen enumeratedn England came fromthe southof Scotland.TheAnglo-ScotchElement in Ireland.-The number of nativesof Scotland and England (withWales) enumerated n Ireland was88,I99 in 1871, and 91,710 in 1881, thus exhibitingan increaseof3,511 souls. This increase is largely due to an increase of thefloatingpopulation as representedbythearmyand navy. Of thenatives of Scotland and England enumerated n 1871, I8,464 weresoldiers and sailors. In 1881 the number of these had risen to19,192. The presenceofthisfloatingmilitarypopulationmateriallyaffects hecomposition f several Irishcounties, nd moreespeciallyof Kildare, where the camp on the Curragh accounts forthe factthat6-13 per cent.of the totalpopulationofthecounty s of Scotchor English birth. This is a higherproportion ven than in Dublin(5-66 per cent.). Besides Kildare and Dublin the onlycounties nIreland in which theAnglo-Scotch element constitutesover7 percent. of the total population are Antrim (7-86 per cent.), Cork(2735 per cent.), and Down (2o02 per cent.). These are theverycountieswhich furnishexceptionally arge contingents f migrantswho leave Ireland for Great Britain. In the five countiesnamed57,522 natives of Scotland and England were enumerated in1881, being 67 per cent. of the total Anglo-Scotch element inIreland.The Foreign and Colonial Element.-This element increasedbetween 1871 and 1881 from277,963 to 349,750 souls,or to theextetit f nearly76 per cent. It included in 1881 145,860nativesof British coloniesand possessions, 03,890 natives offoreign arts,of whomperhaps 70,000 were " British subjects" by parentageornationalization. The natives of " foreign parts," inclusive ofpersons "born at sea," increased 24-7 per cent., the natives ofBritish possessions 26-5 per cent. The bulk of these latter isundoubtedly f Britishparentage.*A considerableproportion fthis elementconsistsoftemporaryresidents n thecountry, or t includes colonists ancltheirchildrenon a visit to relativesat home,foreign ravellerson pleasure or onbusinessbent, sailors,and students. At the same timethenumberof those who have made the United Kingdom their permanenthomeis considerable, nd the influencewhichtheseforeign ettlers

* The censusreturns onot,unfortunately,dmitof our enteringntomoredetail. Ftull etails n theage",civilconditioii,ndoccupationsf " foreignersaregiven, ut personsf foreign irthwhohaveundergonehe simple rocess fnaturalizationre excluded rom hevoluminousablesdealingwith hese ubjects.The question fparentage r nationality,lthough ll-important,s ignored,ndthe nativesof "islands in the British eas" are dealtwithas ifMan and theChannel slands formed geographicalnit.


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On the LTaulsofMigration. 181have exercised or enturiesast uponthe characterfthegeneralpopulationmustnotbe underrated.*The foreign nd colonialelementhas its representativesnevery ounty,ut its chiefcenntresrethegreat owns,n twenty-eightofwhich 96,365persons f foreign r colonialbirth, r56 per cent. of all, were enumeratedn 1881. London aloneincluded ii,624 of them,Liverpool15,768,Manchester-Salford9,028,Edinburgh-Leith,165,Glasgow ,720,Birmingham ,440,Hull 3,28I,Portsmouthmostly rom he Channel slands) 3,271,Leeds 3,259,West Ham 2,902, Bristol ,824, Cardiff,7I4, New-castle-Gateshead2,420, Brighton 2,366, Dublin 2,015. It will beobserved that all these towns are centresof business or industry,with the exceptionof Bath and Brighton.

Classification f Migrants.Our personal experience,however imited, nablesus tosay thatthe distanceswhichmigrants ravel beforetheirplace of residenceis recorded in one of our periodical census returns, vary vervwidely. Some of these migrantshail no fartherthan from thenext parish; othersare natives of a neighbouringcounty; othersagain have comefrom moreremotepart of the kingdom,or evenfrom beyond sea. And when we inquire into the motiveswhich

have led thesemigrants o leave theirhomes,theywill be found tobe various too. In most instances it will be found that they didso in search of work of a more remunerativeor attractivekindthan that afforded ythe places of their birth. It maybe worthwhile to attempt classification f migrants.The localmigrant onfines imselfto movingfromone part ofthe town or parish in which he was born to anotherpart of thesame town or parish. The only place in the United Kingdom inwhichwe can trace thislocal migrationon the sure foundationofthe census returns s London. Out of every OO of the 2,40I,955native residents enumerated in London, 59'7 were natives ofMiddlesex, 23x8of Surrey,and 6-5 of Kent ;t but as out of everyIOO only 66-2 were enumeratedas residing in Middlesex, whilst271 were enumerated n Surrey and 6-7 in Kent, a considerablemigrationfrom Middlesex into Surreyand Kent must have beengoingon withinthe limitsof the metropolis. As a matterof factonly 86-7 out of every iOO natives of London thus enumeratedwere living on the day of the census in the county n which theywere born. That a like displacementof the population is in pro-

* Alreadyn 1580 thereresided5,o60 foreignersn London,whichlt thattimehad 15o,ooo inhabitants.The " foreignerswere herefore lativelymorenumerous hreehundred ears ago than theyare now, ven thoughwe includeamong hem henatives fall the colonies.t Thatis ofthe ntra-metropolitanartsof these ounties.


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182 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. [June,gress in other towns of the United Kingdom cannot be doubted.That this is the case with respect to Manchester s evidenced bya decrease of the population of that town, which is more thanbalanced by an increase in its twin-city Salford. SimilarlyGlasgow grows but slowly in population, whilst its suburbsincrease at a rapid rate. An interesting nd suggestivepaper byDr. Longstaff, hich deals withthis branchof our inquiry,will befound n the "CharityOrganisationReporter for1883 and 1884.Short-journeyMigrants.-If our census returns enabled us toanalyse the inhabitants of each parish or registrar's districtaccordingto birthplaces, we should findthatthebulk of migrantshad journeyed but a very ittle distance. Even with counties aslarge as Yorkshire, and with no information n the migrationwhich goes on across the Scotch border, we findthat of everyIoo migrants enumerated in England and Wales, as many as53 7 bad gone no further than a border county. In Scotland6or8per cent. of all migrantswere enumerated n bordeti ounties;in Ireland 40-2 per cent. The low proportionfor Ireland isascribable to the migrationfrom Ireland to Great Britain, andwould at once be reversed f we treatedLanark and Lancashireasbordercountiesof Ireland.The distributionof the migrantsfor thewholeof the UnitedKingdomis exhibited n thefollowing abularstatement:-

ProportionfMigrantsnumeratednElsewhereBorderounties. in Sister ingdoms.sameKingdom.

Migrants fAnglo-Welsh irth ........ 52.4 45-1 2-5,, Scotchbirth. 46'o 29-8 z4-2,, Irish .................... i6'2 24,1 59 7,, British , .................... 46 2 39 9 13'9The proportions efer, s a matterof course, to migrationfromcountyto countyonly. Fortunately he proofthat migrantsareas a rule contentwith goingbut a veryshortdistance fromtheirhomes is furnishedby the census of Holland. Of every ioomigrantsenumerated n Holland in 1879, 69 resided outside thecommune n which theywere born,but in the same province, ndonly 3I had left theirnative province.* Applying thesepropor-tions to the United Kingdom, 57 per cent. of all migrantswould* On an averageeach province f Hollandhasan area of I,150 squaremilesand 384,000 inbabitants.Theaveragefor hecounties ftheUnitedKingdoms1,030 squaremilesand 298,ooo inhabitants.Provinces nd counties re cou-sequentlyairlyomparable.


