level 2 earth and space science (91193) 2017

911930

2SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

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© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2017. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

TOTAL

Level 2 Earth and Space Science, 201791193 Demonstrate understanding

of physical principles related to the Earth System

9.30 a.m. Thursday 30 November 2017 Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDemonstrate understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

Excellence

21

2

QUESTION ONE

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The radiation from the Sun contains all the wavelengths of visible light, but at sunrise the light canappear red.

Why is white light from the Sun seen as a red colour at sunrise?

In your answer you should include:. the colours and the relative wavelengths of white light

how light is transmitted, reflected, absorbed, and scattered as it travels through the atmosphere

. how the Earth's atmosphere affects light passing through it.

You may v,ish to label the obove diagram to assist your answer.

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The candidate’s response details the passage of visible light through the atmosphere and the different effect atmospheric scattering can have on light's component wavelengths. The explanation in particular relates what happens when light is transmitted through the atmosphere at sunrise, when there is more potential for scattering due to the longer distance travelled. The end result is the sky appears red. The response however omits to comment on why the clouds appear red, i.e. reflection of the red light by water droplets in the clouds. Grade: E7

6

QUESTION TWO

Major volcanic eruptions can emit lava, greenhouse gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, and sulfur

dioxide), as well as large amounts of ash high into the atmosphere during an eruption.

How can a major eruption affect the average temperature of the Earth in the period following an

eruption?

In your answer you should include:

. how an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could affect heat absorption and

transmission

. how the erupted volcanic particles affect heat absorption and reflection.

You may wish to draw and label a diagram in the box below os pqrt of your answer .

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The candidate's response is to compare the effect of Greenhouse gases with that of ash emitted by the volcano. The effect the Greenhouse gases will have in warming Earth's temperature is explained in terms of the emission of radiated heat from Earth's surface back to Earth. Meanwhile the behaviour of volcanic ash is discussed and the ash's ability to reflect incoming radiation back into space is given. This is linked to the cooling effect it will have on Earth. Only a brief comparison of the two effects is given, with the net outcome being cooling of Earth's temperature. (The comparison would need expansion to meet a higher criteria, with more detail related to the balance between the reflective effect of ash with that of greenhouse gas emissions.) Grade: E7

10

QUESTION THREEASSESSOR'l

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New york city (I{yc) in the united states is the same latitude as porto in portugal acros-s the

Atlantic ocean, but Porto experiences wafiner winter temperatures than NYC'

WhydoestheGulfStreamkeepPortowarrnerinwinterthanNYC?

ln your answer You should include:

. the origin and movement of the Gulf Stream

. how this current can lead to a warmer winter in Porto'

You may wish to annotate the above diagram or draw another diagram in the box below as part of

your answer.

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The candidate's response is comprehensive. Beginning with a comparison of the heating effect of the Sun on the Earth's pole and equatorial regions, the reason for the Gulf Stream's warm current is established. Its flow is linked to the Coriolis effect and wind. The transfer of heat from ocean to atmosphere is explained in terms of conduction, and the effect of winds which carry the warm air onto the continental landmass stated resulting in a milder climate in Porto. Further comment is made how New York City is influenced only by the cold air associated with the Labrador Current. Grade: E7

level 2 earth and space science (91193) 2017

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