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Contents

Welcome to Focus on Grammar v

Scope and Sequence xii

P A R T I Present and Past

UNIT 1 Present Progressive and Simple Present 2

UNIT 2 Simple Past 16

UNIT 3 Past Progressive and Simple Past 31

UNIT 4 Used to and Would 45

UNIT 5 Wh- questions 58From Grammar to Writing 69

P A R T I I The Future

UNIT 6 Future 74

UNIT 7 Future Time Clauses 91From Grammar to Writing 103

P A R T I I I Present Perfect

UNIT 8 Present Perfect: Since and For 108

UNIT 9 Present Perfect: Already, Yet, and Still 121

UNIT 10 Present Perfect: Indefinite Past 133

UNIT 11 Present Perfect and Simple Past 146

UNIT 12 Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect 159From Grammar to Writing 173

P A R T I V Modals and Similar Expressions

UNIT 13 Ability: Can, Could, Be able to 176

UNIT 14 Permission: Can, Could, May, Do you mind if 190

UNIT 15 Requests: Can, Could, Will, Would, Would you mind 202

UNIT 16 Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better 214From Grammar to Writing 227

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P A R T V Nouns, Quantifiers, and Articles

UNIT 17 Nouns and Quantifiers 232

UNIT 18 Articles: Indefinite and Definite 246From Grammar to Writing 262

P A R T V I Adjectives and Adverbs

UNIT 19 Adjectives and Adverbs 266

UNIT 20 Adjectives: Comparisons with As . . . as and Than 282

UNIT 21 Adjectives: Superlatives 296

UNIT 22 Adverbs: As . . . as, Comparatives, Superlatives 307From Grammar to Writing 319

P A R T V I I Gerunds and Infinitives

UNIT 23 Gerunds: Subject and Object 322

UNIT 24 Infinitives after Certain Verbs 334

UNIT 25 More Uses of Infinitives 344

UNIT 26 Gerunds and Infinitives 357From Grammar to Writing 372

P A R T V I I I Pronouns and Phrasal Verbs

UNIT 27 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 376

UNIT 28 Phrasal Verbs 391From Grammar to Writing 403

P A R T I X More Modals and Similar Expressions

UNIT 29 Necessity: Have (got) to, Must, Don’t have to, Must not, Can’t 408

UNIT 30 Expectations: Be supposed to 422

UNIT 31 Future Possibility: May, Might, Could 434

UNIT 32 Conclusions: Must, Have (got) to, May, Might, Could, Can’t 446From Grammar to Writing 461

Appendices A-1Glossary of Grammar Terms G-1Unit Review Answer Key UR-1Index i-1

iv Contents

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