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rk~

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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. 183reside utside heparishnwhichtheywereborn, 8 percent. nborder ounties, nd 275per cent. elsewhere.Of coursethesefiguresre notabsolutely orrect,ut theyare hardlyn excessofthe ruth. They provethat the bulk of migrantsonsists fwhat,for want of a betterterm, designate s short-journeymigrants.*Migrationy tages.-It often appens hat migrantnsearchofworkwanders rom arish oparish,ettlingown t eachplacefora time,untilon the daywhenthe census s taken he findshimself arawayfrom heplacefrom hich e originallytarted.Therecanbe no doubt, ornstance,hatmanyfnotmost f thenatives f Ireland o befoundnLondon idnot ravel romheirhomes n Irelanddirect o theirpresent lace of residence,utreached t by stages. Some of them andedat Liverpool,ndgradually orked heirwaythrough heshire,tafford, arwick,Northampton,ndBuckingham,hilstnothertream,ndperhapsthemorevoluminousne,passedthrough lymouth, ampshire,andSurrey.Long-journeyigrantsho eavetheirhomesn order osettlein a distant artof hecountryretheexception,ottherule, nddo notprobably onstitute5 per cent.of all migrants.Theirmovementsre dependent pon special circumstances,ome ofwhichweshallconsidern the equel.tTemporaryigrantsre an importantlass,whose xistencesvouchedforby the size of our hotels,barracks, risons, ndcolleges,s wellas bythenumber fsailors,many f whommusthavebeenenumeratedt portsying utside he countiesnwhichtheywereborn. Thesetemporaryigrantsonstitutehefloatingelement f thepopulation, hich s swampedn largetowns fcomplex omposition,utmakes ts presence elt ery ecisivelytournaval and militarytations,t health ndpleasure esorts,naniversityowns,nd nplaces boundingnboardingchools. Itis a specialfeature f these emporarywellersmong trangersthatmany f them remigrantsy compulsionnd notbychoice.Thehop-pickers,ho annuallyeaveLondon orKent ndSurrey,andthe agriculturalabourers rom heWestof reland,who ssist

* Migrationn Holland s going n at a far ess active ate han n theUnitedKingdom.Of 1oo natives f Holland, s many s go live n theirnative rovince,whilstof i oo nativesof the United Kingdom, nly7 5 live in theirnativecounty.t In our tables heproportionfthesemigrantss made o appear arger hanit really s. Had webeen n a position o substitute "border one five imesthe area of the central ounty, or" border ounties" bounided y arbitrarypoliticalboundaries, e mighthave obtained truermeasure f this element.Thiswe found t impossibleo do. A glanceat ourmigrationmapswill show,bowever,hatthemigrants horeally ame from considerableistance re fewinproportiono thepopulation hich bsorbedhem.

VOL. XLVIII. PART II. 0


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184 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. [June,in getting n the harvest in the Northof England, belongto thisclass.

Counties fAbsorptionnd Dispersion.Whilst migrationmay be said to be going on in everyportionof the United Kingdom, thereexistnevertheless ast and strikingdifferenceswith referenceto its extent and directionwhen wecompareone partof the countrywithanother. There are countieswhichretainnearly thewholeof theirnativepopalation,and evenreceive an accessionfrom thercounties; counties fromwhich broadcurrentsof emigrationproceed,compensated n some measurebycounter-currentsf immigration; and countieswhichappear to betraversedbythesemigratory urrents.Of the natives of Lancashire,the Shetland Islands, of Kerry,and of eleven other Irish counties, less than IO per cent. wereenumeratedoutside the counties n which they were born; whilstoverhalf thenatives of Peebles and Kinross had established hem-selves beyondthe boundariesof their native counties. These arethe extremes, nd between them all gradationswill be foundtoexist in apparentlyinextricableconfusion. We will attempt tobringsomething ike order nto this chaos.There are countieswhich increase theirpopulationnotmerelyby an excess of births over deaths,but also bythe receptionandabsorptionof migrants from other counties. Counties such asthese we will call " countiesof absorption,"whilst the counties atwhose expense they are fed and grow populous we will call" counties of dispersion."XA countyof absorptionhas a populationmore or less in excessof thenumberof its natives enumerated hroughout hekingdom.In. a countyof dispersion, n the other hand, the populationfallsshort of the number of natives enumerated throughout thekingdom. If thenatives of each countynow scattered hroughout

the kingdom could be made to return to the counties in whichthey were born, the population of the counties of absorption(tinted blue on Map 6) would dwindle away, whilst that ofcounties of dispersion (tinted red) would increase to a corres-pondingextent.The natives of Surrey enumeratedthroughoutEngland andWales number996,655,but Surreyhas a populationof 1,436,899.Consequently, ven though all the nativesofSurrey wereto returnto the countyof theirbirth, t would still be necessaryto retainwithin its limits 440,244 natives of other counties, equivalent to30-7per cent. of all inhabitants, n order o maintain ts populationat its present evel. Surrey, herefore,s a countyof absorption.Radnorshire, n the otherhand, s represented y33,974natives


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ABSORPTIONNDDISPERSION.Me CounMw tmtv4 B lue ahsorb mpa,tts fromn 4e CountoestCtnedRea.AyhAwd,at?an i awc 2rr aus to betook*dat as th t -s pw ateMS '54so,~Dth.i3X 7 Y:k C,a~~~~Mn

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& -~~.t~~ ~ ~ ouv~xeene


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. 185dispersed throughoutEngland and Wales, whilst its populationonly numbers23,5 8 souls. The natives therefore re 43-7 percent. in excess of the populationof the county, and Radnorshiremay fitly e describedas a countyof dispersion.*The following tabular statement s intended to present theleading facts connected with the dispersion and absorption ofmigrants: COUNTIESOF ABSORPTION.tNatives fCountieshortf he opulation fCounties,n perCents.tt Surrey....... 30-7 . ttYorkshire........ 6-9 t*Essex ........... 4-4t Glamorgan....... 26-7 + tChesbire. 5 t*Derby ........... 29ltDurham ......... i-9 .tWarwick ......... 5-5 t Nottingham ... 2-7t tLancashire ....... 8 t*Susse * Merionethr.. i8l tMiddlesex ........ I77 Northumber-+ Monmouth....... 8-o *Carnarvon.. .- I land ......... 4It*Kent ........ 7-9 *Hampshire ....... 4-7 Stafford....... 03t Selkirk....... 37-6 +tDumbarton.......z6z Bute ....... I 2-9tLanark ..... Z9-Z +tRenfrew .......1.. I 73 *Kirkcud - t ,tEdinburgh....... Z8 9 ttForfar..... - 155 bright ...JttDublin....... 3I-8 *Londondery ... 3-3 Limerick .......0-o7t Antrim ......... 15-9 *JLouth .............. 5 *Kildare ........... o 6Waterford....... 3-6 : t*King's .............I.* 5 t Galway ........... ozitCork ........ 3-4 t *Sligo ............. og *Roscommon .... o0z

* Sir Brydges . Henniker,heregistrar-general,onsidershatthose ounties"in which he actual growth, s shownon enumeration,as in excess of the"natural growth," bsorbed opulationrom ithout over ndabove heir ative"product." (" Census fEngland ndWales," v,p. 51.) He describesondon,Sussex, ssex,Leicester, otts, erby, heshire,ancashire, orkshire,lamorgan,andCarnarvon,s countiesf absorption.We include,naddition othese,Mon-mouth,Warwick, ampshire, erioneth,orthumberland,ndStafford,utplaceLeicestershiremong olnties f dispersion.Theactualgrowthf Leicestershire(1871-81)certainlyxceededhe natural rowthothe extent f4,957 souls.This,however,s by no means proof f absorption,orwe find hat the enumeratednatives f Leicestershireere 332,902, whilst he population f the countynlynnmbered21,258. Leicestershireannot hereforeave bsorbedmigrants.Asa matter f fact, 5,772 natives f Leicestershire ereenumeratedutsidethecounty, hilst he populationf Leicestershirenly ncluded 4,i28 personswhowerenotnatives fthecounty.t Countiesn which heagriculturallass s above heaverage f thekingdomaremarked; countieswhose, opulationncreasesmore apidlyor, nthecase ofIreland, ecreases t a slowerrate) thanthroughoutach kingdom t large, aremarked ; countieswhosenatives ncreaseimilarly,re marked .We observe nce more hatincompilinghistablenonotice ouldbe taken fmigration rom ingdom o kingdom. Had we beenable to tracethemigrantsfromNorthumberlandntoBerwickndRoxburgh,t is probable hat thatcountywouldhavetaken ts place mong ounties fdispersion. Our nabilityftracingthe natives f Irish counties n Great Britain affects ven moreseriouslyherelative ositionf manyof the Irishcounties, everalofwhich, s units f theUnitedKingdom,wouldhave to be described s " counties fdispersion," eingcountiesf absorptionnly elativelyo the rest f Ireland. o 2


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186 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. [June,COUNTIES OF DISPERSION.*Natives fCountiesnexcess fthe opulation f Counties,nperCents.*Radnor ... 43-7 *Cardigan......... 23-3 . Lincoln.......... 14-3*Hunts . ...... 33-5 #Dorset.......... 29 *Devon ........... 13 9*Rutland................-33'5 *Pembroke......... 222 *Herts ........... II3#Wilts .. 27-4 *Hereford.........2 zI4 *Flint .......... 9'8* Salop .. 26-4 *Westmoreland... 2I-2 *Northampton 9-5*Bucks ....... 248 *Anglesey ........ 20I1 *Denbigh ........ 8-z?Norfolk....... 24-8 *Carmarthen....... I9 5 *Berks ........... 8-i*Suffolk ........ 24-8 *Somerset........ 173 .Gloucester .... 5 9* Montgomery....... 24-5 *Cornwall ....... i6,9 *Worcester....... 3-6*Oxford ....... 24-1 *Bedford....... I6h4 t. Leicester ....... 3*6? Cambridge....... 23-4 *Brecknock.......1 4-6 *Cumberland... 1I7

*Kinross........ 26-i * Berwick....... I3-9 . Linlithgow .... 4-8*Banff....... 2z,8 *Fife ........ 6-8 t*Peebles .......... 4-2*Kincardine ....... 20'2 *Wigtown....... 9 7 t Stirling.......... 40* Sutherland . 195 S. 74 * Inverness.... 9*Ross ..............55 Ayr....................... *7- *Elgin ....... 6*Caithnegs.n.....154 Orkney. 69 *Nairn 26*Argyle ........---.---.14-4 *Dumfries........ 6'2 *Roxburgh ....... 2-2Perth...... 14-2 4Clackmannan....... 4 9 : Aberdeen.......v i1*Wicklow ....... 5-3 t+Down ........ 5-6 *Donegal ........ I**Carlow ....... 135 *Tyrone........ 5 *Tipperary....... I-9*Meath ......... 3.. I3.1 *Cavan........ 5-o *Leitrim......... I*9#Queen's.......9.2..... *Kilkenny........ 45 *Longford....... i 6*Wexford ...... 6-9 Armagh........ 4-*Westmeath ....... 6-7 *Fermanagh ....... 62erry.*Monaghan...... 6z..... 6 *t Clare ......... z i tt*Mayo .......... o

The " countiesfabsorption arethechief eatsofcommerceand industry.The agriculturallasswithinmost fthem s lessnumerouslyepresentedhan n the countryt large. The fewagricultural ounties ncluded underthis class, such as Kent,Sussex,Derby, ndEssex,arenotwithoutheirndustrialentres.Thepopulationfthese ountiesncreases t thesametime ta rate exceeding hatof thegeneral ncrease. In Irelandthesefeatures re obscured wingto thevast amount fmigrationoGreatBritain.Thevigourwithwhich heprocess f absorptions going n inthemetropolitanounties,nGlamorgan,urham,ndLancashire,in certain cotch ounties,nd nDublinandAntrim,s deservingattention, o less thanthefeebleness o be observedelsewhere.Very differentre the featurespresentedby the counties ofdispersion,fromwhich the counties of absorptionare being fed.

* See note t) onprecedingage.


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MIGRATION-MAP}exibihtngte roportionfNatives f achCountyewnammatedinl B1: outBiaethe Ctj of heir Birth

E]jlg Scoetznda4Zr2aw4? tobe dvo asd t gspazraz Map4

2 5 2 6pc*m4ax916-SOpe hn3-3 5 pC395 4-Op+0 - 5p.coOver45p.ca

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1885.] RATENSTEIN-On theLaws of Jigratioon. 187They are nearly1 ll of them agricultural, and their populationincreases but slowlyor is retrogressive. There are a fewexcep-tions,but none in the case of counties fromwhich the process ofdispersion s going on mostvigorously.

Counter-Currentsf Migration.We have already had occasion to refer o the fact thatside byside with each main stream or current f migrantsthere runs acounter-current, hich more or less compensates for the lossessustained by emigration. This counter-currents strongin somecases, weak in otbers, nd literally ompensatoryna few nstances.

Its universal existence s proved by the fact that there s no countyin England in which the native county element exceeds go percent.and none in the United Kingdom in which it exceeds 97 percent.This counter-carrent s not by any means composed ofmigrantswho return homeward disappointed in theirhopes or inthe possession of a competency, or ex-migrants of this class areincluded in the native county element, and no data for evenapproximately determiningtheir number are in our possession.It includes,no doubt, many children of migrants,who have goneto the counties n which their parents were born,but the bulk ofthese migrants undoubtedly consists of persons whom businessinterests take away from their homes. But although we readilyunderstandwhy the manufacturers f Yorkshire and Lancashiresend persons to London to look after their interests,whilst themerchantsof London despatch agents and buyersto the manufac-turing districts,the grounds, which lead to an "exchange" ofnatives butween ounties so far removed fromeach other as are,for nstance, Dorsetshire nd Westmoreland, re not quite so easilyunderstood. Yet fifty-five orsetshiremenwere enumeratedinWestmoreland, nd twenty-sixnatives ofWestmoreland n Dorset.Even the miniature county of Rutland has its representatives nevery countyof England and Wales, with the sole exception ofCarnarvon and Radnor, and natives of all these counties werelikewise enumerated n Rutland.In the case of London, both the main and the counter-currentsflowwithconsiderablevigour. In 1881 584,700natives of Londonwere enumerated n other parts of England and Wales, whilst themigrants from the country who resided in London numberedI,164,07oI. The main currents f migrationflow n every nstance,with one single exception,Londonward, the exception being extra-metropolitani urrey. The numbersforeach group of countiesarefurnished n thefollowing able:


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188 RAVENSTEIN-OnheLaws oj Migration. [June,Nativesf he Natives f ProportionifCountry London MigrantsCounties,c. Enumeratedn from ondonoEnumeratedn the every

London. Country. IOO Immigrants.Extra-metropolitaniddlesox. 97,736 94,848 97Surrey ... 63,284 66,476 105Kent .95505 54,638 57Essex .. .... 92,553 83,326 goHerts. 35793 14,845 4IMetropolitanroup........................... 384,87I 314,133 82Inner belt of counties ..................... 380,427 113,572 29South-wvesternroup. 137,z26 24,972 i8Outer belt .115,629 45,974 40Midlandgroup ..............,,.,.,,, 3 794 17,623 56North-westernroup32,506 28,6.86 88North-eastern ,, .48,071 31,796 66Wales ...............,,.,,.... 23,547 7,944 34

1,164,071 584,700 50We thus see thatforeveryhundred trangers hosettle nLondon, iftyatives fLondon eavethemetropolis,nd thatoverone-half fthesemigrantsre carried o furtherythecounter-currentshanone of thefivemetropolitanounties.Many,f not

most fthem, avemerelyemovedo whatare actually uburbs,and can hardlybe said to have leftthemetropolis.Relativelystrong re the counter-carrentshich et towards hemanufac-turing istricts,ndmore speciallyowards ancashirendYork-shire. This proves ncemore hat hemovementsfmigrantsregovernednmostnstancesy business onsiderations.*Forour second llustration propose o go to Scotland, othecountyfPeebles,where oth migrationnd mmigration,utflowand inflow, re farabove the average. In 1881 14,272 natives ofPeebles were enumerated n Scotland,of whom only6,709 residedin the countyof theirbirth, nd 7,563 in otherpartsof Scotland.But as Peebles had a population of 13,688,no fewer than 6,979persons enumeratedwithin its borders,were foundto be nativesof other parts of the world, and of these 6,370 were natives ofScotland. Peebles is therefore classed by us as a "county of" dispersion,"and, like Perthshire,t is at the same time " countyof passage;" forwhilst the migrantswho cross its borders forEdinburgh, Linlithgow, Selkirk, Kirkcudbright,Renfrew, andDumbarton, outnumber the immigrantsfromthese counties,theimmigration romthe rest of Scotland is in excess of the emigra-tion. A kind of balance-sheet of these opposing currents ispresented n the following able:

* The detailsfor ach countyre given n the table,p. 210.


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DISPERSIONOFMIGRANTSfromDEVON-CORNWALL,ERTHSHIRENDDUBLIN.i/a 7t*inAdC46h oepropottieOmeff wtiet ApdaktoAa gzv ti4AcA te^y enzGrn4razaw'(X%gtnd,6"o&LclI4 l WZ to be i7ke as 3 Jqporote 31apt4zdar .BOp.c'..020-040p.c.,o'.-#ootop. cOS0 - 0O7Op vm '5O-O70pc

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-~~C>0^Op -s 2-3p.c. ,

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* tqisDEV


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. 189Nativesf ther NativesfSelkirk Proportionfparts fScotland Enumerated MigraintsromelkirkEnunmeratedn inother arts f to every0o NativesSelkirk. Scotland. of ther arts.

Selkirk............. 43 672 I56Edinburgh I,504 3,713 247Linlithgow.................. 104 109 105KirkcQdbright................... 27 62 2 29Renfrew............ ....... 58 86 I48Dumbarton................... i 6 50 3 2Roxburgh .................... 564 250 44Dumfries................... 359 180 50Wigtown .,, 13 11 85Berwick ............ ....... 214 88 41Haddington .................... 195 153 78Lanark ........... ........ I,786 1,544 86Ayr ....... ............ 103 80 78Stirling ............. ....... io8 90 83Argyll ndBute ................ 52 38 73East Midlanddivision ........ 521 337 65North-east ivision ............ 175 56 32Ross and Inverness ............ 76 22 z9Northern ivision ................ 52 22 42

6,370 7,563 19

TheDispersion f Migrants llustrated.The countyof Dublin, whichwe select as our first llustrationof dispersion,has a population of 4I8,gIo souls; and as only285,528 natives of it were enumerated in 1881 as residing inIreland, it has been classed by us among " countiesof absorption."Of the enumeratednativesof Dublin, 259,246 residedwithinthecounty n which theywere born,26,283 in otherparts of Ireland.Of the migrants as many as 7,I95, or 27X39 per cent., wereenumerated in the border counties of Wicklow, Kildare, andMeath; 3,954, or 15*5per cent.,were foundto reside in an outerbelt of counties, including, Louth, Westmeath, King's, Queen's,and Carlow; 6,i1, or 23X25 er cent.,had settled in the countiesof Wexford,Kilkenny,Tipperary,Waterford,Cork,and Longford;and 9,022, or 34-30 per cent.,had scattered themselvesover thewhole remainder of Ireland. But as the number of migrantswhich any county is able to absorb depends very largely uponpopulation, ust as a large spongewill absorb morewater than asmall one, we obtain a more correct insight into the extent ofmigration f we compare the numberof migrantswith the total

populationof the counties in which theysettle down. We thenfindthat the natives of Dublin enumeratedin the three bordercounties amountedto 3-8per cent.of the totalpopulationof thesecounties, whilst in the outer belt they only mustered 1-15 per


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190 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. [June,cent., n thethirdgroupof counties 56 per cent., nd in theremainderf Ireland o29percent.And whenwe examineMap 9,which llustrateshisdispersionof thenatives fDublin,we are aktnce struck ythedecrease fmigrantss we travel wayfromhecentre fdispersion,heonlyexception,nd thatnota very triking ne,beingpresentedythecounty fAntrim. Thefollowingable xhibitshe

DispersionftheMigrantsromublin ounty.Per ent. ~ PerCent.Migrants. oP cent. ofPopulationf,grants. ofMigrants. Co.nties.

Wicklow .2,849 10,84 4'04Kildare. 2,452 9 33 3.23Meath 1,894 7-22 2i 6Border counties..... 7.'95 27,39 3.o8

Louth 906 3A46Westmeath798 3 04King's 874 3,33 V20Queen's 863 3,28 Ivi8Carlow51. 194 I*10Secondbelt 3,954 15-05 l1i5

Wexford969 3x69 o078Kilkenny550 210 o.55Tipperary .1,082 4,12 054Waterford603 2,29 0-i3Cork 2,567 9,76 0o52Longford341 1-30 o056Thirdbelt 6,112 23-26 0o56Rest of Ireland 9,022 3430 0-29Total .26,z83 10000 o'*55

We will next consider he migration romthe countiesofDevonshire nd Cornwall. In 1881 240,930 nativesof thesecountieswereenumeratedn otherpartsofEnglandandWales,whilstthe number f strangers ettled n Devon-Cornwall aponly 100,564. Devon-Cornwalls thus a regionfromwhichabroadstream f migration lows o otherpartsof England andWales. As Somerset nd Dorset,and indeed a broad belt ofcountry tretchingorth-eastwards faras the GermanOcean,send forth larger number f migrants han they receive inreturn, hilstSouthWales and south-easternngland,with theMetropolis,re the greatabsorbents f migrantsmostreadilywithin each f natives f Devon-CornwatU,tmightbQpresumed


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MIGRATION NTOLONDON,GLASGOWANDUBLINT;de7*44 -


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1885.] RAYENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. 191that the bulk of the latter would have proceeded thither, o theutterneglect of the border counties. Such, however, s not thecase. Somerset,proportionately o its population,has absorbedmore migrantsfromDevon-Cornwall than any other county inEngland; and if Glamorganranks above Dorset in that respect,this is due quite as much to the proximity f the Welsh county,and the facilitywithwhich t can be reached,as to the attractionwhich it exercises as a field for remunerative abour. Map 9shows very clearly by its tints that the great currentswhichcarrythemigrantsof Devon-Cornwallalong with them set acrossthe Bristol Channel to South Wales, up the valley of the Severnin the directionof Warwickshire,and through Dorset, Hamp-shire, nd Surrey to London. The moredistant from he fountainhead which feeds them, the less swiftlydo these currentsflow;and whilst they sweep along with them many of the nativesof the counties throughwhich they pass, they deposit, in theirprogress,many of the migrantswhich had joined them at theirorigin. In thisway x8,687natives of Devon,Cornwallwerefoundin 1881 to have been "deposited " in Somerset,whilst 33,728natives of the latter county were enumerated in Gloucester.Similarly, he gaps created in the populationof Dorsetshirebyamigrationof 19,476 natives of that countyinto Hampshire hadpartlybeen filledup by an immigration f4,355 iiatives of Devon-Cornwall. And thusit happensthateven in the case of " counties" ofdispersion,"whichhave populationto spare forothercounties,theretakes place an inflow fmigrants cross the borders, nd thisinlflow s most considerableacross that borderwhich lies furthestaway from hegreatcentresof absorption.On examiningMap 9 it will be foundthat proportionatelyothepopulationmigrants romDevon-Cornwall are more numerousin certainpartsof thenorthof England than in the centre of thekingdom. It is clear that the " facilities enjoyed by maritimecounties for cheap transitby sea have somethingto do withthis.It is clear likewise that among the natives of Devon-Cornwallenumerated n the ports of north England there must be manysailors. We look, however,to the decayof the mining industryin Cornwall as to the principal cause of this comparativepre-ponderance. In 1871 therewere25,643miners n Devon-Cornwall,in 1881 only I4,976; and many who lost their employmentathome,appear to have gone to theminingdistricts f the north nsearchof work.

The followings a tabularstatement f the


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192 RAVENSTEIN-On she Laws oj Migratiotn. [June,Dispersionof theMfiqrantsromDevon and Cornwall.

Per Cenit. 1'er Cenit.Mgralits. . ~~~of'np)iihitiniifigrants. of Migranits. Coulnties.Ghllmorgllu .............................I.17,145 7,12 3*3.5Sollier8et .................. .......... 1 ,697 7-76 3'98Dorsct ............. ............... 4.35 5 1 81 2z 8

3oder eotiiities ................ 40,19 7 16;69 3-43Gloucester .................................... 1 ,390 514 vl6Monluiloutll....................... 3,z56 1,36 4

Lower Severn ................... 15,646 6-50 2o00Hampslhire ............... ......... 12,25 6-03 2.04Surrey (extra-miietropolitan)....... 6,380 2-65 - 45London ........... ............. 75,490 31-33 i'98Middlesex (extra-metropolitan).. 5,790 2-40 * 3Kent (extra-metropolitan) ........ 7,414 3-08 1X04Sussex ......... ............... 4,391 1-82 o89

South-east England 1........ 11l590 46-31 171Lancashire ...... -. .....17,856 7 40 0.5lCumberland ........................ .997 1-24 l*20Westniorelandc .......................... 115 0-05 o i 8Yorkshire ..... -.............. x0,559 4X39 0o36Durhai- ........... ............. 6,302 2'62 0.73Northumberland ........................ ,5 6 1-04 c 5

North England ...............- 40,345 16-74 0.51Rest of England and Wales ........ 33,152 13-76 0.344

Total ......................0.. 40930 100 00 o096For our third illustrationwe go to Perthshire in Scotland.That countyhas a populationof 130,282 souls,and as its natives,as far as they were enumerated n Scotland, numbered 148,835souls, it is classed byus as a "county of dispersion." But whilst

Devon-Cornwall may justly be said to feed all the counties ofEngland and Wales, Perthshireonly feeds a portionof those ofScotland,and is itselfbeingfedbyothers. In sixteencountiesthenatives of Perthshire re more numerous than the nativesof thesecountiesenumerated n Perthshire. Withinthisgroupof countiesthere resided in 1881 49,525 natives of Perthshire,whilst thecompensating counter-currents f migration had brought intoPerthshireonly 22,559 natives of thewhole of them. Perthshirehad thus sustaineda loss of 26,966 souls.The remainingHighland counties,on the otherhand,had sent6,007 of their natives nto Perthshire, nlyreceiving3,253 of thatcounty in return. The correspondingfiguresfor the remaining


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. 193Lowland countieswere I,I94 and 1,070. From these two sourcesPerthshirehad consequently btained an accession of 2,878 inhabi-tants,reducing ts absolate loss to 24,o88 souls.It is clear from this thatwhilstcurrents f migration set intoPerthshirefromthe north,much strongercurrentsflowout of itinto its eastern and southern border counties. The immigrationfrom ertain Lowland counties constitutes special feature. Theproportions or each county re as follows:

Per Cent. of Per Cent.all Migrantsfrom of Population ofPerthshire. Counties.[nrossI. 84 14-34Clackmannan 3*75 8,86Forfar-..... 3025 6-40Stirling8....... 8-56 4-55Fife. 759 2,51Edinburgh -.......-.-. I3'84 2-01DPumbarton . 21 154Countbesed Lanark .. ............ I19'47 1.17PerthYhire Peebles .- oOz 1006erhshre. Linalithgow......... 073 0,94Haddington 046 0O68Bute.09 ol 0,62Selkirko 28 0-60Renfrew ........ 2-35 0 59Roxburgho46 50t Berwicki. 030 047Argyle.57 1.10Kincardine 043 0,69Inverness. T 02 067Nairna. oo8 0 53Highland Elgin: . 04O 0 50counties Sutherland o* 12 0 31whichfeed Aberdeen............. I36 0-29Perthshire. Ross ......-.*...... 0-38 0-27CaithnessoI 3 0 20Banff. o i6 0.15Shetland . 03 0 06Orkneyn 3 0-06

Lowland Dumfries.47 0 35counties J Ayr. I 9 0 29whichfeed Kirkcudbright o2 0 027Perthshire. WigtownoI2 018TheAbsorption f Migrants llustrated.

The process of absorption s the inverseof that of dispersion,and presents and resembles he latter nasmuchas growingtownsor countiesfirst bsorbthemigrantsfrom heirenvironsor bordersbeforethey call upon the resources in mnen f the more distantparts of the country. The county of Warwickshire,which weselect on account of its central position as an illustrttion of this


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194 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of hfigration. [June,process, has a populationof 737,339 souls; and as the numberofnativesofWarwickshire numerated hroughout nglandand Walesonlyamountsto696,710, t is classed by us as a " countyof absorp." tion." As a matterof fact, however, t acts as a feeder to twoimportant groaps of counties,one of which includes the leadingmanufacturing istricts n the North of England,whilst the otherembraces the metropolitan ounties,withEssex, Sussex,and Hamp-shire. In 1881 37,2 i8 natives of Warwickshirewere enumeratednthe first f thesegroups, nd 37,308 n thesecond,whilstonly21,859natives of the first nd 21,132 of the second were enumerated nWarwickshire. The county in its exchange of population withthese two groupshad thus sustained a loss of 31,535. This loss,however,was more than made good by an excessive immigrationfrom the remainder f England and Wales. The border countiesalone sent ix6,668 migrants,whilstreceivingonly 87,457 n return.In the following tabular statement we have distinguished thecountieswhichfeedWarwickshirefrom hosewhicharefedby it:-

Percentage Percentage Percentagefof ofNativesf Mligr-antsNativesf Number. Population froomsof Groupsof Grus ofWarwick. ofCounties. Counties.Warwickshire........... 518,436 7O 1 74 41Countieswhich eed WarwickshireBorder ounties . .................. 16,668 X 58z 4 12 14'47Counties nWelshborder2 .... 13,974 1 90 213 6oiWales ......... ............. 3,989 054 0-28 VzoSouth-westernngland ........... 8,809 *20 0-40 1-30South-eastern idland4 . .. 6,480 o-89 0,67 I 71Eastern counties5 .................... 5,170 0-7I 0-29 o'95Northern ounties6................... 1,091 0-15 0-17 0-59Counties ed byWarwickshire-Northern anufacturingis- 21,859 2'96 0-29 1.97tricts.f...............

Metropolitan roups ................ 21,132 2'86 0-36 133Scotland .............. . 2,908 03 9 -Ireland ....................... 9,628 1 31Otherparts ........................ 7,0959 o096Total........ 737,339 Ioo'oo

1 Gloucester, xford,Northampton,eicester, tafford,nd Worcester.2 Shropshire, ereford, nd Monmouth.3 Wilts, Somerset, orset,Devon,Cornwall.4 Rutland.Hunts, Beds, Herts, Bucks, Berks.a Lincoln,Cambridge, orfolk, uffolk.6 Cumberland,Westmoreland, orthumberland.7 Cheshire, ancashire,Derbv,Notts,York, Durham.8 Middlesex,ssex, urrey,Kent,ussex, ants.9 Inclusiveof ,907 natives f England whose place of birth s notknown.


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. 195Further llustrations f " absorption will be given in connec-tion with the large towns.

Migration nd theNativesof Towns.The census returns nly furnish he number nd distribution fthe natives of London and of seven Scotch towns, viz., Aberdeen,Dundee, Edinburgh-Leith,Glasgow, Greenock,Paisley, and Perth.The results have been embodiedby us in the table below.Compositionf the opulationtfLondon nd ofSeven cotch owns.

London. Aberdeen. Dundee. Edinburgh-Leith.Natives of

Number. Per Number. Per Number. Per Number. PerCent. Cent. Cet. Cent.Town .2,401,955 62-9 59,485 56.5 77,201 55-1 146,416 50.8Rest of county 394,871* IO-3 23,333 22z2 15,353 IO-9 14,423 5-0Border counties - _ - 11,543 i-o 22,655 i6-i 44,067t I5*3Rest of kingdom .... 777,699 20 4 6,509 6-2 9,627 6-9 53,703 18.5

England and Wales . 49,554t I.3 2,507 2-4 2,865 2o '14,193 4 9Ireland. 80,778 2zI 715 0-7 11,443 8z2 8,875 3.1Otherparts111,626 2-9 1,097 i*0 1,095 o 8 6,165 2-5Total population, } 3,816,483 ioo0o 105,189 ioo-o 140,239 Ioo0o 287,842 i oo-o1881....................Proportionfthe nativesofthe own numerated 8O44o5 8O- 75 3in thetown nwhich o0758i75born, npercent.........Females to 100 males)amongal natives n I 12 (I9) I 5) ( 17) I 0among native tow(n13 113element) .. J._

Glasgow M.B.). GreeniockMB). Paisley. Perth. SevenScotchTow".Natives of Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Num- Per Number Perber. Ceiit. ber. Cent. ber. Ceiit. ber. Cent. Cent.

Town ............ 262,146 51'3 33,309 5O0O 34,362 6i*8 13,897 480o 626,816 52'4Rest ofcounty.. ....?51,607 io-I 3,439 5'I 3,969 7. 6,430 22 5 118,554 9-9Border counties ....... 1168,518 13 3 10,515 15.8 8,196 14.8 3,748 12-6 169,242 i42zRest of kingdom ... 41,327 8-i 5,758 8-6 3,016 5-4 2,987 1 3 122,927 103England and Wales 16,026 3.1 2,097 3.1 850 J.5 849 2v9 39,387 3'3Ireland ............ 67,109 13.1 10,717 i 6- 4,994 g9o 850 2-9 104,703 8.7Other parts ..... 4,682 o_9 869 I3 251 04 219 o 8 14,378 rzTotal population, 511,415 I00 0 66,704 IOO1o 55,638 ioo0 28,980 i0 o0 1,196,007 i0ooo18....................Proportionf thenatives)ofthetovWnnumerated 0 1.6355Z27Iin the town in which 70I 719 635 5Z2 72.born, nper cent..Females to 100 malesamongall natives (and i Io8 (Oo8) I I4 (I02) I12 (II) 115 (114) IIl. (1 0)amnong native town(element) .. J_ _ _ _ __......

* Including extra-metropolitan Middlesex, Surrey and Kent, Essex and Hertford.t Natives of Scotland. I Including Fife.? Including Lanark and Renfrew. 11 Including Argyll and Bute.


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196 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigration. [June,At the firstglance it would almostappear as if the natives oftownswere more migratoryn theirhabitsthan the natives of thecountry, orwe findthat as manyas 27-9per cent. of thenativesof the Scotch townswere enumeratedoutside the town in which

theywere born,whilst the proportionfor the natives of countiesaverages only25 6 per cent. But it is evident that townscannotbe compared with entire counties, but must be compared withrural parishes,and werewe in possessionof information nablingus to do this, we should undoubtedlyfind that the natives oftowns are more sedentary n theirhabits than are the natives ofthe country.As to female emigrationwe find that females are moremigratoryhan males,for mong the natives of the seven Scotchtowns there are I I x femalesto every [oo males, whilstamongthenative town elementthereare only I IO. For London these figuresare 112 and IO9.Female Migration.

Woman is a greater migrant than man. This may surprisethosewho associate women with domestic life,but the figuresofthe census clearlyprove it. Nor do womenmigratemerelyfromthe rural districts nto the towns in search of domestic service,for they migrate quite as frequently nto certain manufacturingdistricts, nd the workshop s a formidablerival of the kitchenand scullery.Amongst the natives of England and Wales enumeratedthroughout he United Kingdom in 1881 therewere io6 femalesto every ioo males, amongst the natives of Scotland io8, andamongst those of Ireland 103. The large preponderance offemales among the Scotch distinctly points to an extensiveemigration o foreigncountries; and those who have experiencedthe ubiquityof the Scot in the military nd civil servicesof hiscountry, n the mercantilemarine, in commercialand all otherpursuits,will not be surprised t this fact. On the otherhand thelow proportion f femalesamong the Irish does notby anymeansprove that emigration s not taking place on a large scale, forweknowthe reverse to be the case. It proves,however, hat femalesmigrate from reland much more frequently han theydo fromScotland or England. Whilstemigrants romEngland or Scotlanddepart n most instanceswithout " incumbrances," t appears to bea commonpracticefor entirefamiliesto leave Ireland in search ofnewhomes. At all events the elementswhich make np familieswill be found to exist amongst Irish emigrants,and this fact,amongst others,explains their slow assimilationwith the peoplesamongwhomtheysettle.


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1885.1 RAVENSTEIN--On theLawsofMigration. 197The followi-ngabular statementexhibits the influencewhichmigrationwithinthe limits of theUnited Kingdomexercisesupontheproportion etweenthe sexes:

Numberof Females to every oo Males amongNativesofEnglanid Scol anid. Irelaid. UnitedmidWale,,. Kingdom.

Rtesidingncountywhereborn .... 104 io8 104 105Residing beyond county whereborn, ut notbeyondimits f~ 112 xI14 116 11zkingdomJ...................Residing in other parts of. the} 81 9' 92 goUnitedKingdom ...........These proportio-nshow very clearly that females are moremigratoryhan males withinthe kingdomof theirbirth,but thatmales more frequentlyventure beyond. In other words morefemiales han males leave the county -nwhich theywere born iinorder to seek employment n some other county of the samekingdom,but more males leave the kingdomof their birth forone of the sisterkingdoms.And whilst the migration f'femalesfromcounty o count-ysproceeding more actively than that of the males, the femalemigrationwithinthe limitsof each county s goingon at a corres-ponding f not at a higherrate. In nearlyall the towns includedin our table, the proportion f femalesamong the native co-untyelement is higher than it is in the rural parts of the couanties,whichprovesthata migration f femaleshas taken place into thetownsin excess of thatof males. Most of thesemigrants ame insearchof domestic ervice,but others, nd in several instancesnodoubt a majority, ame also in the hope of finding mploymentn

shops and factories. The only towns which have proved moreattractive to males than to females are West Ham, St. Helen's,West Bromwich,Middlesbrough, Airdrie, Hamilton, Greenock,Hawick, and Londonderry. In all these towns male labour ismore sought after than female labour. They are in fact greatcentresof iron and coal mining, f'machinebuilding, nd of otherbranches of industry hiefly arried on bymen.When we turn from ownsto countieswe findthe same causesin operation. In mostof the countiesthe proportion ffemales nthe -native ounty lement s smaller than it is among the -nativesof each county numerated hroughout he kiiugdom. This showsthatthemigration ffemales ntoothercountieshas been i-n xcessof that of the males. The excess has been grfeatestn suchcounties as Rutland,Berkshire,Huntingdlonshire,nd Shropshire,


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198 RAVENSTEIN-OnheLaws ofMigration. [June,Argyll,Linlithgow, nd Stirling,Wexford, nd Wicklow,in whichfemale labour is not much in demand,or throughwhich strongcurrentsof female migrationflow in the directionof the greattownsand manufacturing istricts.The counties on the otherhand which have retaineda largerproportion f their county-born emalesthan of males are eitherthosewhich in their textileand similar industries fford mploy-ment to numeronsfemales,or thosewhich,owing to geographicalposition, re more or less remotefromfemale labour markets, r,what brings about the same result, hold out inducements o malemigrants n search of work in neighbouring ron works or coalmines.To the first lass of countiesbelo-ng edfordshire, ottingham-sbire,Leicestershire,Lancashire,and Yorkshire in England; Fifeand Forfar in Scotland; Antrim,Dublin, and Cork in Ireland.All these are counties n whichfemalelabour is much sought, ndwhere native-bornfemaleshave consequently ittle inducement ogo elsewhere n searchof employment.The countieswhichretain a largerproportion f females thanmales, because the latter are drawn away by promise of employ-ment in quarries,mines,and ironworks, re Cardigan,Pembroke,Carmarthen,and Anglesey in Wales; Kinross, Wigtown, Banff,Clackmannan,Kirkcudbright, erth,Ross, Selkirk,and Roxburghin Scotland.

The Laws of Migration.It does notadmit of doubt that the call for abourin ourcentresof industry nd commerce s theprimecause of those currents fmigrationwhichit is the object of this paperto trace. If, there-fore,we speak perhaps somewhatpresumptuouslyof " laws of" migration,"we can onlyrefer o themode nwhichthedeficiencyof hands in one part of the country s supplied from otherpartswherepopulation s redundant.1. We have already proved that the greatbodyof ourmigrantsonlyproceed a short distance,and that there takes place conse-quently universal hifting rdisplacement f thepopulation,whichproduces" currents f migration setting in the directionof thegreatcentres ofcommerce nd industrywhichabsorbthemigrants.In forming an estimate of this displacementwe must takeinto accountthenumber ofnatives of each countywhichfurnishesthe migrants, as also the population of the towns or districtswhichabsorbthem.2. It is the natural outcome of thismovement of migration,limited in range,but universal throughout he country, hat theprocess ofabsorptionwould go on in thefollowingmanner:-


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1885.] RAVENSTEIN-Onhe Lavs of Migration 199The inhabitantsof the countrymmediately urrounding townof rapidgrowth,flock nto it; thegaps thus left n the ruralpopu-lation are filledup by migrantsfrom more remote districts,until

the attractiveforceof one of our rapidlygrowing cities makes itsinfluencefelt, step by step, to the most remot-e orner of thekingdom. Migrants enumerated n a certaincentreof absorptionwill consequentlygrow less with the distance proportionatelyothe native populationwhich furnishes hem,and a map exhibitingby tints the recruiting process of any town ought clearly todemonstrate hisfact. That this s actually the case will be foundby referring o maps 3, 4, 8, and 9. These maps show at the sametime that facilitiesof communicationmay frequently ountervailthe disadvantagesof distance.3. The processofdispersion s the inverseof that of absorption,and exhibits similar features.4. Each main current of migrationproduces a compensatingcounter-current.5. Migrants proceeding long distances generally go by pre-ference o one of the great centres f commerceor industry.6. The natives of towns are less migratory han those of therural parts ofthe country.

7. Females are moremigratory hat males.These propositionshave either been considered, nd supportedbyfacts, n the preceding portion of this paper, or they will beconsidered n connectionwiththe towns.The Laws of Migration nd the Towns.

1. Having thus shownthatthe bulk of our migrantsonly movea comparatively hort distance from the place which gave thembirth, nd havingsuggested a law in accordancewith which thedisplacementof ourpopulationresultingfrommigration s goingon throughout hecountry, e proceedto test the correctness fourconclusionswith special referenceto the towns. That our greattownsand centresof industry re thegoal to which the migrantsfrom herural districtsmostfrequentlywend theirsteps,becomesat once evidentwhen we examine nto thecomposition f our townpopulations according to birthplaces. The mere fact that mosttowns increase much more rapidly in population than the ruraldistrictsdoes not suffice o prove this. It is quite true that thetown population of England and Wales between 1871 and 1881increasedto the extentof I9-6 per cent.,whilst the rural popula-tion exhibitedan increaseof only7-4 per cent.,and that in Scot-land the increase of the towns amo-unted o x8'2 per cent., andthatof theremai-nderf the kingdomto i-4 per cent. ouly. Butthiscomparativelyarge increase mighthave been brouglhtbout

VOL. XLVIII. PART II. P


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200 RAVENSTEIN--On theLaws of Migration. [June,by a natural increment,that is, by an excess of births overdeaths. To showthis we needmerelyrefer o the fact that thereare nine counties in Great Britain whose natives between 1871and 1881 increased more than i8 per cent. These counties,withtheir increase, were Selkirk (42zi per cent.), Durham (32-2 percent.), Lanark (z5-3 per cent.), Lancashire (2zv5 per cent.),Mon-mouth 2o09 per cent.), Glamorgan 70o^ per cent.), StaffordI9l2per cent.), Warwick (18.7 per cent.), and Middlesex (i8x3 percent.).*It is only whenwe inquire nto the composition f the popula-tionof the townsaccording to birthplaces, hat we obtain an ideaof its mixed character. The "native county element" will befoundto preponderaten mostcases, but there is always presentstrong borderelement, nd a large numberof natives frommoreremoteparts of the country. If the process bywhich the townsrecruit their population is really such as we have suggested,Sub. 2, then the native countyelement hould be stronger n thetownthanit is in the rural partsof the county n whichthe townis situate; and the border element hould be stronger n the ruralparts than in the town. These features,however,we can onlyexpectto findfullydeveloped n cases where thepopulationof thetown s notaltogetherout of proportion o that of the rural partsof the county, nd wherethetown ies in the centreof the countyto which it belongs politically,for towns lying near a boundarybetween two countiesnaturallyattractmigrants romboth. Still,out ofsixty-seven owns,with total population f 1,610,687 ouls,withreference o which we have information s to the birthplacesof the inhabitants, s manyas twenty-six,with 2,795,9I3 inhabi-tants,followthis rule,viz., the native countyelementis strongerwithinthemthanin theraral partsof thecounty nwhichthey ie,and theborder lement,thats,nativesofborder ounties numeratedin the towns, s weaker than in the surrounding uralparts.

These towns are Blackburn, Bolton,Bury, Preston,Rochdale,and St. Helens in Lancashire; Bradford,Halifax, Huddersfield,and Leeds in Yorkshire; Bristol,Southampton,Walsall,NewcastlewitliGateshead,Sunderland; Glasgow, Greenock, aisley, Kilmar.nock, Dunfermline,Arbroath,Hamilton,Airdrie, and Hawick inScotland; Belfast and Drogheda in Ireland.tIn illustrationof this class of towns we select Paisley. The* We needhardlybservehat the niereasefthenatives fcountiess largely

influencedymigration,or hechildrenfmigranitsounttowardshenatives fthose ountiesnwhich hey reborn.t Additional ownsof the sametype, ccording o the censusfor1871, areMacclesfield, xeter, Durham,Canterbury, aidstone, oventry,udley,Wor-cester, ork.


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1885.] RAYENSTEIN-On theLaws of Migration. 201contingenthich ach countyf Scotland ascontributedowardsthepopulationfthatmanufacturingown fRenfrewshireiffersof courseveryconsiderablyccording o the population f eachcounty;butwhenwe computeheproportionhich henatives feach county numeratedn Paisleybear to thetotalnumber fnatives numeratedhroughoutcotland,nd tothernigrantsromeach county, e soonperceivehat he ountiesf Scotland roupthemselvesn a certain rder. The bulkof the nhabitantson-sists naturallyf natives f Paisley tself ndof theremainderfRenfrewshire,ut the counties arming " border one havefurnished,roportionatelyo thenumber f'theirnatives, con-siderable ontingent,hichdependsprimarilypondistance ndfacilityf access,but is also influencedy the extent o whichmigrations going n from achcounty.

Percentage Percentagef PercentageN~ativesf Number. ofPopulation N$atives ofof Enumeratedn MigrantsromPaisley. Scotland. each County.Paisley ................. 34,362 6j 76 16-51Rest of Renfrew............... 3,989 7 t6 3-01

Renfrew ................ 38,351 68&9 2-06Ayr 2,834 5-' 1-22 4 3Lanark ............ ....... 4,024 7-23 0-60 3.8Stirling.......... ........ 440 0.79 0-40 I ozDumbarton .................. 466 o084 0,83 Z-19Argyll ............. ...... 772 ID'39 0,84 z2z8Bute ......... .......... 129 0-23 0,84 2I 5

Border zone ........... 8,665 15'58 074 31I6Wigtown .................. 110 0o20 0,26 091Kirkcudbright................. 67 o Iz 0 16 o-6Dumfries .................. 123 o02Z 01]4 0,54Peebles .......... ....... 15 ooZ 0 10 o zoSelkirk......... ........ 6 o0oI 0'04 o014Edinburgh ................... 456 o&z2 017 o 8zLinlithgow ................. 122 o0zz 0 26 o058Clackmannan .................. 63 o iI 0-25 O59Kinross.......... ........ 18 0o03 0 20 033Fife ........ .......... 240 0.43 0-13 0o48Perth ............ ....... 224 o04o 0-16 0.39

Outerzone ............ 1,444 2-6o 016 o056Rest fHighlands........... 870 1 57 009 0o38, Lowlands ........... 94 o i6 0?07 0I 7Birthplacenot known....... 119 o -lEnglandandWales 850 V53 0,93Ireland ......... ........ 4,994 898 0-72Otherparts ................. 251 0.45 0-92

Total .............. 55,638 lOO0oo 1 5ap 2w


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202 RAVENSTEIN-On theLaws ofMigrationt. [June,Glasgow presents imilarfeatures.* The city,within ts muni-cipal limits,has a populationof 5 I,4' 5 souls,and thenativecountyelementamountsto 62-13per cent.,and is consequently omewhathigherthan in theruralpartsof Lanark and Renfrew. The popu-lation is largelyrecruitedfromthe Highlands and fromIreland.

The ruralpartsof Lanark and Renfrewhave furnishedcompara-tively small co-ntingents,nd although taking the lead, as far asnumbersgo, theyare exceeded by Dumbarton,Argyll,and Bute,when these numbers are compared with the total number ofnativeswhofurnished hemigrants. The influence fgeographicalposition upon migration is very clearly illustrated in Glasgow.The large numberof migrantsfromArgyll and Bute shows thatthe sea is frequently less formidableobstacle than are difficultroads throughmountainpasses.Very conclusive,too, as to the law which governs migr

leyes ravenstein

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